ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL

_ __

M 360-7

CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK

AUSTRIA
SECTION 7: AGRICULTURE AND FOOD

BNCI-A:

F El

DISSEMINATION OF RESTRICTED MATTER. No person is entitled solely by m virtue of his grade or position to knowledge or possession of classified matter. Such matter is entrusted only to those individuals whose official duties require such knowledge or possession. (See also par. 23b, AR 380-5, 15 March 1944.)

HEADQUARTERS,

ARMY

SERVICE

FORCES.

JUNE 1945

ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL

360-7 M

CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK

AUSTRIA
SECTION 7: AGRICULTURE AND FOOD

Headquarters, Army Service Forces. June 1945

NCLASSIFIE0
S DISSEMINATION OF RESTRICTED MATTER. No person is entitled solely by virtue of his grade or position to knowledge or possession of classified matter. Such matter is entrusted only to those individuals whose official duties require such knowledge or possession. (See also par. 23b, AR 380-5, 15 March 1944.)

United States Government Printing Office, Washington, 1945

NUMBERING SYSTEM OF ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUALS The main subject matter of each Army Service Forces manual is indicated by consecutive numbering within the following categories: Ml- M99 M100-M199 M200-M299 M300-M399 M400-M499 M500-M599 M600-M699 M700-M799 M800-M899 M900-up Basic and Advanced Training. Army Specialized Training Program and Preinduction Training. Personnel and Morale. Civil Affairs. Supply and Transportation. Fiscal. Procurement and Production. Administration. Miscellaneous. Equipment, Materiel, Housing and Construction. HEADQUARTERS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES
WASHINGTON 25, D. C., 30 June 1945

Army Service Forces Manual M360-7, Civil Affairs Handbook, Austria, Section 7, Agriculture and Food, has been prepared under the supervision of The Provost Marshal General, and is published for the information and guidance of all concerned.
[SPX 300.7 (25 Jun 45) ]
BY COMMAND OF GENERAL SOMERVELL:

OFFICIAL:

LeR. LUTES

J.

A. ULIO Major General The Adjutant General

DISTRIBUTION :

Lieutenant General, GSC Chief of Staff

AAF (5) ; AGF (5); ASF (2) ; Special Distribution. Refer to FM 21-6 for explanation of distribution formula.

This study on Agriculture and Food in Austria was prepared in the OFFICE OF FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL RELATIONS DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

OFFICERS USING THESE HANDBOOKS ARE REQUESTED TO MAKE SUGGESTIONS AND CRITICISMS INDICATING THE REVISIONS OR ADDITIONS WHICH WOULD MAKE THEM MORE USEFUL. THESE

CRITICISMS SHOULD BE SENT TO THE CHIEF OF THE LIAISON AND STUDIES BRANCH, MILITARY GOVERNMENT DIVISION, PMGO, 2809 MUNITIONS BUILDING, WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

INTRODUCTION

Purposes of the Civil Affairs Handbooks The basic purposes of civil affairs officers are (1) to assist the commanding general by quickly establishing those orderly conditions which will contribute most effectively to the conduct of military operations, (2) to reduce to a minimum the human suffering and the material damage resulting from disorder and (3) to create the conditions which will make it possible for civilian agencies to function effectively. The preparation of Civil Affairs Handbooks is a part of the effort to carry out these responsibilities as efficiently and humanely as is possible. The handbooks do not deal with plans or policies (which will depend upon changing and unpredictable developments). It should be clearly understood that they do not imply any given official program of action. They are, rather, ready reference source books containing the basic factual information needed for planning and policy making.

CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOKS TOPICAL OUTLINE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Geographical and Social Background Government and Administration Legal Affairs Government Finance Money and Banking Natural. Resources Agriculture Industry and Commerce Labor

10 Public Works and Utilities

11

Transportation Systems

12 Communications 13 Public Health and Sanitation. 14 Public Safety 15 Education 16 Public Welfare 17 Cultural Institutions

CONTENTS

Page

I. GENERAL BACKGROUND. A. Country and population

.................................................
.................................. .2

B. Topography .................... C.

1 2 2
3

Climate............................................................. 1. The Middle European climate................. .................... 2. The Alpine climate......... .......................................
3. The Pannonian or Continental climate.................................

D. E.

Soils ..............................................

.................

3 3 3 5 6
6

Land use .... ........................................... 1. General........................................................... 2. Natural regions ............... ...... ............................... a. The Alpine Region.....................................
b. Wald- and Muehiviertel.......................................... c. Flat and hilly land ............ .... .............................

6 7 7 8 9
.

F. Livestock ............... :............................................ 1. Cattle ................ .............................. 2. Horses ................................... ....................... ................ ................................ 3. Hogs ...........
4. Sheep..........................................................

5.
6. G.

99 9 9 10 10 11 13 14
15

Goats ............................................................ ... ... ....................... ........ Chickens........ .........

..... The Farms .......................................... 1. A note on types of farming ......... ........................ 2. Lahor............... ............................................ 3. Farm machinery.......................................... ..... ........ ... .......................... 4. Fertilizers........... 5. Pesticides ........................................................
6. Gross income and market dependence of farms

..........................
.......................

II.

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND FOOD SUPPLIES IN PREWAR PERIOD..........16

A. B.

Food self-sufficiency ...........

...............

16 16 16 18 18 18 2020 20 20 20 20 21 21 21

The food balance....................................... 1. Grains .............. ............................ ............... ................. 2. Potatoes........................................ .................................................... 3. Dry legumes 4. Sugar .................................... ....................... 5. Vegetables.......................................... 6. Fruits ............................................................ .............. 7. Meats ............................................. ................ 8. Fish ......... ....... .......................... ...................... 9. Fats and oils ... .................. 10. Milk and milk products........................ ............. 11. Eggs ....................... ..................................... 12. Wine and beer........... ... ....................................

C. Per capita consumption and average diet .................................

Page

III. AGRICULTURE AND FOOD A. B.

DURING WAR YEARS .............................

23 23

General review ........................................................... Factors of production ........................ 1. 2. ........................... .... Labor ................... ........................................ Draft power and machinery............................................ Fertilizer.............................................................

24 24 24 24
24

3.
C.

Production, trade, and consumption.........................................

1. 2. 3. 4.

Production..................... ......... ............................ Trade................................................................ Consumption ......................................................... Estimates of prospective food deficit 1945-46...............................
Assumptions ....................................................... b. Deficits ........................................................ a.

24 25 25 25
27

.. 27 28-51 52-54 56 58-60

APPENDIX A.

AUSTRIA:

ANNOTATED STATISTICS

BY STATES .....................

'APPENDIX B. MISCELLANEOUS

STATISTICS AND INFORMATION ................... READING.........................

LIST OF MAIN REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED MAPS ................................

.......................................

LIST OF TABLES

Page I. II. Land use in Austria and Hungary (1932)...................... ................................. ..... 4 4... 4

Land use categories in percent of total area (1913-1936).................

III.
IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX.

Land use by states .........................

...............

.............

............

5
6 14 17 21

Land use by regions............................................................................... Use of machines and installations on farms 1930 (by states) and 1939.....................................12 Consumption of commercial fertilizer ..... Sugar supply and consumption .......... ..................................... Food supplies, consumption, and degree of self-sufficiency, average 1933-37.................................. (1932/33--1937/38)..................................................19 .............................................. ....... ......... ..................... Consumption of milk and milk products for human nutrition Prewar and wartime food balance ........................... Calculation of food deficits for August-July 1945-46 ANNOTATED STATISTICS BY STATES

X.
XI. XII. XIII.

Comparison of per capita consumption in selected countries (1933-37)......................................

Food supply available for human consumption from domestic sources (August-July 1945-46)....................27 ....................................................

22
26

27 31

APPENDIX A. 1. 2.

.............................................................

Land use (1936) Number of farms, tenancy, land use, and agricultural population by size of farms (1930)

3. Average crop area, production, and yield per hectare for major crops (193,3-36)
4. Livestock (1934)

for each of the following states: Lower Austria ......... .................. .................................. ................... ............... ........ 31 33 35 37 ............................... 39

Upper Austria ................................ Salzburg .................................................................................. Styria ................................................................................... Carinthia.................................................... Tirol................................................................................41

Vorarlberg ..............
Burgenland.............................................................. Vienna................................................. Total Austria ........................................ Number and area of farms in APPENDIX B. MISCELLANEOUS

..............

....

.........................................
.................. .................................. ...................................... .........

43
45

47
49 51 52 52

the Ostmark as per German agricultural census May 17, 1939 (by states) AND INFORMATION .............. ..............................

STATISTICS

Development of acreages, yields, and production of specified crops, average 1909-13, and 1922 to 1937 ............ Basic characteristics of farm types........................................... .53

Estimated value of farms, value of annual product, and labor input per productive hectare. .......................
Distribution of gross income by various farm branches M arket dependence..... Austrian manufacturers .................................................................... of agricultural machinery .................................................. ................... . ...........................

53
54 54 .55

_C:~-~

I. GENERAL BACKGROUND

A.

Country and Population

Austria, as defined for purposes of this handbook, is the country that emerged, as one of the "Succession States" of the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, under the Peace Treaty of Saint-Germain in September 1919, with the so-called Burgenland added in 1922. This definition, therefore, gives the country in its 1937 frontiers, before it was annexed by Germany. It has a total area of 83,868 square kilometers (32,373 square miles). 1 Austria lies between 90 30' and 17 east longitude
and between 46 30' and 49 north latitude. If

superimposed, at this latitudinal position, on the State of Maine, the northern part of the country would overlap into Canada, its southern part covering the north of Maine. Austria is truly a land of the middle. Located in the heart of Europe, it borders on seven countries Germany, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, -Italy, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Yugoslavia-along a total boundary line of 2,637 kilometers. The country is pearlike in shape, with a length of 580 kilometers and a width of only 294 kilometers, Austria's central position makes it an important transportation center for movement from east to west and from north to south. The Danube River traverses the country for a length of 350 kilometers. The river is navigable throughout this stretch. It links Austria with the Danubian states of the southeast and ties the country directly to the German river and canal system to the west. The Danube is an important traffic line for the movement of farm products from the surplus countries of southeastern Europe to the consuming centers of central Europe. In relation to its total area the country's population density is not high. Its 1936 population was 6,760,000, with a density of about 210 persons per square mile (81 per square kilometer), compared to a figure of 381 for Germany (1939, 710 for Belgium (1937), 197 for France (1936), and 160 for
- Austria is somewhat larger than North Carolina (31,000 square miles), but smaller than Maine (33,000 square miles).

The United Yugoslavia and Bulgaria (1937). persons per square mile. States in 1940 had 44 According to the 1934 census, 32 percent of the country's working population was employed in agriculture and forestry. With the share of working family members especially large among the farm population, the percentage of the population whose livelihood depended on agriculture and forestry, including those employed and temporarily unemployed as well as dependents, as a share of the total population was only about 27 percent. In 1923 it had still been 30 percent. ,An entirely different picture is obtained if the urban area of Vienna with its 1.9 million inhabitants is separated from the rest of the country. If the oversized capital that once was the center of a country with a population of 50 million is excluded from the statistics, the largely rural character of the rest of Austria becomes strikingly evident. The employment in agriculture averaged 45 percent of the total working population in Austria exclusive of Vienna, ranging from 30 percent in Vorarlberg to over 60 percent in Burgenland; the share of the total population whose livelihood depended on agriculture (workers plus dependents) was about 37 percent. B. Topography Austria, a land of mountains, has three-quarters of its area in high elevations. The average height of the Austrian landscape above sea level is roughly 3,000 feet. Of the total productive area, representing 89 percent of Austria's surface, the following proportions are found at various altitudes:
in percent

Lowland ........ ... ........... ...... .. Plains ............... Hilly land. ..................... Mountainous land ............... Mountains of above medium height. High mountains .. ..............

2.6 5.8 18.4 16.3 16.9 40.0

The mountains are centrally located, while the lowlands lie on the fringes to the north, northeast, east, and south, and in the valleys which cut through the

mountain massif. The mountainous partitself..alli ~ into three parts, a central zone consisting of primary"' rock paralleled both to the north and south by a range of limestone mountains. The archaic range has the highest elevations and reaches 3,798 meters above sea level at the Grossglockner. In the Gneiss (banded granite) zone the mountain forms are sharp, in the slate and shale zone more rounded. Because of its abundant water supply the archaic range forms the basis for some of the best alpine pastures. Thus in spite of the very high elevations, the total high mountain desert occupies only 12 percent of this area. The limestone Alps reaching 2,996 meters above sea level in the northern range (Dachstein) and 2,141 meters in the southern (Hochobir) are, as Mountain stated, lower than the central range. forms are very sharp in both ranges. The high plateaus are deficient in water because of the porous nature of limestone. The valley bottoms have many springs. The mountain desert in these ranges is more extensive, in spite of the lesser altitude, and amounts to about one-fifth to one-fourth of the total area. The open parts of Austria bordering on the mountain massif consist of some plains and a larger stretch of hilly country. The northern prealpine country of Salzburg and Upper and Lower Austria

bridge to the Bohemian massif. Most imis the Danube valley with its alluvial deposits ~r which forms the basis of a thriving agriculture. The eastern part of Austria joins on the Hungarian plain. Parts of the Burgenland must even be considered a continuation of the Hungarian plain area. C. Climate

The climate of Austria falls into three distinct types: the Middle European, the Alpine, and the Pannonian or Continental climate. Under 1. THE MIDDLE EUROPEAN CLIMATE. European climate is the the influence of the Central whole of the prealpine area and the Bohemian massif. It reaches into many of the alpine valleys approaching the timber line. Precipitation varies between 700- and- 2,000-mm. The number of frost days lies between 185 and 200 in the subalpine area. In the large longitudinal valleys and the cross canyons, the phenomenon of temperature reversal is common; that is, in the winter the bottom of the valleys is filled with cold masses of air while the surrounding heights show a higher average temperature. This is the case in the valleys of the Puster, Enns, and Salzach, as well as the basin of Carinthia. The average temperatures in the different quarters
of the year at various stations is shown in the fol-

lowing tabulation.

Average temperature in C.0

No. Altitude Yearly

Location

of

in

average

stations

meters

I/III

IV/VI

VII/IX

X/XII

in C.o

Bavarian prealpine area..

Austrian prealpine area. . Inn-Enns valley......... Central Alps: High valleys: In Tirol............ In Tauern.......... Carinthian Basin........

10
10 15

567
344 670

2.8
2.8 4.9

7.0
8.3 7.1

16.9
18.2 16.7

7.4
8.5 7.5

7.1
7.9 6.5

10 8 10

1,260 1,750 505

4.9 6.8 5.5

4.4 1.8 8.5

14.1 11.8 18.5

5.7 3.5 8.5

4.7 2.5 7.4

The growing season varies between 4y to 8'2 months. Cherries begin to blossom between April 24 and April 28 at the earliest and between May 24 to 28 at the latest. Winter rye is ripe for harvest between July 3 and July 7 and in the highest altitudes between the 2 and 11 of August. In the highest altitudes of the central Alps in Salzburg and Tirol winter rye is planted even before the old crop is harvested. In this climate droughts are unknown. The major hazards are early and late frosts. Because of its high and rather evenly distributed precipitation, this climatic area is one of the best for fodder production.

2. THE ALPINE CLIMATE. The Alpine climate prevails in the subalpine region, especially in the higher altitudes from 1,200 meters and up and reaches into the highest peaks and ranges of the Alps. The yearly precipitation varies mostly from 1,400-mm and upward. Frost days 200 to 260 in number impair the growth of plants. The length of the growing season is only 3 to 4 months; the hibernation period, 8 to 9 months. Within this very short season the plants of this region must flower and produce seed. The characteristic, therefore, of alpine plants is a special adaptation to resist frost and excessive dryness which in spite of the large precipi-

tation is a common occurrence owing to thin soil. The following average temperatures were recorded in 10 alpine mountain stations:
Altitude above sea level Yearly average o temperature Average temperature in C. in Co.o VII/IX X/XII IV/VI I/III

3. THE PANNONIAN OR CONTINENTAL CLIMATE.

2,190 meters

0.9

2.5

7.3

0.6

0.8

The highest areas of the Alps agriculturally still usable are utilized only for mountain pastures. The very short growing season prevents the growth of trees, but alpine meadows and pastures can be utilized to different degrees even above the timber line.

To this climatic zone belong the three great basins to the East: the basin north of the Danube, that situated south of Graz, and the Vienna basin south of the Danube, which holds intermediate position. An altitude of about 400 meters is not exceeded anywhere in this area. Frost days vary between 60 and 80 days. As in the Middle European climate, a distinctive winter is characteristic. Heat waves appear between the end of June and the beginning of July. Average temperatures are recorded in the following tabulation:
Average temperature in C.

Location

Number of stations

Meters above sea level

________

____Yearly-average

I/III

IV/VI

VII/IX

X/XII

temperatutre in C.

Vienna Basin and "oestl. Pforte." ............ Styrian Hill country..... Graz ................. Lake of Neusiedl ......

8 10 .. ..

258 315 344 225

2.0 2.8 2.2 1.4

9.1 9.4 9.7 9.9

19.5 19.3 19.9 20.4

9.6 9.6 10.1 10.5

8.9 8.7 9.2 9.6

In contrast to the Middle European and the Alpine type of climate, crops ripen early. Winter rye, for example, is ready for harvesting between June 24 and July 1. A true Mediterranean climate is nonexistent though southern Styria and Carinthia are on the border of its zone. In Austria's climate, winds play a considerable role. Thus in certain seasons there appears on the heights of the Bohemian massif the so-called Bohemian wind, a cold north-northwest wind, to the detriment of agricultural crops. The Foehn is a warm falling wind coming from the Mediterranean climatic region. This wind makes possible the cultivation of vineyards in the Valley of the Rhine in Voralberg and corn cultivation in the northern mountain range of the Tirolean limestone Alps. West winds blowing in the direction of the Danube stream and the longitudinal valleys of the Alps bring mostly moist and unstable weather. East winds mean dry weather in the summer and cold spells of longer duration during the winter season. D. Soils

The soils of the mountains of primary rock and limestone vary greatly both in thickness and fertility, largely depending on the composition of the underlying rock. Most alpine soils are derived from underlying rock formations and are generally insufficient in thickness for crop production. The older mountain soils are always moist owing to the impermeability of the primary rock while the soils of

the limestone mountains tend to dry out, especially in the eastern limestone Alps exposed to continental winds. Many of the alluvial accumulations of the valleys are wet if not swampy as for instance in the valleys of the Enns, Salzach, upper Drau, and lower Gail. Where drainage conditions are good there appear soils of high fertility as in the Mur and Muerz Valley, the plain of Graz, and the Klagenfurt basin. On prealpine areas with their Tertiary, diluvial, and alluvial deposits are formed soils of variable quality depending upon the predominance of sand, gravel, loam, or clay. The hill country of eastern Styria and the Burgenland have more favorable soil conditions than the northern prealpine regions. The black earth of the northern Burgenland is part of the upper Hungarian plain. The Muehl- and Waldviertel in the north of Austria has soils predominantly poor in humus and lime and frequently heavy and wet. Solely in the Weinviertel are there light loesses and loams. The Vienna basin is only of average fertility due to its pervious sandy and stony soils. In Vorarlberg good soils are found, mainly in the sector covered by the alluvial plain of the Rhine. E. Land Use
1. GENERAL. The mountainous nature of Aus-

tria, its rugged climate and its generally poor soils find expression in its land use. Forests covering about 37 percent of the total area and meadows and pastures (27 per cent) predominate, while plowland

(23 (2 land.

percent, percent)

gardens

(1

percent),

and

vineyards

meadows and pastures the relationships

increased by about 10 perBy 1936, howto about the

occupy only about one-fourth of the (11 percent) its is unpro-

cent at the expense of the plowland. ever, had returned prewar basis.

The remaining area I, comparing

ductive. Table Austria with neighbor State of Hungary, impresses the peculiarity of the While AusAustrian features by strong contrast. tria is a mountainous country with characteristic

This is not surprising since, despite

the slowly modifying influences of agricultural policies and techniques, the distribution of land uses is
largely determined by invariable natural conditions. In fact, the natural conditions of the country are so rigid as to permit only minor variations in land use. The relationships among land uses can to any larger extent be changed only through costly projects of

predominance of forest and pasture land, Hungary is primarily an area of plowland (60 percent). In proportion to total area Hungary has only one-third
of Austria's share in in forests, with lumber deficits the former and surpluses in the latter country.

amelioration.

The forests, especially in Styria and

The relationship among the various broad categories of land use has changed very little during The only striking change octhe past 25 years.
curred during World War I when the area in

Carinthia, might possibly be pushed back somewhat and perhaps have been through the years of Nazi rule; also forests which formerly were plowland and some pastures might be returned to the use for field These areas, however, are small. The poscrops.

Table I.

Land use in Austria and Hungary (1932).

Austria Hectares Percent
Hungary

Hectares

Percent

. ................................. Arable land.......... .......... ........................ Gardens......... ......... Vineyards .. ..................... ...... Meadows and pastures.. Total productive area............... ................

1,949,102 91,112 30,206 2,281,240 4,351,660

23.2 1.1 0.4 27.2 51.9

5,594,917 .109,836 212,395 1,668,841 7,585,989

60.1 1.2 2.3 17.9 81.5

Forest...................................... ............. Reed land.....

3,138,881 ......................... 7,490,541

37.4

1,095,799 30,494 8,712,282

11.8 0.3 93.6'

Total productive area...............................

89.3

Unproductive area (tax free)..............................895,139 Total area.......................................8,385,680

10.7 100.0

592,255 9,304,537

6.4 100.0

Source:

Oesterreichs

Landwirtschaft,

Bundesministerium

fuer Land- und Forstwirtschaft.

Baden bei Wien 1934, p. 34.

Table II.

Land use categories in percent of total area (1932-1936).

Total productive area Unproductive area

Year

Arable land

Meadows

Hutweiden

Alps

Gardens

Vineyards

Forests

1913
192~1

23.85 9297 22.62 23.08 22.94 23.71 23.51

11.08
12.38
4.56

15.56
ri

1.01
3 CO

0.57
fl~aQ

11.47

1925 1928 1930

1934

1936
In

11.77 11.42 11.48 11.10 11.22

4.48 4.43 4.29 4.18 4.08

11.51 11.72 11.78 11.61 11.48

1.03 1.03
1.03

1.05 1.13 1.16

0.46 0.45 0.42 0.38 0.45

37.47 37.70 37.75 37.41

37.41
37.44 37.43

89.54 89.77 89.62 89.54 89.37 89.55 89.33

10.46 10.23 10.38 10.46 10.63 10.45 10.67

comparison to Germany

1936

41.32

12.00

6,17

1.49

0.17

27.47

88.62

*11.38

Source: Schoebi, H., op. cit., p. 53. and uncultivated area. * Unproductive

sibility of letting major areas of plowland be utilized as pastures-a shift which has taken place in some European countries, especially France-cannot be expected in Austria unless there are considerably increased possibilities of nonagricultural employment. Land use by broad categories and years is shown in table II, and a further breakdown of the plowland is given in the tables in the appendixes, by years and for the average of the 1933-36 period. All the grains combined occupied roughly 60 percent of the plowland or 1.2 million hectares. The largest area was planted to rye (381,000 ha.) followed by oats (299,000 ha.), wheat (237,000 ha.), and barley (166,000 ha.) ; corn occupied only 64,000 ha. Relative to each other, the grains have changed little but for the period after 1933 when the wheat area began to increase at the expense of rye, oats, and barley. All but 6.6 percent of the wheat are fall-sown. There is little summer rye (4.4 percent). Barley
is a spring sown crop. The area sown to barley in

All oilseeds and fiber plants together accounted for less than 0.4 percent of the plowland. Flax for fiber, poppy, mustard, rape, and colza were more important than hemp. The cultivation of tobacco and hops was negligible. Intensification of agriculture has led to double utilization of an increasing share of the plowland. This was accomplished by the planting of stubble crops, such as stubble red clover, water beets, buckwheat, fodder grain, and green manure or through intertilling, for example, cabbages between rows of corn and secondary utilization of crops, for example, in letting the last cutting of a fodder crop (alfalfa, clover, etc.) go to seed. The latter two forms occupy 10, the first 10 of the land in double utilization. In percent of total plowland the twice cropped area increased as follows: 1913 1922 1925 1929 1931 1934 1936

the fall was 6.2 percent in 1936. Potatoes were planted on over 10 percent of the plowed area and sugar beets on 24 percent. These row crops had expanded considerably since 1923 when their combined area was less than 9 percent of the total plowland. About 1.4 percent of the plowland are in early potatoes. The remaining plowed area is. planted to fodder crops: fodder beets 3.6 percent, red clover 7.3 percent, alfalfa 2.2 percent, esparsette 0.8 percent,
other clovers 0.24 percent, clover grass 2.6 percent, and fodder mixtures 2.4 percent, Egaerten-a type of generally poorly managed meadows in rotation6.6 percent, green manure 0.1 percent, and fallow about 1 percent.

4.88

5.65

Percent 8.10 9.06 9.94

9.62 11.01

2. NATURAL REGIONS. In view of the great differences in natural conditions, land use among the various regions of Austria varies a great deal. A break-down by States (Bundeslaender) (table III) shows arable land to vary from over 50 percent of the total area in Burgenland to 1.7 percent in Vorarlbei-g. The inverse relationship is found in meadows and pastures which occupy 61 percent of the total surface in Vorarlberg and only 14 percent in the Burgenland. Disregarding Vienna, forests vary from 26 percent in the Burgenland and Vorarlberg to 49 percent in Styria. Striking is also the change in unproductive area from 3.5 percent in Lower Austria to 25 percent in Tirol.

Table III. Land use by states.

Lower Upper Styria. Carinthia Salzburg Tirol Vorarlberg

Burgenland

Austria

Vienna

Austria
Hectares

Total area ................. Arable land ................ Meadows and pastures....... Forests :................... Unprod. area...............

397,719 50.45 14.06 26.09 9.40

1,929,607 47.14 14.43 34.92 3.51

27,806 42.10 10.13 13.10 34.67

1,199,427 1,638,558
Percent

953,471 13.93 33.40 43.51 9.16

715,327 8.83 42.14 32.84 16.19

1,264,677 4.57 36.50' 33.75 25.18

260,165 1.66 60.97 26.08 11.29

35.97 21.83 34.17 8.03

17.98 24.86 49.04 8.12

Source: Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. 15, 1935.

Table IV.
Land use

Land use by regions.

Alpine
region

Wald- und Muehlviertel

Flat and hilly land

.......................... Total area ............. Plowland ..................................................... Grassland (meadows, Hutweiden and Alps)................. .............. ................. Forests ............. ....... ........ ....... Wheat area ...... . ................ ............... Rye area ......... ...... ...... ...... . . ....... .. Barley area .......... .............. Oats area ................... Corn area ....................................... ....................... Grain, including corn. .............. ................. .... Potato area ................... ........... Sugarbeet area ......................... ....... Fodder beet area................. .................. Root crops together.......................... ............. . ........ ............... Field vegetables .. . . . .......... . ....... . .............. Pulses .................. Oil and fiber plants area.................................. .......... ........ Field fodder, excl. fodder beets ......
Source: Gruenseis, F., Oesterreichs

56.9 17.8 69.9 71.8 14.5 13.2 11.3 15.4 6.2 13.4 11.8 1.2 9.1 9.9 18.4 9.6 11.0 36.3

8.8 16.0 6.4 8.1 7.8 23.8 4.4 25.0 0.2 17.0 20.3 1.5 19.8 17.9 14.3 21.7 47.3 10.4

34.3 66.2 23.7 20.1 77.7 63.0 84.3 59.6 93.6 69.6 67.9 97.3 71.1 72.2 67.3 68.7 41.7 53.3
Oesterreichs Land-

Land- und Forstwirtschaft und deren Interesse am Auslaendischen Agrarmarkt. wirtschaft, Wiien 1934.

Aside from its division by States Austria has also been divided, for purposes of the agricultural census, into 38 zones with more or less uniform agriculture. These zones lie within the boundaries of the various States and do not overlap with the latter. (See map of agricultural zones at end of manual.) To simplify the description to be given here three natural regions will be distinguished: (a) the Alpine region, (b) the Wald- and Muehlviertel situated north of the Danube at the southern slopes of the Bohemian Forest, and (c) the Flat and Hilly Land to the north, east, and south on the alpine fringes. The degrees of importance, in total area and area by land uses, as compared with the Austrian totals, of these three regions are shown in table IV. a. The Alpine region. The Alps amounting to 57 percent of the total Austrian area have no less than 72 percent of the Austrian forests which emphasizes the overwhelming importance of forestry in this region. The exceedingly high share of the fodder area and especially of natural grassland indicates the second most important branch: livestock. Within that branch the raising of animals for draft and breeding purposes (cattle and horses) and the production of feeder cattle find extremely favorable natural conditions. Milk production, especially for the manufacture of cheese, is also an important branch of the livestock economy. The distance from the centers of consumption, however, impedes the sale of fresh milk. Field cultivation is largely restricted to supply subsistence needs of the farmers because of the lack

of proper soil and difficult climatic conditions. In general, field crops have not even sufficed to supply the farm population. An exception is only the potato which in a few climatically favored valleys is produced also for the market. b. Wald- und Muehlviertel. In this area the two states, Upper and Lower Austria, share in the relationship of 58:42. Forestry and livestock even in this area are the major agricultural branches. However, animal raising in the narrower sense is less important here than in the Alpine region, while the sale of feeder cattle and slaughter cattle predominates. After World War I, many cooperative creameries were founded in this region, which stimulated dairy production. This development made it possible to reduce the farm deficits which had arisen from the cessation of the demand for oxen, the sale of which had previously been an important source of income. In contrast to the Alpine region, field cultivation as a cash crop is of importance. Among the cereals, rye and oats are widely planted. An important place in the rotation is occupied by the potato, which produces satisfactory yields year by year. Its economic significance was raised through the erection of a number of agricultural distilleries in this area which simultaneously opened up the possibility of some cattle feeding on "slop," the byproduct of the distilleries. Finally, the cultivation of oil and fiber plants (poppy and flax) and of pulses should be mentioned; the relative importance of these crops is evident from the land use figures given in table IV. c. Flat and Hilly Land. This region comprises

the whole of Burgenland, parts of Lower Austria (50 percent), Upper Austria (43 percent), the Flachgau of Salzburg (9.3 percent), Styria (about 40 percent), Carinthia (10 percent), and Vienna. The region shows within itself large variations with regard to its agricultural character and land utilization. Roughly 70 percent of Austria's grain production comes from this area. The interest in the grain market and the prices for wheat, barley, rye and oats are therefore almost entirely restricted to the farmers of this region. Corn also comes almost wholly from this section, but is consumed largely on the farm. The Austrian sugar-beet cultivation is also centred. here. The expansion in sugar beets and the construction of processing plants in Lower Austria, the Burgenland, and Upper Austria gradually made it possible to supply all of the sugar needs of the country's population. No less important is the potato of which this region, together with the Wald- und Muehlviertel, supplies not only the whole of the internal market demand with the exception, of some early potatoes, but it provides likewise quantities of seed potatoes for export. Another portion of the crop is used for alcohol, and a small fraction for starch manufacture. Table IV shows only field vegetables, not, however, the garden area, whose importance on the vegetable market is by no means to be underestimated. Both branches of the vegetable production are closely connected and are to be found in the surroundings of the larger centers of consumption. These regions specialize in specific types of vegetables. This is evident from the names of the more common market varieties such as Laaer Zwiebel (onions from Laa), Tullner Kraut (cabbage from Tulln), etc. Special mention should be made of the vineyards which are fully included in this region. They are, however, not distributed over the whole area but rather are concentrated in parts of Lower Austria, Vienna, Burgenland, and Styria. Wine is produced on very small farms specializing in this field. Finally, fruit production is to be found in all three agricultural regions but is most important in the region under discussion. About 24 percent of the orchards are in the Alpine region, 8 percent in the Wald- und Muehlviertel, and 68 percent in the Flat and Hilly Land. The lack of natural grassland is compensated in this region by a greater emphasis on field fodder cultivation. Milk production is of great importance, this area being the fresh milk shed of Vienna and other consumption centers. Cattle feeding is also of con-

siderable importance. Necessary additions to the livestock are obtained chiefly from the Alpine region so that the farms of the flat and hilly land are large buyers on the cattle markets of the Alpine and Wald- und Muehlviertel regions. Hogs and poultry, though much less tied to natural conditions and common to all areas, are relatively most important in this region. The production of hogs of the meat type and of eggs is rather general all over Austria. F. Livestock Livestock more than any other branch epitomizes the character of Austrian agriculture. The form of animal keeping and management is both peculiar to this area and rather unusual to persons accustomed to animal husbandry as practiced in the United States. In March 1934 Austria had 262,000 equine animals of which less than 1,000 were asses and mules; 2,350,000 cattle (1,210,000 cows); 2,823,000 pigs; 263,000 sheep; 326,000 goats, and 8,680,000 chickens. 2 For every 100 human beings there were roughly 42 hogs, 35 cattle, 128 chickens, 4 horses, 4 sheep, and 5 goats. Hogs numbered about 65 per 100 hectares of land in agricultural use; cattle 54; horses 6; and chickens 200. As compared to the previous census of 1923 horses, sheep, and goats had been reduced in number while cattle and chickens had increased. Hogs had almost doubled in number. The census of 1938, not quite comparable because of a change in the census date from March to December, indicates increases in all types of livestock as against 1934 with the exception of horses, asses, and mules which declined further to 246,000. In December 1939, after the territory of Austria had become the "Ostmark," with a part of the "Sudetenland" incorporated in it, increasing its area by 5.2 percent, the figures given in the German livestock census for the Ostmark were as follows: 2,808,400 cattle, of which 1,314,700 were milk cows; 3,008,700 hogs, 325,700 sheep, 359,300 goats, and 9,272,100 chickens, of which 8,666,000 were laying hens. Geese, ducks, and beehives numbered 159,500, 125,500, and 544,200, respectively. On the assumption that the added territory had an equal density of the various kinds of livestock as preannexation Austria, only cattle showed an increase over 1938, hogs and sheep remained about unchanged.
1. CATTLE. The Austrian cattle population con-

sisted of numerous very good and hardy breeds. According to the farm census of 1930 their relative numerical importance was as follows:
2 See also tables in appendix A.

Estimates for 1934 Breed" Population (percent) Average '.ilk production (kg year) Average fat content (percent)

............ .. . .... Fleckvieh ..... .............. Pinzgauer ............ Murbodner ............................. ... ..... ............... Blondvieh . . Graubraunes Gebirgsvieh ................... Bergschecken ........................... ............ Oberinntaler ............ Z illertaler .............................. .. ..... .. Tuxer ................ Crosses of these breeds ................... ... Others ...................... ..... T otal .......................

24.1

18.3 10.7 10.4

9.8 2.5

1.6
0.2

2,500 2,300 2,300 2,000 2,800 1,900 2,500

n.a.

3.9 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.7 4.1 3.8

3.8

0.1 16.0 6.3 100.0

2,500
n.a.
n.a..

2,100b

3.9

SAll of the breeds specifically named are highland cattle. The Fleckvieh in type and appearance is similar to the Simmenthal, while the Graubraunes Gebirgsvieh corresponds to the Brown Swiss. b Country average, not strictly comparable with above sample averages by breeds.

Almost all of these breeds are triple purpose types providing draft power in addition to milk and meat. The emphasis on one or the other of these lines may vary. Thus, for example, the Oberinntaler is more specifically a milk producer while the Blondvieh of the Waldviertel and Carinthia is better for draft and meat production. The breeding for multiple purposes is best adapted to the economic conditions o'f Austria. Cattle are raised in the alpine regions, sold to the milk-producing areas of the plains, are fattened after one or several lactation periods, and sold for slaughter. It is estimated that about 13 percent of all cows and 48 percent of the oxen over 1 year of age are used for draft. Despite the great demand for beef, pure beef types are absent. Milk production is highest in Tirol and Vorarlberg where the greybrown mountain cattle predominate. The lowest milk yield is found in the mountainous parts of Salzburg, Tirol, Carinthia, and Styria, where either fodder is insufficient or the raising of oxen is more important. Low milk yields are also encountered in some other parts of Styria, the Burgenland, and in the Wald- and Muehlviertel. The natural pastures or alps. (Almen) make Austria an ideal area for the raising and breeding of livestock. They provide much feed and excellent rearing conditions during the summer months while the valleys where the farms are located furnish feed for the remainder of the year. The utilization of the alps thus permits both the keeping of a large number of animals and at lower cost than in the valleys. The ideal farm is the one in which the size of the alps is in correct proportion to the winter feeding capacity of the valley lands. Often, however, there are too many alps, and winter feed is lacking. This problem is encountered in the central mountains with their

wide expanse of alps while the opposite case is common to the prealpine regions where the lower altitude of the ranges restrict the area in natural mountain pastures. Both cases either restrict the number of animals that can be kept or increase the cost of livestock production. In the plains and hilly lands wherever field cultivation predominates, animal husbandry has a wholly different form. Animals are sometimes raised to replace the farmer's own herd but more generally new stock is brought from the alpine regions. The density of livestock is greater per hectare than in the mountains because the yield of the land is higher, byproducts of sugar, potato, and beer manufacturing can be utilized for feeding and fattening; and the proximity to consumption centers makes dairy production profitable. 2. HORSES. Austria has horse breeds of good type and also the proper pastures so necessary for the raising of stock. In number as well as breeding area the "cold blood" type predominates. The Noriker (82 percent) is an old Austrian breed. The Haflinger breed is now concentrated in western Tirol since southern Tirol has been ceded to Italy. It is well adapted as a military horse for mountainous terrain. Of lesser importance is the "warm blood" bred in the plains of Lower Austria. The Lippizaner, Traber, and English full blood may be mentioned though they play no role in peasant farming. As stated before, the horse population has been on the decline. There was a net import of roughly 30,000 animals, per annum from eastern countries. Austria's exports consisted of quality horses, especially to Germany.

3. HOGS. The number of hogs is greatest in the plains with their large fodder production and byproduct utilization. In the alpine regions the pig is kept more for the self-supply of the farmer. The hogs kept are medium-heavy. The German Edelschwein and the improved Landschwein are the only important breeds with a numerical relationship to one another of 4:6. Lard hogs are supplied from the countries to the east.
4. SHEEP. In the interwar period the sheep popu-

the biggest problem in poultry production was encountered in the collection and marketing of eggs. Before the war only few egg collection centers existed in Lower and Upper Austria, in the Burgenland, and .Carinthia. G. The Farms 4

lation has declined considerably. Sheep are common only in the mountains where natural pastures provide favorable conditions. The most important sheep area has always been Carinthia. The Carinthian "Bergschaf" of the higher altitudes and the Carinthian "Seelandschaf" of the plains are the best native breeds and have spread through all alpine 3 valleys. Their rough wool is used for "Loden" and in home industry. Wool prices have been too low to encourage increased production, and sheep meat is so little in demand that, in spite of the smallness of the quantities produced, exports at times exceed imports. 5. GOATS. Like the sheep population, goat numbers have declined, though at a much slower rate. In fact, while goats were only two-thirds the number of sheep in 1923, they outnumbered them by 15 percent in 1938. Apart from the very small holdings, as for example in the vineyard regions, they are found in larger numbers only in the Pinzgau of Salzburg, where their milk is converted into cheese. The annual milk yield is estimated at between 150 and 350 kilograms. 6. CHICKENS. More important than either sheep and goat husbandry is poultry production which has developed rapidly in the interwar period. Most of the chickens are still raised on peasant farms despite the development of large poultry farms in the late thirties. Attempts were made at a division of labor. Breeding and rearing was to be done by hatcheries and specialized poultry farms, while only the keeping was to be the task of peasant holding, and there has been some progress.in this direction. The most common breeds are White Leghorns and Rhode Islands, followed by Brown Leghorns, White Wyandottes, Altseirer, and Sumtaler (native strains of Styria). There are also some Black Minorcas and Plymouth Rocks. On many of the peasant farms flocks represent a mixture of breeds. The average laying record is estimated at around 78 eggs per hen, relatively low in comparison to Germany (90), Switzerland (100), and Denmark (105). Perhaps
3

Austria in 1930 has about 430,000 agricultural and forestry holdings with a total area of roughly 7/ million hectares (18/2 million acres), including all 5 woodland and gardenland. Of this area over 4 million hectares (10 million acres) were in agricultural use, about 3 million hectares (7/2 million acres) in forests. Austria is a country of family-sized, owneroperated farms, and the small peasant farm predominates. Strip-farming is widespread, and substantial gains in farm land and particularly in economy of farm operations could still be made by proper consolidation of scattered holdings. There are few large agricultural estates (mostly in Burgenland and Lower Austria) ; it is estimated that such estates-with hired managers-occupy only about 6 percent of the total area in agricultural use. On the other hand, of the total forest area about onehalf is in large estate holdings. In all of Austria holdings of more than 100 hec6 tares (250 acres) comprised 46 percent of the total area in farms, but only about one-third of their land was in agricultural use (of which 90 percent in pastures and meadows), the remainder being forests arid waste land. These holdings occupied about 26 percent of the total agricultural area of the country and only about 8 percent of the plowland. The fact that a substantial proportion of the farm land is in farms of over 250 acres is, therefore, an expression of the natural conditions of farming over wide areas; in the Alpine regions the land holdings are naturally large since there is relatively little land suitable for cultivation, and in the higher altitudes it takes a considerable area to support even a low standard of living for the average farm family. Of 7 the holdings of over 250 acres, pastures and meadows comprised about 96'2 percent of the total agricultural land (excluding forests) in Salzburg, 982 percent in Tirol, and almost 100 percent in Vorarlberg. In Alps, small lent.
4

the flat and hilly land east and north of the where arable farming strongly predominates, and medium-sized holdings are greatly prevaThus, farms up to 50 acres occupy fully 68 per-

Rough woolen cloth used in overcoats, suits, etc.

For statistics see appendix A. 487,000 6 The German census of 1939 recorded, for the "Ostmark," hectare and over, with a total area of 8.3 million hectares. 1/ farms of also last table in appendix A. See 6 Representing only 1.4 percent of all farms. 7 "Alps" and "Hutweiden."

cent of the total area in agricultural use in Burgenland, 542 percent in Lower Austria, and 46

percent in Upper Austria-as against an average of 40 pecent for Austria as a whole. Upper Austria is characterized by a large share of medium to mediumlarge farms, with fully 50 percent of the agricultural land in farms of from 50 to 250 acres (average for Austria 34 percent). Conversely, Burgenland has fully 42 percent of its agricultural area in small farms of from 5 to 25 acres (average for Austria 18 percent). Austrian farmers own most of their land. Only 42 percent of the, total area in farms or an estimated 6 to 7 percent of the area in agricultural use is rented. Some pasture land, notably in Carinthia and Tirol, is in communal ownership. For Austria as a whole, the largest proportions of rented land are to be found in the holding groups of under 5 acres (20 percent of the group's total farm area) and 5 to 25 acres (10 percent). In Lower Austria and Burgenland the proportions of rented land in the size group over 250 acres, into which the large estates fall, are 8 and 22 percent, respectively. It may be assumed that much of the rented land in this size group is not in forest but in agricultural use so that the share of rented land in the agricultural area of the farms is considerably larger than indicated.
1. A NOTE ON TYPES OF FARMING. The results

percent of the productive land was under the plow, 13 percent in meadows and pastures, and 15 percent in forest. On the other hand, so-called "mixed forest farms" located at an average altitude of about twice that of the group designated as plowland farms had fully 62 percent of their productive area in forest, 23 percent in pastures and meadows, and only 15 percent in plowland. The average size of the farms investigated in this mixed forest farm group was 42~ hectares. The pure "forest farms" investigated had an average size of over 140 ha. with over 80 percent of the productive land in forests and only 5 percent under the plow. In the "plow-grassland farms with Alps" investigated, pastures and meadows predominated with 46 percent of the total productive area in meadows and pastures, 35 percent in forest, and 20 percent in plowland; the average size of the farms investigated in that group was just under 20 hectares, their average altitude 650 meters, and precipitation 1,100-mm. The intensity of farming varied greatly as among the various types of farms. Labor input per hectare of productive area was highest on the small "wine farms." Next in the survey came the "mixed wine farms" with less than half the labor input per ha. of productive area compared to the wine farms. Then follow the plowland and plow-grassland farms with about one-third of the labor input compared to the wine farms, but still about 50 percent more input than the "grassland farms" and four times as much as the forest farms. The values per hectare of productive area of the farms in these various groups vary in about the same proportion as does the labor input. 2. LABOR. With roughly one-fourth of the prewar population depending for its livelihood on agriculture and forestry, over 30 percent of the country's total working population was employed on the farms and in the woods. According to the census of 1939 about 340,000 farm operators, 750,000 working family members, and 330,000 hired workers or a total of 1.4 million people were employed in agriculture and forestry-a significant decline from the level of 1.7 million recorded by the census of 1930. As apparent from these statistics, most of the work performed on the farms in Austria is family labor, though the share of hired labor is fairly important-especially on the forest farms, mixed forest farms, and forest pasture farms. With a decrease in farming intensity the share of the farm family's work in the total work performed declines and the share of hired labor increases. On the farms sur-

of farm accounting, which was carried out by the Chambers of Agriculture (Landwirtschaftskammern) of the individual States and in the Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry, provide good material for a characterization of the various types of farming found in Austria. The data, available for only 900 farms which, however, had been carefully selected, were summarized for the years 1928 to 1930. The farmers who submitted to accounting were probably of the more progressive type so that some bias in a favorable direction must be expected. Still the general picture obtained is clear and convincing. The farms investigated were divided into 10 different types on the basis of their land utilization. The table on "basic characteristics of farm types" in appendix B provides both the definition of the various types and at the same time the basic data such as altitude, average precipitation, average size, and land use. From this survey it appears that the socalled "plowland farms" investigated were situated at an average altitude of 354 meters, that is to say, in the flat and hilly country east and north of the Alps. Average precipitation in the districts where these farms were located was 731 millimeters, and the average farm size, including woodland, amounted to 21.2 hectares. On these plowland farms about 72

veyed by the Chambers of Agriculture the share of hired labor in the total work performed was only about 7 percent on the wine farms, about 37 percent on the plowland farms, and 53 percent on the forest farms. 3. FARM MACHINERY. Considering Austrian agriculture's natural environment, which in many regions does not favor mechanization, Austria has a fair number of agricultural machines and power equipment. (See table V.) The German census of 1939 indicates that the "Ostmark" (the former Austria plus a small part of southern Moravia and Bohemia

taken by Germany under the Munich Sudetenland settlement) had 23.8 threshing machines per 100 farms of over / hectare, compared to 30.2 in Germany, 48.9 straw cutters (52.1), 8.4 drills (22.4), and 8.6 mowers, reapers, and binders (49.3). Austrian agriculture averaged over 18 electro-motors per 100 farms, compared to over 50 in Germany. There was only a small number of tractors: 2,150, including motor mowers and garden tractors, or 4.3 per 1,000 farms of over /z hectare, compared to 20.6 in Germany. Over one-half of these tractors average more than 22 hp (belt).

Table V.

AUSTRIA:

Use of machines and installations on farms 1930 (by states) and 1939.

Loe
Type Vienna r AustrI

Upe
Austria ur Salzburg I Numhers Styria Carinthia Tirol Vorarlherg Burgenland

Total Austria
1930 I 19399

Primary motors........................... including:

24 ..

9,160

4,274

1,366

8,317

7,664

1,548

70

1,359

33,782

n.a. na. n.a. 1,503 33,580

(a)
(b) (c) (d)

Water wheels .....................

Water turbines ....................

682
327 421 7,149

718
220 143 2,932

449
171 16 686

3,503
373. 34 4,183

4,318
574 22 2,611

954
383
...

4
10 ... 39

41
6 90 1,143

10,669
2,064 731 18,892

..

Steam engines........................5 Internal combustion engines..........16

133

: Electromotors ........................... Trucks .............................. .. ............. . .. .. . .... ... : Tractorsb Threshing machinery.....................35 Seed cleaners...........................
Straw cutters Drills. Mowers, ............................ Feed grinders............................. ............................... reapers, binders...................52 .........................

102 6 . 10 23
147 55 126

17,060 115 484 44,535 4,598

76,557 18,666 17,717 13,877 19,889 1,140 4,830

14,250 40 73 4,942 2,210

45,590 18,836. 4,053 5,496
-

2,635 10 4 6,286 984

6,344 1,011 149 545 8,997 1,643 1,256

7,741 42 21 26,226 5,143

49,273 16,563 598 1,163 15,620 5,087 4,219

4,003 16 . 33 12,527 2,092

18,381 1,570 512 1,144 11,632 6,489 2,212

3,040 10 8* 7,480 1,579

10,740 1,535 200 998 17,563 2,107 1,650

857 5 6 178 112

3,804 137 103 1,034 4,717 36 1,838

696 13 81 12,260 1,851

23,034 992 3,077 557 3,427 38 183

50,384 257 720 114,469 18,592

233,870 59,365 26,535 24,866 131,846 17,521 21,145

88,051 n.a. 2,087 116,203 n.a.

238,152 80,937 40,724 41,679 n.a. n.a. n.a.

Cream separators (a) (b)

17 2 1
..

49,984 979 4,956

Special installations:
Mills ............................. Distilleries.........................

(c) (d)

Cheese making ................... Butter making .......................

56 2,710

56 1,999

311 927

115 1,963

160 1,109

579 2,391

386 757

4 87

1,667 11,945

n.a. n.a.

Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Conpiled from official sources. (As per Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. XLV, 1933, p. 58 and Wirtschaft und Statistik, Vol. 21, 1941.) Data not strictly comparable with 1930 figures. From the German census of May 17, 1939, for the Ostmark which was 5.2 percent larger in area than Austria in 1930. b Also 33 caterpillars and 132 motor plows.

Austria's mobile power equipment (tractors plus trucks) in 1930 generated only 6.2 percent of the farm-produced mechanical power. Roughly 60 percent of the remainder came from electro-motors, 40 percent from water wheels and turbines, stationary steam and internal combustion engines. No comparable data are available for 1939. Austria has a relatively high degree of rural electrification. Already in 1930 there were few communities which were not linked to the electric network. Per head of the farm population 40-50 kwh were consumed annually, including lighting and the power used for mills, saws, etc. 8 This figure compared with 9 about 60 kwh for Germany. Much further progress has since been made. Austria has made good progress toward increased mechanization during the thirties; increases were considerable in the case of electro-motors, internal combustion engines, as well as tractors, drills, mowers, reapers, and binders. With regard to other farm equipment the most remarkable advance was made in the case of silos which increased from 691 in 1930 to 21,384 in 1939. Apart from the machines enumerated in the table, the 1939 census also showed about 3,300 manure spreaders, 11,350 hoeing machines, 6,200 potato harvesters, 2,700 beet lifters, and 3,400 straw and hay balers. Combines were unknown. The most highly mechanized states were quite obviously Lower and Upper Austria followed by Styria, Carinthia, and Burgenland. A large share of all Austrian water wheels and turbines are found in Styria and Carinthia. On the basis of 1930 census results it appears that the farms with less than 2 hectares, despite their large number, had the smallest proportion of agricultural machinery. Per unit of area, however, they had more machines than the large farms. Farms between 10 and 50 hectares (25 to 125 acres) had the largest numbers of machinery both absolutely and
8 Entwicklung und Rationalisierung der oesterreichischen Landwirtschaft. Oesterreichisches Kuratorium fuer Wirtschaftlichkeit, Wien 1931, p. 144. 9 Switzerland's consumption of electric current was much higher,

per unit of area. In this size group are also the vast majority of both primary and secondary (electro-) motors. Austrian industry produced a considerable share of the country's farm machinery supply in 5 large 10 It and about 25 smaller manuafcturing concerns. was important in the production and export of certain types of equipment such as threshers, plows, harrows, rakes, scythes, etc., specializing in models adapted for use in hilly country. No tractors were produced. Farm machinery prices in Austria on the whole were considerably higher than in Germany. Trade in farm machinery was on a net import basis. In 1936 and 1937 the major import items were cream separators, tractors, and threshing machines. Approximately two-thirds of total exports consisted of threshing and other seed-separating and cleaning machines. Germany, Italy, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia were the major export markets for Austrian agricultural implements and machinery, while Germany furnished about half of the equipment imported into Austria, with Sweden, the United States, and Czechoslovakia supplying most of the remainder. The United States' share of the trade consisted almost entirely of tractors, the Swedish of cream separators, while Germany predominated as a source of supply for all other types of farm implements and machines.
4. FERTILIZERS. The consumption of commercial

fertilizers was rather low. According to one statement the following quantities were consumed per hectare of fertilizable area in Austria and Germany. (The area applied for Austria is about 3 million hectares and excludes such pastures as Hutweiden and Alps which would rarely be fertilized.) Another compilation, made by the German institute for Business Research in its Wochenbericht of April 4, 1938, gives a nitrogen consumption of 5.2 kg. per hectare of agricultural area for 1936-37, compared to 19.8 kg. for Germany; and of 3.7 kg. for potash (Germany: 32.7 kg.). It is clear, at any rate, that consumption
10 See list in appendix B.

however.

N
Year Austria Germany Austria

POs
I Germany Austria

K,O
I Germany

kg/ha

kg/ha

kg/ha

1922 ....

........

.......

0.3

....

1.1

....

1.8

1928 1930 1932 1934 1936

...... ...... ..... .1.6 .............. ............. ...... .................. ...... ........... .

1.6 1.5 2.1 1.7

5,113

13.3 14.1 11.1 13.1 17.1

491,000

6.3 5.1 3.8 3.8 4.7

14,516

17.3 18.6 13.4 15.7 22.1

636,000

2.7 2.3 2.1 3.5 2.9

8,838

24.0 26.6 19.0 24.4 32.8

944,000

1936 quantities in tons...

Source: H.

Schoehl, op. cit., p. 78.

per hectare in Austria was only a fraction of that in Germany. The gap between German and Austrian fertilizer consumption is partly explained by a difference in price relationships. Thus, the Austrian farmer obtained in exchange for one quintal of rye 1.5 quintals of superphosphate in 1933 and 2 quintals in 1937, as against 2 quintals and 3.3 quintals the German farmer could buy for a quintal of rye. Consumption in the individual states of the Austrian Republic varied widely. The relatively largest application was made in Lower Austria, Vienna, and also in Upper Austria, followed by Vorarlberg, Burgenland, Tirol, Salzburg, Styria, and Carinthia. About four-fifths of all nitrogen was imported, one-fifth produced domestically (1,225 m. tons in 1935-37). Cyanamide was the principal source of nitrogen (33 percent of consumption), followed by calcium nitrate to the extent of 26 percent, ammonium sulphate (the only nitrogen combination produced in Austria) 21 percent, sodium nitrate 12 percent, and ammonium nitrate 8 percent. Superphosphate is produced from imported rock and sulphur. It constitutes about 55 percent (7.086 m. tons in 1935-37) of the consumption of phosphoric acid. The remaining 45 percent are supplied by imported basic slag. Natural phosphates were imported mainly from the United States and Algeria, pyrites from Greece, Italy, and Cyprus, and sulphur from Italy. All potash was imported. Austria's main supplier was Germany, followed by Poland and France. A full list of the commercial fertilizers which provided the three major plant nutrients (N, P 2 0 5, and K 2 0) is given in table VI. Note the drop in total tonnage from about 160,000 m. tons in the years of Table VI.
Type of fertilizer 1925

economic improvement, 1928 and 1929, to 107,000 tons in the year of prolonged depression, 1933. Application of organic manure has not compensated for the insufficiency of fertilizer input. The density of the livestock population in Austria per hectare of agricultural land, in spite of its importance in the country's agriculture, is less than in Germany. Much manure is lost on roads and poor pastures. Also many farms do not have proper facilities for the collection of manure, especially liquid manure. Thus in a survey of 75,000 livestock farms in Styria, less than 5,000 were found to have proper manure pits. Field tests in a number of areas have shown considerable deficiencies of the soil in phosphoric acid, potash, as well as lime. While much of the subsoil is rich in lime, the top-soil is often deficient, the calcium having been washed out by plentiful rains. There is ample room for agricultural improvement if fertilizer can be supplied at a lower price and the farmer be made more aware of its importance. 5. PESTICIDES. According to Hamscha, 11 the fight against plant diseases made good progress in the interwar period. The disinfection of seed grain, in the early twenties practiced on only a few large estates, is general today and has contributed much to the increase in grain yields. Weeds which often made it unprofitable to harvest summer grains are now kept down through the application of chemicals. Mice plagues reoccur every third or fourth year in Austria. In bad years the damage done to crops is considerable, but timely and well-organized campaigns have reduced it greatly. Before the war fruit trees were sprayed only by
11H. Hamscha and 0. Deutsch, op. cit., p. 58.

AUSTRIA: Consumption of commercial fertilizer.

1928 1 1929 1931 1933 1934

Metric tons

Superphosphate ............. Basic slag .................. Reformphosphate ........... Bonemeal .................. Ammonium sulphate ........ Chilean nitrate .............. Calcium nitrate ............. Leuna nitrate ............... Calcium cyanamide .......... Potash .................... Nitrophoska ................ . Ammonium nitrate ..... .... Total ..............
Source: H. Hamscha and 0.

37,855 32,433 5,924 n.a. 4,080 4,720 130 480 4,632 16,647 .......... ..... 106,901

49,385 62,909 910 1,889 3,689 3,690 5,199 2,316 10,898 19,214 ........ 160,099

52,595 53,066 ........... 2,000 3,800 3,638 5,010 2,074 10,531 19,227 1,702 153,643

38,049 42,570 2,800 4,000 2,972 6,017 1,056 9,245 15,394 4,162 . ... 126,265

42,023 16,701 4,000 5,051 174 9,042 99 8,151 13,581 3,011 4,952 106,785

40,500 21,074 4,000 6,000 2,781 11,076 ..... 6,834 28,091 4,322 9,126 133,804

Deutsch, Die Aufgaben der oesterreichischen Landwirtschaft, Vienna 1937.

the more advanced farmers. Most general and best understood by the farmers was the application of pesticides in the vineyards. There are no detailed statistics for either production, trade, or consumption of pesticides in Austria. The only exception is copper sulphate which was consumed at the rate of 700 m. tons in the 1933-35 period. All of it was produced in Austria.
6 GROSS INCOME AND MARKET DEPENDENCE OF

FARMS. 12

The bookkeeping studies made by the

Chambers of Agriculture also permit a measure of insight into the relative importance of the major sources of the income and into the market dependence of Austrian farms. Statistics of gross income of the farms sampled indicate the overwhelming importance of livestock products. Milk and milk products rank first, followed by hogs and cattle. In almost all types of farms livestock products account for between 50 and 60 percent of the gross income. The only exception to this rule are the highly specialzed wine farms. Small, family-worked farm units are usually associated with the concept of self-supplying subsistence farms. This association does not apply in Austrian agriculture with its preponderance of animal husbandry. The Austrian farmer's market dependence is very considerable. The prices of milk, cattle, and
12 For statistics, see tables in appendix B.

hogs are of major concern to the peasant; grain must be added for some types of farms, as well as timber for grassland and forest farms and wine for the specialized wine farms. On the farms sampled by the Chambers of Agriculture from two-thirds to three-fourths of the gross income was derived from sales on the market. Statistics compiled from the same accountancy data to show farm expenditure and net income are somewhat doubtful as to their results. This is mainly due to the difficulty of an appropriate valuation of "wages" for the farmer and his family and of the farm household's consumption off the farm. Nevertheless, it seems clear that the "mountain farmers" were infinitely worse off than the plowland and plow-grassland farmers of the flat and hilly country, not to mention the highly intensive wine farms in the neighborhood of the consuming centers. This difference in economic position is at the root of the ageold political conflict between 'the farmers of intensive units in the flat land (Koerndlbauern) and the livestock farmers of the mountains (Hoerndlbauern). The Koerndlbauern are relatively well-to-do, thoroughly organized and politically influential. The opposite is true of the mountaineers; if they stay where they are, they require state help and protection. Only a change in the economic structure of Austria could permit their transfer to more profitable occupations.

II. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND FOOD SUPPLIES IN PREWAR PERIOD

A.

Food Self-sufficiency

B. The Food Balance Production, trade, and crop utilization for the various items that enter the food balance are shown in table XI for both the average 1933-37 and the wartime season 1943-44. The table is partly based on estimates in the absence of special surveys inquiring into the utilization of foodstuffs. The development of acreages, yields, and production for the main crops, 1922 to 1937, is given in a separate table in appendix B. 1. GRAINS. Wheat and rye are the only important food grains produced and consumed in Austria. In order of acreage as well as production, rye precedes wheat and oats precedes barley to a considerable extent. Grain yields average about 16 metric quintals per hectare or about 80 percent of those in Germany. Aside from corn, which is grown only to a small extent (Styria, Carinthia), barley is the highest-yielding grain in Austria, closely followed by wheat. Yields of oats and rye are 10 to 15 percent lower than those of wheat and barley. Although the consumption of wheat exceeded that of rye by about 10 percent, the area planted to rye was 60 percent larger than the wheat area. Domestic production in 1933-37 of rye (566,000 m. tons) exceeded that of wheat (393,000 m. tons) by 44 percent. A considerable amount of rye was fed to livestock, notably hogs. Wheat imports have steadily declined from 410,000 m. tons in the average of the 1928-32 period to about 230,000 m. tons in 1938. This reduction was made possible by an increase in acreage from about 200,000 hectares to 250,000 hectares, as well as an increase in yields per hectare. To some extent also the contraction in consumption due to a decline of incomes operated to reduce wheat import requirements. Principal sources of wheat imports were Hungary, Rumania, Yugoslavia, and in earlier years Canada and the United States. Of the total wheat supply 85 percent was used for flour production and about 6 percent each were used for seed and feeding. The flour extraction rate in the prewar period was 77 percent.

In prewar years (1933-37) Austria's population consumed annually 6.9 trillion calories of which 1.3 trillion or about 19 percent were imported directly. However, the foodstuffs of animal origin domestically produced depended in part on imported feedstuffs. If allowance is made for the food equivalent of the feed imports (6-7 calories of feed produce about 1 calorie of food), Austria's self-sufficiency appears to have been about 75 percent. The country thus was dependent on imports for 25 percent of its food supply. (See table VII.) In terms of energy, about two-thirds of Austria's direct imports were cereals which is not surprising in the case of a country in which grassland and forest predominate and extensive plain areas are lacking. About one-sixth of the calories imported directly were fats and oils and about one-eighth were meats. The calorie value of the imports of fruits, especially citrus, dry legumes, fish, and eggs was relatively small. Only in dairy products, sugar, potatoes, and most vegetables was Austria fully able to fill its requirements. Historically a self-sufficiency of 75 percent represented a new high point in the country's agricultural economy. Attached to rich surplus areas in the eastern parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the alpine provinces had remained agriculturally backward until their political and economic isolation at the end of World War I forced them to develop their agriculture. Thus, for example, self-sufficiency with regard to wheat rose from 28 percent in 1922/23 to 65.4 percent in 1935/36. Similarly the quotient for rye rose from 74.0 to 92.5, for barley from 64.8 to 82.2, and for oats from 88.1 to 92.3. Milk and milk products had been imported in large quantities during the twenties. In the beginning of the thirties the country changed to a net export position with regard to dairy produce. While to some extent these developments presented only recovery from the low wartime and immediate postwar levels, in large measure they did constitute genuine progress.

Table VII.

AUSTRIA: Food supplies, consumption, and degree of self-sufficiency, average 1933-37. Supl
Supply of food From domestic sources
From imports

offo
Consumption Trillion calories 1,000 metric tons Trillion calories

Foodstuffs

Calories per kg.

1,000 metric tons

Trillion. calories.

1,000 metric tons

Cereals (incl. rice) as flour....................... Potatoes ..................................... Sugar....................................... ........................... Dry legumes.. ... ........................... Fruits'....
Vegetables, fresh"......................................

3,400 650 4,000 3,050

400
150

Fats and oils (as products).......................

Meats (incl. poultry, rabbits, offals, etc.)............... Fish......................................... Eggs"....................................... .

8,810
1,980 900 1,380 620 340

Fresh milk ...................................

.................... Skimmed milk........... ...... .......... ......... Cheese................ Subtotals: ..... ............ Food of vegetable origin......... Food of animal origin............................ ................ Grand totals' ... Correction for produce resulting from feed imports"........ .... Corrected totals................. . Percent.. ................................

603 586 160 11 300 430 78 312 2.5 35 1,470 40 30

2.050 0.381 0.640 0.034 0.120 0.065 0.600 0.618 0.002 0.048 0.911 0.014 0.090 3.300 2.273 5.573 -0.400 5.173 75'

2534 14
40

0.860 0.009 0.012 0.046 0.004 0.208 0.160" 0.007 0.007

114 28 26 70 7.5 5

856 600 160 15 414 458 104 382

2.910 0.390 0.640 0.046 0.166

0.069
0.808 0.778 0.009' 0.055 0.911 0.014 0.084 4.354 2.526 6.880

10
40 1,470 40 28

-2

-0.000 1.054 0.253 1.307 +0.400 1.707 25

6.880"
100

Office of Foreign Relations. was assumed that a share of the imports of wheat, rye, and legumes was used for feed. 0 It b Retail weight, excluding distribution losses. C For fats in terms of pure fat. " 50,000 tons pork at 2,600 calories per kg.; 20,000 tons other meat at 1,500 calories. Whole milk: 3,080; partly skimmed: 1,670. f Excluding alcoholic beverages. food equivalent of imported feedstuffa for productive livestock. 1 Roughly estimated Equivalent to about 2,800 calories per person (excl. alcoholic beverages) for 6,760,000 people. t Percentage of true self-sufficiency.

&

Rye imports (which in 1933-37 made up 15 percent of the total supply) varied greatly from year to
1928-32 Supply 1933 I

year compensating for considerable variations in yield, as is shown in the following tabulation:
1934 1935 1936 1937

1,000 metric tons

Production ........ Net imports ....... Total supply....

513 100 613

687 17 704

575 40 615

620 59 679

473 106 579

477 206 683

Rye was imported mainly from Poland and Hungary, to some extent also from Lithuania, Argentina, Latvia, Rumania, and Yugoslavia. Almost 80 percent of the total rye supply was consumed in the form of bread. The rest disappeared as seed, feed, and waste. The flour extraction rate in the prewar period was 73 percent. Barley was used in the brewing industry (15 percent) and for feed (75 percent). The domestic output of brewing barley about sufficed in the middle thirties to meet the needs of the local industry whose output owing to reduced beer consumption had been about halved. Feed barley had to be imported (66,000 m. tons in 1933-37). Almost all imported barley came from Rumania. Small quantities of barley for human consumption were used in soups and in roasted form as coffee substitute. Practically all of the net supply of oats was fed to animals, with less than 1 percent consumed as food. Imports used to come from Rumania, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia. Rice was all imported. The chief supplying countries were Italy, British India, and Thailand, some of the supply imported by way of the Netherlands. Other grains such as spelt, buckwheat, and millet are of very minor importance in the human and animal diet. Corn for food was consumed to some extent in Styria and Carinthia, and large imports (400,000 tons) were made for feed purposes (hogs, poultry). Of all cereals including rice about 41 percent were used for food, 48 percent for feed, and only 2.4 percent for industrial uses. 2. POTATOES. The potato acreage has been steadily expanded in the period between the two world wars from 163,000 ha. in 1922 to 216,000 ha. in 1937. Production likewise increased, from a level of about 1.4 million metric tons in 1922 to about 3 million tons (average 1936 and 1937), due partly to an increase in yields. Yields in Austria, in recent prewar years, averaged just under 130 metric quintals per hectare or about 80 percent of the German yields. In the base period used in this discussion (1933-

37) imports were less than 1 percent and consisted of early potatoes from Italy and Egypt and of seed potatoes from Germany and Poland. Domestic production of early potatoes, too, has been increased by expansion of the area planted from 9,000 to 31,000 ha. More than half of the potato crop was fed to animals, less than one-quarter entered the human household, 3 to 4 percent were industrially processed, mainly in distilleries, the remainder (about onefourth of the crop) being taken up by seed needs and waste. Per capita consumption of potatoes is low as compared to consumption by Austria's northern neighbors. 3. DRY LEGUMES. Production and consumption of pulses is small in Austria. In 1933-37 about 30 percent of the pulses were imported while domestic production was only 22,000 m. tons. The area planted to pulses was 28,000 hectares in 1913, 14,000 ha. in 1922, 23,000 in 1929, and 11,600 in 1936. Thus the prewar acreage was not attained again. The main edible pulse crops are beans (9,000 m. tons in 1936), peas (6,500 m. tons in 1936), and lentils (1,150 m. tons in 1936). Imported pulses came from Rumania, Yugoslavia, Poland, and Hungary. 4. SUGAR. Since the middle thirties, Austria supplied all of its sugar requirements. Between the two wars no crop's development was more spectacular and none contributed more to the advancement of the country's agriculture than the sugar beet. In 1922 self-sufficiency was only about 31 percent, but reached 98 percent in the year 1933/34. The acreage under sugar beets increased from 24,000 hectares in 1927 (when it had reached about the prewar level) to 50,000 hectares in 1934. Yields per hectare also increased, from about 240 metric quintals in 1925 to about 250 over the average 1933-37-again about 80 percent of the German yields. Since 1935 the sugar-beet area had to be deliberately restricted since no export of sugar was possible. A complete sugar balance given in table VIII shows clearly the accumulation of stocks and the effects of crop area restriction. Sugar consumption per capita (23.7 kg.) was at about the German

Table VIII. AUSTRIA:

1932/33 Item 1933/34

Sugar supply and consumption (1932/33-1937/38).

II
1934/35 1935/36 Metric tons of raw sugar 1936/37 167/38 1936 1938 [ Average 93/34-1937/38

Production .......................... Stocks Sept. 1 ..................... Imports ...................... Total supply .................. Stocks Aug. 31 .................... ....... Deliveries .................. Export ........................... Consumption ................. Consumption in terms of refined sugar (8/9 of raw) ....................
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Source: F. O. Licht, 1932-38.

164,899 6,999 18,715 190,613 14,332 176,281 292 175,989 156,433

170,458 14,332 3,607 188,397 8,946 179,451 224 179,227 159,311

223,159 8,946 7,289 239,394 61,473 174,921 59 174,862 155,431

205,870 64,473 661 271,004 92,237 178,767 5 178,762 158,898

146,473 92,237 586 239,296 55,652 183,644 1 183,643 163,237

156,984 55 652 541 213,177 27,620 185,557 ....... 185,557 164,938

180,589 47,128 2,537 230,254 49,786 180,468 58 180,410 160,363

level-still low as compared to countries like England or Denmark which consumed more than double this quantity, but high in relation to consumption in southern and eastern Europe. 5. VEGETABLES. Out of a total supply of 568,000 m. tons of vegetables in 1933-37, only 35,000 m. tons or 6.6 percent had to be imported. Roughly 20 percent were assumed to be lost through spoilage and' waste. The domestic vegetable supply consisted to about one-half of cabbage, followed by pumpkin; onions, cucumber and lettuce, tomatoes, green peas, parsley and celery, green beans, and asparagus also were produced and consumed in sizable quantities. Imports consisted to one-third of early vegetables which cannot for climatic reasons be produced domestically. Major sources of import supplies were Italy, Hungary, and Egypt. Consumption of vegetables rose by more than 40 percent above levels existing prior to World War I, in contrast to most other kinds of food. Production kept pace with consumption. Both area planted to vegetables and yields per hectare increased markedly. 6. FRUITS. The total fruit supply in 1933-37 amounted to 552,000 m. tons of which 161,000 m. tons (29 percent) were imported. The fruit locally produced consisted mostly of apples and pears; stone fruit (plums, cherries, apricots, and peaches), berries and nuts (including some edible chestnuts) also were produced. The chief sources of import supplies were Italy, Yugoslavia, and Hungary. Roughly onethird of the imports are tropical and subtropical fruits. It should be noted that Austrian fruit is generally of poor commercial quality; little attention is being paid to orchards. A large number of varities are grown. Handling, packing, storage, and standardization are inadequate. For a number of years between the months of October and December considerable quantities of low-quality apples were exported while in the January to August period quality apples from the United States were brought in. 7. MEATS. Almost 60 percent of Austrian meat consumption consisted of pork, more than onefourth of beef; veal, mutton, lamb, goat, poultry, rabbit, and game meat provided the remainder. As compared to American or English habit very little mutton or lamb is consumed. Imports of meat or live animals for slaughter had been steadily reduced and in 1933-37 amounted to only 18 percent of total consumption. They came mainly from Hungary, Rumania, Yugoslavia, and Poland. 8. FISH. Domestic (fresh water) fish production is small; three-quarters of total fish supplies are imported, mostly sea fish from Germany. Per capita consumption is very low.

9. FATS AND OILS.

Considering only direct im-

ports, Austria was about 75 percent self-sufficient in fats and oils. A substantial share of the domestic fat output, however, was produced from imported feed, so that the genuine self-sufficiency degree was only about 55 percent. Over 70 percent of Austria's fat production were slaughter fats, chiefly lard, fat back, and some tallow, over 28 percent butter, and only about 1 percent vegetable oils. Roughly 14,000 tons each of slaughter fats and vegetable oils for human consumption were imported. The former entered in the form of fat hogs from Poland, Rumania, Yugoslavia, and Hungary. The latter consisted of imports of oilseeds as well as soybean, coconut, and palm kernel oil. Oilseeds imported were crushed in the country. The chief item in this group was copra, with imports in 1933-37 at 10,700 m. tons. Roughly half of all imported vegetable oils (including oils from imported seeds) were utilized in industry. With somewhat more than 10 percent of the butter produced exported (mainly to Germany and Great Britain), Austrian consumption of fats and oils for food consisted of about 85 percent animal fats (19 percent butter, 66 percent slaughter fats), and 15 percent vegetable oils. 10. MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS. In the 1933-37 period roughly 1.2 million milk cows with an annual average production of 2,100 kg. per cow produced 2,538,000 metric tons of fresh milk. Of the total 58 percent was consumed as fresh whole milk, over 20 percent was used in butter manufacture, and approximately 10 percent each were converted into cheese and fed to animals. Data on whole milk utilization do not give a complete picture of total milk use since one form of milk used is closely interrelated with the next. Thus, not only whole milk but also skim and buttermilk is used as drink milk, specially in the cities. Skim milk resulting from butter production may also be made into cheese and powdered milk or fed to hogs and calves. It is estimated that of the butter and skim milk produced (about 500,000 m. tons) 420,000 m. tons were fed to animals, and 40,000 m. tons each consumed in households and processed into storable products such as dry milk. A characteristic of Austrian milk utilization was the high consumption of fresh whole milk (58 percent) as compared to Germany (28 percent). Conversely, only somewhat more than 30 percent of whole milk were made into cheese and butter, against over 60 percent in Germany. Thus, while fresh whole milk consumption per capita was roughly double that in Germany, less than half as much butter and only three-fourths as much cheese were consumed per person.

Table

IX.

Consumunption of

mzilk and- mmilk

products for human nutritian (converted to whole milk equivalent).

From domestic a sources From b imports Self-sufficiency' Percent

Total consumption Year

Million litres of

whole milk equivalent

1924 ............. . . 1925 ................. 19268 ................. ... . 1929 . . 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 ... ..

............. ............... ................. ........ ...... ............ ... ...... . .... . .... .............

1,819 1,884 1,964 2,012 2,050 2,035 2,091 2,114 2,111 2,200 2,150 2,120 2,067

1,675 1,747 1,829 1,923 2,021 2,035 2,126 2,126 2,119 2,240 2,240 2,215 2,211

144 137.

135
89

29 0.3 -35 -12 - 8 -40 -90 -95 -144

92 93 93 96 99 100 102 101 100 102 104 105 107

----------- --

_____________________________I_________________________________--------------_________________________________________--Source: Wutz, Anton, Alpenlaendische Milchwirtschaft, Berlin 1938, p. 79.

_______--_---

SIncluding production of milk from imported feedstuffs. production of milk from imported feedstuffs. o Production from imported feedstuffs counted as domestic.
b Excluding

Production and consumption of milk and milk products increased greatly in the interwar period as shown in table IX. By 1929 Austria had become self-sufficient, by 1930 even an exporter of milk and milk products. In 1933 local milk consumption was at a maximum, owing to a drop in milk prices. Many and diverse measures were taken to counteract the flooding of the domestic market, with only partial success. Exports were subsidized so that the internal price exceeded that of the exported product. Germany and Great Britain, and to a lesser extent Italy, were the chief importers of Austrian dairy products. 11. EGGS. Austria was roughly 87 pecent selfsufficient with regard to eggs, not considering production from imported feed. The attainment of full self-sufficiency was made difficult by cheap imports especially from Hungary, Poland, and Yugoslavia. Yet, imports in the thirties declined sharply since consumption was considerably reduced to the middle thirties as a result of the general contraction of consumer's incomes.
12. WINE AND BEER. In the middle thirties

(1935) the wine area amounted to 33,555 hectares, of which two-thirds or 21,507 hectares were located in Lower Austria, 7,585 ha. in the Burgenland, 3,979 ha. in Styria, 477 ha. in Vienna, and 4 ha. in Vorarlberg. More than four-fifths of the vineyards were interplanted with fruit trees. Wine production varied greatly with the weather between about 60 million liters to 140 million liters. In the best year re-

corded so far, 1915, 146 million liters were produced, while the poorest year, 1927, yielded only 22.6 million liters. The Austrian wines are almost all white wines, and the better ones are said to compare in quality with Rhine and Moselle wines. The largest portion of the crop is consumed as yearling wine. Imports of wine, mainly coming from Italy, amounted to about 10 percent of consumption, which increased steadily from a low of 13.3 liters per capital in 1925 to a high of 20.9 liters per capita in 1937. The consumption of beer, which is considerably more important than wine in Austria, has shown the opposite trend. Maximum consumption in the interwar period was reached in 1926 (total consumption 545.0 million liters and 81.9 liters per capita); by 1936 consumption had declined to 32.6 liters per capita (total: 219.9 million liters). The reduction was largely attributed to the decline in income and employment. Moreover, beer taxes had risen from 6.50 to 20.85 Schilling per hectoliter, or by more than 200 percent between 1926 and 1930. Austria's brewing industry is of considerable importance and fills not only practically all of the country's domestic needs, but normally provides also a small quantity for export (mainly to Italy). Imports of beer were negligible. Per Capita Consumption and Average Diet A comparison of the dietary pattern of Austria with C.

Germany and Italy highlights the fact that the Austrian diet is largely intermediate between the standards that prevail in these two countries. (See table X.) In regard to cereals the low consumer is Germany; in potatoes and fats and oils it is Italy. In regard to fruits and vegetables Austria is very similar to Italy, in sugar and meat consumption its dietary intake is more like that of Germany. It is particularly high in fresh milk consumption and characteristically low in the consumption of fish. In prewar years the average consumer had a daily intake of 83 grams of protein, 100 grams of fat, and 400 grams of carbohydrate or about 2,800 calories excluding alcohol. More than half (53 percent) of the proteins consumed and about 37 percent of the calories were of animal origin.

Table X.

Comparison of per capita consumption in selected countries (1933-37).

Ger-

Foodstuffs

Italy

Austria

many

Kilograms

Cereals (including rice) as flour. Potatoes ..................... Sugar (refined) .............. Fruits, fresh ................. Vegetables ................. Fats and oils ................. Meat (carcass weight) ........ Fish ...................... Milk, whole ................. Cheese ....................... E ggs ............ ...........

170 38 7 41 53 11 20 6 36 5
7

127 89 24 61* 68 15 57 2 218 4

6
partly

108 177 22 42 48 26 46 12 123 5

7
from

Source: Office of Foreign Agricultural official statistics, partly estimated. * Including fruit for juices and cider.

Relations,

III.

AGRICULTURE AND FOOD DURING WAR YEARS

I
A. General Review equipment on Austrian farms is believed now to be at least no smaller than it was before the Nazis took over. A third, and perhaps the most important, factor in the Nazis' policy of maintaining a reasonably adequate food standard in Austria during the war was the fact that, up to the end of the fifth war year, they supplied the country with substantial imports of grain (both for food and feed) and fats. Efforts at maintaining agricultural production, however, could not prevent a substantial decline in total farm output compared to prewar years. Similarly as in Germany proper the total acreage under grain to 1944 may be estimated to have declined by about 10 percent and yields per acre by about the same percentage as against the prewar average. The decline in the grain acreage was only partly offset by some expansion in other crops, such as potatoes, sugar beets, field vegetables, and especially oilseeds Though partly caused by unfavorable (rape). weather conditions, the considerable decline in 1943 yields per acre for both potatoes and sugar beets also reflected a basic reduction in productive capacity compared to prewar. Declines in acreage as well as yields resulted in a sizable reduction of the total output of grain, potatoes, and sugar. However, as far as output for food is concerned, the shifts in utilization from feed to food-for potatoes and grains directly, for bread grains also by way of a considerably increased milling extraction-have mostly compensated for the declines in original production. The impact of these declines therefore fell with considerable force upon the livestock sector whose feed supply was also affected by a sizable reduction, compared to prewar, in imports of grain and oilcake. As a result, the output of livestock products was greatly curtailed. Severe freezes, especially in the winter of 1941-42, killed many fruit trees and reduced fruit production to a large extent. On the other hand, owing to expansion in acreages according to plan, production of vegetables, and especially oilseeds showed a remarkable increase over prewar years.

As in Germany proper, the wartime food situation in Austria up until the very last months of the war remained reasonably satisfactory. The Nazis had made Austria an important source of industrial supplies for their war machine, had developed industrially a number of important areas, and supplied them with foreign labor to maximize the country's contribution to the German output. As a result, Germany also had to see to it that the Austrian area was reasonably well supplied with food and that the area's food standard did not fall greatly short of that in the Reich proper. Much the same farm and food controls were introduced as in the Reich, and even though they did not function as smoothly and effectively in Austria as they did in Germany, they contributed greatly to attaining a fair degree of farm deliveries, efficient crop utilization, and a reasonably fair food distribution among the native population. There is no doubt that the Nazi-imposed farm and food controls made a substantial contribution to the maintenance of an adequate food supply throughout the war. The Nazi agricultural administration also saw to it that Austria, as other more backward agricultural areas incorporated into the Reich, was favored by allocations of fertilizer and farm machinery larger, relative to prewar, than the quota allotments made to the farmers in the Reich proper, Such a policy was followed on the theory that the returns from additional input per unit of fertilizer are larger in the areas where total input is small. It is true that efforts at rationalization in Austrian farming had to be greatly curtailed with the outbreak of war. Still, throughout the war years Austrian farmers retained slightly higher fertilizer quotas in percent of a prewar consumption that was only a fraction of that per acre of farm land in Germany proper. Austrian 13 farmers up to the fourth year of war also had a certain priority status in the distribution of farm machinery, as a result of which total machinery
Is The time when output of new machinery and spare parts had to be considerably curtailed. See pages 120 and 121 of M 356-7.

B. Factors of Production 1. LABOR. With a farm population of about 1.7 million in 1939, of which 1.4 million were classified as actually employed in agriculture and forestry, Austria still appears to have had a sufficient supply of agricultural labor on its farms even though there had been a significant decline in the thirties. With the outbreak of war, the situation became more difficult. Large numbers of able-bodied men were gradually called to the colors so that the work-load for the remaining family members was considerably increased. It is true that, in Austria as well, foreign workers and prisoners of war were drawn into agricultural work, but it appears that this replacement did. not fully offset, quantitatively or qualitatively, the losses sustained. In some areas, notably the mountainous regions and isolated valleys, foreign workers, and prisoners of war could be used in agriculture only to a limited extent. Moreover, as the war wore on and war industries as well as the forces made additional demands upon the available labor supply, Austrian agriculture suffered additional losses of manpower. 2. DRAFT POWER AND MACHINERY. The loss in draft animals, both horses and cattle, by 1943-44 had not exceeded 10 percent. However, with a growing scarcity in mechanized transport due to shortages of rail and automotive equipment as well as fuel, horses had to be used to an increasing extent for road traffic. On the other hand, the supply of new machinery for farm draft, cultivation, and harvesting was stepped up by the Germans immediately after the country's annexation in 1938, and up to the fourth year of war Austrian farmers retained their priority status in the distribution of farm machinery. From the end of 1942 onward, however, it became increasingly difficult to maintain the supply of new machinery, and later even of spare parts and repair work. Yet it is believed that at the end of the war total farm machinery and equipment on Austrian farms was at least as good as it was before the Nazis took over. 3. FERTILIZER. Since fertilizer consumption in Austria was raised in the first year following annexation and wartime quotas were based upon utilization in 1938-39, it appears that consumption of nitrogen and potash remained above prewar in the first 2 years of war. Austrian farmers were also somewhat favored by higher wartime quotas of fertilizer in percent of prewar than were given the farmers in Germany proper. Yet, with the increasingly drastic restrictions imposed in the Reich, even

the basically small Austrian consumption was further reduced. Not considering the special allowances, Reich quotas for the fertilizer year 1944-45 had fallen to 34 percent of 1938-39 for nitrogen, 18 percent for phosphoric acid, and 60 percent for potash. C. Production, Trade, and Consumption
1. PRODUCTION. The Nazi agricultural program,

as in Germany proper, called for maximum production. Particular emphasis was placed on an expansion in the acreage of such high-yielding crops as potatoes, sugar beets, feed beets, and vegetables, and especially of rapeseed for the supply of muchneeded fat. These plans for expansion in acreages were reasonably successful, particularly in the case of oilseeds, at the expense, however, of the area under grain. Yields per acre generally showed a decline so that total agricultural production was reduced below prewar levels. Partly because of unfavorable weather conditions the output of potatoes, sugar beets, and grains in 1943 and 1944 was considerably below the 1933-37 average. Both acreages and yields of grain were down about 10 percent, reducing production by almost 20 percent. Potato and sugar-beet output in 1943 showed decline from 1933-37 by about 18 and 5 percent, respectively, despite an estimated increase in acreage by 5 and 25 percent. The considerable decline in yields implied in these figures was partly due to unfavorable weather and partly reflected the reduction in productive capacity. There was some recovery in production for 1944. Compared to 193337 the wartime output of refined sugar showed a more than proportionate decline owing to larger utilization of sugar beets for feed. Larger production of fresh vegetables appears to have been more than offset by a drastic decline in the output of fruit. This decline is more than a short-time development since it was due to severe freezes in recent winters, especially 1941-42, when many fruit trees were killed. The great progress made in the cultivation of oilseeds, especially rape, was reflected in an increase in the output of vegetable oils for food to 20,000 metric tons, compared to a prewar production of less than 1,000 tons. With imports of feedstuffs greatly curtailed during the war years, and grain and potato production reduced and their former feeding share partly diverted to food uses, the output of livestock products suffered a substantial decline. This decline affected mainly pork products and eggs since hogs and poultry are the livestock that competes most directly with man for the available supply of optional feed. It was for this reason that official policy deliberately

forced a reduction in hog and poultry numbers. As in Germany proper, up to 1944, when drastic steps were taken to restrict the keeping of small livestock, the numbers of rabbits kept in farm and nonfarm households had rapidly multiplied. The following table shows the development of livestock numbers to the end of 1943 compared to the prewar average. It is not known what additional losses have since been sustained.
Type Livestock numbers (1,000's) Prewar End of 1943

(9,000), and 10,000 tons of fat (26,000). These imports were particularly necessary since the resident population by 1943-44 had risen to an estimated total of 74 million compared to 64 million for the 1933-37 average. Thus, since the outbreak of war, large numbers of foreign workers and Germans (including evacuees had been brought to Austria; their number far exceeded Austria's loss of male population to the German forces.
3. CONSUMPTION. Consumption of food up to the

Horses Cattle Herds of cows Hogs Sheep Goats Poultry Rabbits

250 2,500 1,200 2,850 300 350 9,200 500

230 2,400 1,180 1,900 400 320 6,500 1,500

By 1943-44 total meat and egg output had declined by about 25 percent (pork alone by about 40
percent), and slaughter fats (mainly hog fat) by

over 50 percent, compared to the 1933-37 average. Total milk production was down about 12 percent, mostly due to a decrease in milk yields. There was, however, a very substantial increase in the output of butter owing to a larger and strictly controlled diversion of milk into butter making and to the skimming to 2.5 percent blutterfat content of the "standard milk" supplied to the urban population (mainly children). The total supply for food of fat from dairy products was, however, about one-seventh below the prewar average. As far as total output of food energy is concerned, it should be noted that the over-all decline in agricultural production to 1944 was on the whole offset by the diversions that had been brought about in crop utilization from feed to food uses. Considerably larger than prewar quantities of grain and potatoes out of a reduced home production were diverted to food uses-a shift in which the increase in the milling extraction of grain from 75 to over 90 percent was particularly important. 2. TRADE. While all estimates of trade during the war years are extremely conjectural, it seems clear that the Germans shipped or diverted to Austria substantial quantities of grain, fats, sugar, and-in 1943-44 at least-potatoes. In that consumption year Austria appears to have received about 400,000 tons of bread grains (compared to 1933-37 imports of 350,000), 200,000 tons of feed grains (500,000 in 1933-37), 400,000 tons of potatoes (14,000), 35,000 tons. of sugar (2,000), 10,000 tons of dry legumes

sixth year of war was maintained at relatively satisfactory levels. Total consumption, per capita of the population, was reduced to about 2,450 calories in the season 1943-44, compared to a prewar consumption of about 2,800 calories-a decline by about 12 percent. With a consumption in 1943-44 by the population on farms of about 3,250 calories per person per day, the nonfarm population was reduced to an average of about 2,200 calories (prewar about 2,600 calories-decline about 15 percent). The drastic cut in rations which the German Government decreed in March and April 1945 also affected Austria. Food allowances (including unrationed and illegal consumption) were at that time reduced to about 1,900 calories per head of the nonfarm population per day. The diet of the so-called "normal consumer" was curtailed to under 1,600 calories compared to between 1,900 and 2,000 calories in the consumption year 1943-44. The reductions thus effected in the spring of 1945 brought the dietary standard down to almost the lowest levels of World War I. Differential rationing, as in Germany, favored agricultural producers, heavy workers, and children at the expense of the white collar worker-the socalled "normal consumer" who had to bear the brunt of the existing shortages. Rations in Austria were on the whole the same as those applied in Germany. 14 In regard to individual foodstuffs it should be noted that the wartime diet was characterized by a considerable decline in per capita consumption of meat, eggs, fresh milk, fats, and fruit, and a large increase in potatoes (almost 80 percent). There was a decline in sugar, but some increase in vegetables and flour (because of the higher extraction) even though consumption of cereals in terms of grain was reduced. A comparison of per capita consumption, 1943-44 and prewar, is given in table XI presenting Austria's prewar and wartime food balance.
4. ESTIMATE OF PROSPECTIVE FOOD DEFICIT 194546. The following estimate is not to be considered as a forecast of actual requirements, but rather a ten14For the ration scales see table 49, M 356-7.

Table XI.
Supply

AUSTRIA:

Prewar and wartime food balance.'

Utilization

Productsb Production Net trade Total supply Seedc and waste Feed

Food gross d

Food net
c

Manufact. or industrial use

Consumption of food per person

Consumption of
food per person about 1935-36, as per I.f.K.t

Gross"
Metric totns

Nets

Gross"
Kilograms

Net"

Total cereals, incl. rice.......1933-37 1943-44 Potatoes .................... 1933-37 1943-44 Sugar-refined .............. 1933-37 1943-44 Dry legumes ................ 1933-37 Fresh vegetables ........... 1933-37 1943-44 Fruits (in terms of fresh)...1933-37' 1943-44 Meat,, poultry, etc., incl. offals..1933-37 1943-44 Fish...................1933-371
1943-44

1,902 1,536 2,696 2,200 160 135 22 20 533 650 391 220 312 239 2.5
...

+856 +600 14 400 + 2 + 34 + 9 + 10 + 35 ... +161

...

2,758 2,136 2,710 2,600 160 169 31 30 - 568 650 552 220 382 239 10
...

244 230 700 700

1,318 720 1,310 600

1,131 1,091 600 1,200 160 169 15 20 568 650 552 220 382 239 10
...

856 1,011 570 1,130

65 95 100 100

167.3 141.1 88.8 155.2 23.7 21.9 2.2 2.6 84.0 84.1 81.7 28.5 56.5 30.9 1.5

126.6 130.8 84.3 146.2

...

124.8

85 26 2.2

3 3

13 7

458 550 414 155

+ +

70 ... 7.5
...

67.8 71.2 61.2 20.1 50.9 27.8

....

54 60
..

...

57 1.5

Eggs

....................... 1933-37
1943-44 1933-37 1943-44 1933-37
1943-44

39
26' 78 81 30
26

Fats and oils for food (as product) Cheese..... .............. Milk for fresh consumption (cow's and goat's) Skimmed milk .... ...........

6 ... + 26 + 10 2
...

45 26 104 91 28
26

45
26 104 91 28
26
.

40
24

6.7
3.4 15.4 11.8 4.1
3.4

5.9
3.1

5.9
15.7 4.6 209

1933-37 1943-44 1933-37' 1943-44

1,470 800 40 400

1,470 800 40 400

1,470 800 40 400

217.5 103.5 5.9 51.7

Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Prewar data partly based on official statistics and unofficial studies, partly estimated; 1943-44 wholly estimated. G Population prewar average, 1933-37, 6,760,000; 1943-44, 7,730,000 of which 1,850,000 farm, 5,880,000 nonfarm. The 1943-44 figure includes about 2 million intruded persons (foreign workers and Germans), but excludes about 800,000 Austrians that served at that time in the German armed forces. b The list excludes alcoholic beverages, buttermilk, curds, cocoa, and honey. O Seed rates computed from Hamscha, H. & Deutsch, 0. "Die Aufgaben der Oesterreichischen Landwirtschaft," Wien 1937. Waste assumed at 3 percent in cereals, 10 percent in potatotessee Statistiaches Jahrbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich, 1938, p. 386. d Wholesale weight. Cereals in terms of grain. Retail weight. Cereals in terms of flour. Institut fuer Konjunkturforschung, Wochenbericht, April 4, 1938. g Increase in. stocks by two deducted. "Production includes all fresh fruits, berries, and nuts for 1933-36. Imports from Statistik des Aussenhandels Oesterreichs 1933-36; dried fruit was multiplied by five, figs and raisins by four in order to arrive at their fresh weight. SFigures for fish production and imports were taken from Wochenbericht, Schriften des Instituts fuer Konjunkturforschung, Berlin, April 4, 1938, given for a period around 1935-36.

tative evaluation of the possible deficit on the basis

plies other

than food for the farm population are Illegal disposition is meant to diversion of food to the feeding of anisale in the black market or hoarding as in some areas due to

of certain assumptions which, checked against background facts and experience in the recent past, appear reasonable. a. Assumptions. (1) The population of Austria,

illegally disposed of. include (a) mals, (b) (c)

well as

overconsumption

which before the war (1933-3'7) amounted to 6,760,000 people, will be 7.8 million until the first of May

the break-down of transportation. b. Deficits. If the population were to average 7,150,000 people, the deficit for 1945-46 would equal 1.24 trillion calories equivalent) calorie (400,000 metric tons of wheat control and a 2,000 Under person per day. under unimpaired

1945; later it will decline again owing to the return of intruded persons to their homelands. On June 15, 1945, the population size will be 7.7 million and by February 1, 1946, 7.15 million persons. (2) The food supply available from domestic sources for 1944-45 (August-July) equals approximately 5.154 trillion calories. The 1945-46 (AugustJuly) domestic food supply will be reduced by 5 percent compared to 1944-45 and by another 0.13 trillion calories due to the elimination of previous feed grain imports. It will amount to 4.761 trillion calories. These figures would compare favorably with the prewar calorie supply from domestic sources of 5.200 trillion calories. (3) The daily food intake of the farm population will amount to 3,250 calories, that of the nonfarm population to 2,000 calories.
(4) Regarding the effectiveness of controls, two
were considered: (i) controls unimpossibilities

level per nonfarm

impaired control this deficit would increase to 2.56 trillion calories or 800,000 tons of wheat equivalent. If, in the year 1945-46 (August-July), the farm population were to rise from an assumed 24 percent to 26.4 percent, the deficits increase by 6 percent and 1.5 percent under the conditions of unimpaired and impaired control, level. If Austrian imports were planned for on a given for unimpaired terms of metric respectively, at the 2,000 calorie

level between

the quantities

and impaired controls, they would be placed at between wheat tons).15 1.24 to 2.56 trillion calories 400 to 800 (in thousand

equivalents:

Tables XII and XIII give the calculations

of the estimated deficits.

paired; (ii) controls impaired. For the, latter case it was assumed that about one-third of the food supTable XII.

15 Possible mixture of foodstuffs to fill the deficit at midpoint between limits: 500,000 metric tons of wheat, 24,000 m. tons of fats and oils, and minor quantities of other foodstuffs.

AUSTRIA: Food supply available for human consumption from domestic sources (August-July 1945-46).
Trillion calories

Domestic food supply 1944-45..............................................................

Minus 5 percent (estimated reduction)....................................................... Elimination of previous feed grain imports ................................................ ...-

5.154
0.263 0.130

Total domestic food supply 1945:46...................................................

Average population 1945-46 (August-July) Nonfarm................................................................... If farm....... ............................................. ....................... .................................................... .......

4.761
7.15 1,374 3,250 million

Per capita and day supply from domestic sources............................................

1,824 calories

Table XIII.

AUSTRIA: Calculation of food deficits for August-July 1945-46.

Thousand tons of wheat equivalent Farm pop. 24% Farm pop. 26.4%

Item

Trillion calories Farm pop. 24% Farm pop. 26.4%

Total food supply from domestic sources August-July 1945-46.

4.761

Requirements: Farm population at 3,250 calories per day ...................

Nonfarm population at 2,000 calories per day ................. Total.................. .......................

2.036
3.967 6.003

2.238
3.842 6.080

Deficit (control unimpaired) Control impaired (+ /s nonfarm requirements) ................Population (in millions) average: August-July 1945-46................................ ......... Farm ................................. ...... Nonfarm ...............................
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations.

-1.242 2.564 7.150 1.716

5..434

-1.319 -2.600 7.150 1.900

5.250

397 819

421 831

...

APPENDIX A

AUSTRIA:

ANNOTATED STATISTICS BY STATES

Lower Austria is located in the northeast of the country, north and south of the river Danube, and occupies one-quarter of the total national area. With 19,300 square kilometers, it is the largest Austian state and by far the most important as far as agriculture is concerned. Its total population was 1,509,000 at a density of 78 per square kilometer in 1934, and 41 percent of all employed persons were engaged in agriculture and forestry. Over 96 percent of the land is productive. Roughly half of the productive land is under the plow, in gardens, and vineyards. Only 14 percent are grassland and 35 percent in forests. The agricultural importance of Lower Austria is shown by the fact that it comprised 43 percent of all Austria's plowland, 32 percent of Austria's gardenland, and 68 percent of the area in vineyards. The State produced over one-third of all wheat, 50 percent of all rye and potatoes, and almost three-quarters of all sugar beets grown in Austria. Yields of grains and potatoes are measurably above the Austrian average. Of Austria's livestock population, the State possesses roughly 40 percent of all horses, pigs, goats, and chickens, and 30 percent of all cattle. In the technique and organization of farming Lower Austria is the most advanced Austrian State. Upper Austria joins Lower Austria to the west. Its territory is more hilly and mountainous. Its agriculture, especially livestock and cereal production, is highly developed and its forestry rationally managed. The production of both branches has been increasing steadily. In size Upper Austria covered 11,994 square kilometers or one-seventh of the whole of Austria, with a total population of 902,000 and a density of 75 persons per square kilometer. Of the employed population, 45 percent (1934) were engaged in agriculture and forestry. Upper Austria's land is used to 36 percent in plow- and gardenland, 22 percent are in meadows and pastures, with very few alps, and 34 percent in forests. The State has more than one-fifth of Austria's plowland and one-quarter of her gardens and meadows. The proportion of forests in the total

productive area about corresponds to that for Austria as a whole. Upper Austria has a large share of medium to medium-large farms with fully 50 percent of the agricultural land in farms of from 50 to 250 acres (average for Austria, 34 percent). The State produces more than one-fifth of all rye, somewhat less than one-third of all oats, and one-quarter of all wheat and potatoes produced in the country. Yields are generally average or below average, but for potatoes and sugar beets. Upper Austria is the State with the greatest density of livestock. Salzburg is entirely an alpine state but for a small prealpine hilly section. In area, 7,153 square kilometers, it occupies 82 percent of the country's surface. It houses less than 4 percent of Austria's population (246,000) and has a population density of only 34 persons per square kilometer. As a result of its topography only 84 percent of its land are considered productive, of which grassland and forests account for nine-tenths, plow- and gardenland make up the remainder. Alpine pastures alone account for 29 percent of its area. As the land use grows more extensive, the size of the average farm increases. Thus in Salzburg 31 percent of all farms are over 50 acres as against 15.5 in the whole of Austria. Yields are low in this State but for potatoes and field vegetables which are grown in a few favored spots. Salzburg's livestock economy is one of rearing cattle and horses on mountain pastures, to be sold as breeding stock and as feeder cattle to the flat lands or even to foreign countries. Its livestock density, though, is low owing to the low yields of natural pastures. The State has 4 percent of Austria's horse population, 52 percent of the cattle, about 15 percent of the sheep, and 6 percent of the goats. Styria is located in the southeastern corner of the former republic. Of its 16,390 square kilometers surface area, roughly one-fifteenth is in plains, the remainder being distributed over hilly land and even high mountains. It occupies 19/ percent of the area

of Austria. Its population numbers 1,015,000 at a density of 62 persons per square kilometer; of its employed population 47 percent are engaged in agriculture and forestry. Styria is a region of forests which cover half of the State's area. One-quarter is in grassland, more than one-sixth in plow- and gardenland, and onetwelfth is unproductive. Its farms are small and their distribution over the various size groups resembles closely that of Austria as a whole. Rye, oats, and wheat occupy practically equal shares of the plowland, while corn, which occupies less area, is more important in this State than in any other. Sugar beets are absent. Yields are about at the average for Austria as a whole, but for corn and potatoes, which are considerably higher. Styria has more hogs and cattle per 100 hectares of agricultural area than Austria as a whole, but less than Upper Austria. Carinthia. The State of Carinthia is mountainous, with valleys and lowlands between the ranges of the eastern mountains. Its area amounts to 9,535 square kilometers or 11.4 percent of the total country's surface. Half of the land is situated above 3,000 feet altitude. The State's population of 405,000 has an average density of 42 per square kilometer. Of the total employed population 47 are engaged in agriculture and forestry. As in Styria, forests are of major importance, occupying 432 percent of the State's total area, followed by grassland 33 percent, and by plow- and gardenland 14 percent. Vineyards are absent. The size of farms is larger on the average than that in the remainder of Austria which is to be expected in this rather extensive type of land use. Wheat yields are high, but the area. suited to this grain is limited. One-fifth of the plowland is in rye which yields only 11.6 quintals per ha. as against 15/ for Austria as a whole. No sugar beets are grown. The density of Carinthia's livestock population is not high except for sheep, of which it has 13 per 100 hectares of agricultural land. The State is Austria's breeding center for sheep and has 22 percent of the country's sheep population. Tirol. Probably more than any other State Tirol is famous for its scenic alpine beauty and is a great attraction for tourists. All of its land is officially classified as high mountain land (census 1930). Its agriculture therefore has to work with poor soils in addition to difficult transportation and unfavorable weather conditions. Its population density, with 28 persons per square kilometer, is the lowest in Aus-

tria. Of its employed population, 42 percent are engaged in agriculture and forestry. Only three-quarters of Tirol's total area are productive, only 42 percent are under the plow and in gardens; one-third is in forests and over one-third in pastures and meadows. Over one-half of the agricultural area of the State is in farms of over 250 acres, which, however, have only 7 percent of its total plowland. Tirol has the lowest livestock density of all Austrian States, especially in regard to hogs in accordance with the small share of plowland. With the great prevalence of natural grassland, the proportion of cattle to hogs is 3:1, compared to 1:2 in Lower Austria. Vorarlberg, in the western corner of Austria, is the smallest State of the country (not counting Vienna) with 2,602 square kilometers and 3.1 percent of the total area of Austria. Its population numbers 155,000 or 60 persons per square kilometer; 31.2 percent of all employed persons are engaged in agriculture and forestry. Only 1.7 percent of Vorarlberg's area is in plowand gardenland, which are located in the rich and climatically favored Rhine valley. Grassland occupies 61 percent of the State's surface, forest 26 percent, while 11 percent are unproductive. In 1930 over 80 percent of the 14,225 holdings were less than 10 ha. in size. However, the farms over 100 ha. occupied over one-half of the total area in agricultural use, with only 1.5 percent of the State's plowland. Almost half of the plowland was in potatoes. Vorarlberg's grain yields are the highest in Austria, with 30 quintals of corn, over 24 quintals of wheat, and 20 quintals of rye and barley. Burgenland, formerly a part of western Hungary, was incorporated into Austria in 1922. The country stretches alongside the border of Lower Austria and Styria as a narrow strip of land which is divided by a mountain range into a northern and southern part. In total area it amounts to 3,977 square kilometers, less than 5 percent of Austria. Its population numbers roughly 300,000 with a density of 75 per square kilometer. Of the working population, 61.4 percent are in agricultural and forestry employment. With the exception of a small number of communities which are partly Croat and partly Magyar in origin, the people are largely German. Topography and natural conditions make the Burgenland an agricultural country. Almost half of its area (47 percent) is in plowland, 26 percent are in forests, and 14 percent in grassland. Burgenland

has almost one-quarter of all the vineyards of Austria. The State's farms are on the average smaller than those in the whole of Austria, with almost one-half of the agricultural area in holdings up to 25 acres. At the same time Burgenland is the only Austrian State where large landed estates (latifundia) are still in existence. Over one-third of the total area in farms and over one-fifth of the area in agricultural use are in holdings of over 250 acres. Fully two-thirds of the total plowland of the State is in grain, notably wheat and rye. Sugar beets are produced in Burgenland's northern section. Crop yields are well below the Austrian average. Burgenland's density of livestock per acre is above the Austrian average in the case of hogs and, especially, poultry, but below in regard to other livestock. Vienna, a member State in the republic and its capital city, is located in the Marchfeld along the Danube. It comprised an area of only 27,806 hectares or 0.33

percent of Austria. Its population of 1,874,000, however, constitutes 27.7 percent of all inhabitants of the country. Only 1.1 percent of the population was engaged in agriculture. The favorable location in or near the big center of consumption permitted an intensive type of farming. This finds its expression in the high proportion of gardenland, 14.4 percent, as against 1.2 percent in the whole of Austria. The proportionate share of vineyards and plowland was also high, there being little grassland and forest. A large proportion of unproductive area (34.7 percent) was composed mainly of built-up land. Most of the 1,200 farms were of very small size, 73 percent being less than 2 hectares, but two-thirds of the land was used by 74 farms over 20 ha. in size which owned all of the forests and much of the plowland. Yields were generally well above the average for Austria. The area had proportionately more horses, pigs, and chickens than cattle.

AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries): 1. Land use (1936)a.

Statistical survey by states-LOWER AUSTRIA

Total area

Plowland

Gardens

Vineyards

Total plow- and gardenland

Meadows

Hutweiden pastures

Alps

Total grassland

Forests

Total productive area

Unproductive area

Hectares ........................... Percent of state area............... Percent of category total for Austria.

1,929,607 100.00 23.01

852,858 44.20 43.26

31,138 1.61 32.13

25,601 1.33 67.82

909,597 47.14 43.19

216,085 11.20 22.97

52,834 2.74 15.42

9,454 0.49 0.98

278,373 14.43 12.39

673,863 34.92 21.47

1,861,833 96.49 24.85

67,774 3.51 7.57

2.

Number of farms, tenancy, land use, and agricultural population by size of farms ( 1 9 3
Thereof

0)".
Total Population,

Size groups

Farms

Area Owned

Rented

agricultural area

Plowland

Forests

employed in agriculture

Number Less than 2 ha.......................... 2-10 ha ............................... ............................ 10-20 ha 47,483 53,202 26,541

1,000 ha 44 263 384

1,000 ha 31 218 357

1,000 ha 12 40 24 27 42 145

1,000 ha 41 237 323

.1,000 ha 29 181 250

1,000 ha 1.6 23.6 57.9

Number 96,142 167,513 124,092

20-100 ha

.............................

17,561

550
521 1,762

517
472 1,595

389
112 1,102

267
67 794

155.9
393.5 632.5

110,777
37,069 535,593

957 Over 100 ha............................ 145,744 Total .............................

In percentages

Less than 2 ha ............................

32.6

2.5

1.9

8.3

3.7

3.7

0.3

18.0

2--10 ha

...............................

36.5
18.2 12.0 0.7

14.9
21.8 31.2 29.6

13.7
22.4 32.4 29.6

27.6
16.5 18.6 29.0

21.5
29.3 35.3 10.2

22.8
31.5 33.6 8.4

3.7
9.2 24.6 62.2

31.3
23.1 20.7. 6.9

10-20 ha ............................. -20-100 ha............................. Over 100 ha............................

Total ............................
Ernte im a Statistik der Handbuch b Statistisches

..

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

0Incl.

Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936. Wien 1937. fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. 15, Wien 1935, p. 56. part-time and seasonal workers.

3.

Average crop area, production, and yield per hectare for major crops (1933-36)a.
Crop area
Crops

Production percent 9.75 21.03 quintals 1,521,744 2,944,509

Yields quintals per ha 18.23 16.35

ha 83,459 180,097 . .. .
. . . . . .

Wheat

(incl.

spelt)

.........

Rye...............................

Barley.......................................88,723
Oats ............................ 134,176

10.36
15.67

1,765,498
2,015,476

19.90
15.02

Corn . ..............................
Potatoes ........................
0.

19,116
. 109,138 31,184 6,542 7,882

2.23
12.75 3.64 0.76 0.92

411,729
12,196,838 8,114,222 87,626 1,152,290

21.54
111.76 260.20 13.39 146.19

Sugar beets ......................... Total pulses

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0. . . . . . . . . . . .

Field vegetables

Other

........... crops and fallow Total plowland ...............

195,887 856,204

22.89 100.00

4.

Livestock (1934)'.
Kind Number ... ............. ... . .. . . . .100,115 641,643 per 100 ha of agricult. area 8.4 53.9 Per 100 persons 6.6 42.5 Percent of Austria 38.33 27.32

Horses. Cattle................

....................

Cows...............................
Pigs ...............

347,089
1,087,200

29.2
91.3

23.0
72.0

28.69
38.51

Sheep..............................
Goats Ducks .................................... . ............................. Chickens ...........................

31,663
151,509 .3,482,257 46,100

2.7
12.7 292.5 3.9

2.1
10.0 230.8 3.1

12.02
46.40 40.23 45.91

Geese ..............................

48,064

4.0

3.2

50.77

a Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933-36, Wier, 1934-37. e Also catch crops: 1,582 ha and 13,597 quintals for pulses, 3,505 ha and 268,981 quintals for field vegetables. f Statistisches Jahrbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich 1938, Berlin 1938, p. 120 and 121.

AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries):

1. Land ". use (1936)

Statistical survey by states-UPPER AUSTRIA

Total area

Plowland

Gardens

Vineyards

Total plow- and gardenland

Meadows

Hutweiden pastures

Alps

Total grassland

Forests

Total productive area

Unpro-. ductive area

Hectares ........................... Percent of state area. ............... Percent of category total for Austria.

1,199,427 100.00 14.30

405,858 33.84 20.58

25,563 2.13 26.38

...

....

....

431,421 35.97 20.48

232,367 19.37 24.70

22,218 1.85 6.49

7,259 0.61 0.75

261,844 21.83 11.66

409,885 34.17 13.06

1,103,150 91.97 14.73

96,277 8.03 10.75

2.

Number of farms, tenancy, land use, and agricultural population by size of farms (J93o)b
Thereof
Total Population,

Size groups

Farms

Area

Owned

Rented

agricultural area

Plowland

Forests

employed in agriculturec

Number ............... Less than 2 ha.... ............... 2-10 ha .. 10-20 ha ............................. .................. ..... 20-100 ha .. .......... Over 100 ha......... Total............................ .. . . 22,263 27,610 15,055 14,998 289 80,215

1,000 ha 21 132 223 462 305 1,143

1,000 ha 19 124 219 455 300 1,117

1,000 ha 2.3 6.4 2.8 "4.6 1.3 17.4

In

1,000 ha 20 111 181 342 23 677

percentages

1,000 ha 4.5 50.9 111.6 207.6 5.2 379.8

1,000 ha 0.9 18.9 40.2 115.7 225.0 400.7

Number 43,997 82,955 73,995 107,729 9,874 318,550

Less than 2 ha........................... 2-10 ha .............................. 10-20 ha.............................. 20-100 ha.............................18.7 Over 100 ha ............................ Total.............................

27.7 34.4 18.8 0.4 100.0

1.8 11.6 19.5 40.4 26.7 100.0

1.7 11.1 19.6 40.7 26.9 100.0

11.8 35.3 17.6 29.4 5.9 100.0

3.0 16.4 26.7 50.5 3.4 100.0

1.2 13.4 29.4 54.6 1.4 100.0

0.2 4.7 10.0 28.9 56.2 100.0

13.8 26.1 23.2 33.8 3.1 100.0

a Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936, Wien 1937. b Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. 15, Wien 1935, p. 56. c Incl. part-time and seasonal workers.

3. Average crop area, production, and yield per hectare for major crops (193 3-36)d.
Crops Crop area percent Production quintals Yields quintals per ha

Wheat (incl. spelt).............. Rye...... ........ :........... Barley ......................... Oats .............. :............ Corn ...........................
Potatoes ....................... Sugar beets ....................

Total pulses. .................... Field vegetables'.. .......

Other crops and fallow

..........

Total plowland .............

60,650 84,942 29,316 87,730 42 35,543 4,626 1,044 5,012 97,143 406,048

14.94 20.92 7.22 21.61 0.01 8.75 1.14 0.26 1.23 23.92 100.00

997,428 1,329,128 430,729 1,318,183 740 5,042,194 1,243,882 11,981 755,292

16.45 15.65 14.69 15.03 17.62 141.86 268.89 11.48 150.70

4.

Livestock (1934) f.
Kind Number per 100 ha of agricult. area

Per

100 persons

Percent of Austria.

Horses..................57,209 Cattle................................ Cows................................ Pigs.................................

Sheep
.. . . . . .

555,626 297,407 592,667

-

8.3 80.2 42.9 85.6

2.7

6.3 61.6 33.0 65.7

2.1

21.90 23.66 24.58 20.99

7.05

18,578

Goats .......................... Chickens ... ........ ................. Ducks................................ Geese.................... ...........

47,660 1,703,835 17,747 10,073

6.9 246.0 2.6 1.5

5.3 188.8 2.0 1.1

14.60 19.68 17.67 10.64

a Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933-36, Wien, 1934-37. 0 Also catch crops: 274 ha and 2,831 quintals for pulses, 517 ha and 56,323 quintals for field vegetables. tStatistisches Jahrbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich 1938, Berlin 1938, p. 120 and 121.

AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries): Statistical survey by states-SALZBURG

1. Land use (1936)a.
Total plow- and gardenland Total productive area Unproductive area

Total area

Plowland

Gardens

Vineyards

Meadows

Hutweiden pastures

Alps

Total grassland

Forests

Hectares ........................... Percent of state area ................ Percent of category total for Austria.

715,327 100.00 8.53

60,826 8.50 3.08.

2,392 0.33 2.47

....

.... ....

63,218 8.83 3.00

60,055 8.40 6.39

36,045 5.04 10.52

205,283 28.70 21.31

301,383 42.14 13.42

234,916 32.84 7.48

599,517 83.81' 8.00

115,810 16.19 12.94

2.

Number of farms, tenancy, land use, and agriculturalpopulation by sise of farms (1930))'
Thereof Size groups Farms Area Owned Rented Total agricultural area Population employed in agriculture

Plowlaind

Forests

Number Less than 2 ha ........................... .................. 2-10 ha ........ 10-20 ha............................. :................... 20-100 ha ......... Over 100 ha............................ Total............................ 2,068 4,439 3,177 3,523 792 13,999

1,000 ha 1.9 24.0 46.7 130.7 462.7 666.0

1,000 ha 1.7 22.5 44.7 123.0 429.9 621.8

1,000 ha 0.2 1.3 1.6 4.0 12.0 19.1

In

1,000 ha 1.8 19.7 36.5 97.4 181.8 337.2

percentages

1,000 ha 0.5 6.7 13.1 22.9 6.2 49.4

1,000 ha 0.1 3.6 9.3 30.4 174.7 218.1

Number 4,248 14,334 14,503 22,034 8,962 64,081

Less than 2 ha ...........................

14.8

0.3

0.3

1.1

0.5

1.0

0.0

6.6

2-10 ha..............................
10-20 ha............................. ....... 20-100 ha ................... Over 100 ha............................ .. ................. Total........

31.7
22.7 25.2 5.6 .100.0

3.6
7.0 19.6 69.5 100.0

3.6
7.2 19.8 69.1 100.0

6.8
8.4 20.9 62.8 100.0

5.9
10.8 28.9 53.9 100.0

13.6
26.5 46.4 12.5 100.0

1.7
4.3 13.9 80.1 100.0

22.4
22.6 34.4 14.0 100.0

a Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936, Wien 1937.

b Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. 15, Wien 1935, p. 56. Incl. part-time and seasonal workers.

3. Average crop area, production, and yield per hectare for major crops
Crop area Crops ha

( 1 9 3 3 - 6 )d. 3 Production Yields quintals per ha

percent

quintals

Wheat (inci. spelt) ..............

Rye ........................

Barley ........................ ... ................ Oats.... .... Corn ........ ............. Potatoes ...................... Sugar beets..................... Total pulsese ................... Field vegetablese................ Other crops and fallow ........... Total plowland ....... .....

7,342 10,092 1,456 7,401 1,581 169 465 35,139 63,645

11.54 15.86 2.29 11.63 2.48 0.27 0.73 55.20 100.00

91,520 122,122 21,312 91,841 234,955 2,562 95,327

12.47 12.10 14.64 12.41 148.61 15.16 205.00

4.

Livestock
Kind

(1934'.
-Number per 100 ha of agricult. area Per 100 persons Percent of Austria

Horses......... ..................... Cattle..................127,231 Cows............................. ............ Pigs......... Sheep ............................ Goats .....................
Chickens.............................

10,439 ..... ..... 69,433 41,848 39,862 .. 20,168

216,764

2.8 34.7 18.9 11.4 10.9

5.5
59.1

.4.2 51.8 28.2 17.0 16.2 8.2

88.2

4.00 5.42 5.74 1.48 15.13 6.18

2.50

Ducks................................
Geese................................
'd

2,780
2,199

0.8
0.6

1.1
0.9

2.77
2.32

Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933.36, Wien, 1934.37. eAlso catch crops: 56 ha and 606 quintals for pulses, 59 ha and 4,915 quintals for field vegetables. fStatistisches Jahrbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich 1938, Berlin 1938, p. 120 and 121.

AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries):

Statistical survey by states-STYRIA

1.

Land

use (1936)a.
Total plow- and Hutwei len pastur, es Total grassland Total productive area Unproductive area

Total area

Plowland 271,955

Gardens

Vineyards 2,869 0.17 7.60

gardenland
294,632 17.98

Meadows

Alps

Forests

Hectares.......

..............

Percent of state area ................ Percent of category total for Austria.

1,638,558 100.00
19.54

16.60 13.79

19,808 1.21
20.44

183,077 11.17 19.46

93,9 56 5.7 27.4 3

30

13.99

130,398 7.96 13.54

407,431 24.86 18.14

803,516 49.04 25.60

1,505,579 91.88 20.10

132,979 8.12 14.86

2.

Number

of

farms, tenancy, land use, and agriculturalpopulation by size of farms (1930)'.

Thereof

Population
Rented Total agricultural area
Population

Size groups

Farms

Area

Plowlaud

Forests

Owned

employed in agriculture"

Number Less than 2 ha.................. ...... 15,954 36,645

1,000 ha
15

1,000 ha 13 171 171

375

1,000 ha 2.2 11.1 5.9

13.3

1,000 ha 14 130 112 216 188 660

percentages

1,000 ha 6.4 70.1

58.4

1,000 ha
1.5

Number 39,870
147,482

2-10 ha .........................

10-20 ha........................ 20-100 ha ..........................

Over 100 ha............ ...... .

12,711
10,722

186 181
402

1,361
77,393

729
1,513

Total .........................

691 1,421

16.3 48.8
In

83.7 19.2 237.8

53.7 66.9 180.2 451.1

753.4

72,967
78,385

24,470
363,174

Less than 2 ha............. 2-10 ha .............................. 10-20 ha ............................ 20-100 ha............................. Over 100 ha............................ Total.............................100.0

..............

20.6 47.3 16.4 13.9 1.8

1.0 12.3 12.0 26.5 48.2 100.0

0.9 12.1 12.0 26.4 48.6 100.0

4.5 22.7 12.1 27.3 33.4 100.0

2.1 19.7 17.0 32.7 28.5 100.0

2.7 29.5 24.5 35.2 8.1 100.0

0.2 7.1 8.9 23.9 59.9 100.0

11.0 40.6 20.1 21.6 6.7 100.0

Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936, Wien 1937. b Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. 15, Wien 1935, p. 56. 0 Incl. part-time and seasonal workers.

3.

Average crop area, production, and yield per hectare for major crops ( 1 9 3 3 - 3 6 )d.
Crop area
Crops ha percent quintals quintals per ha

Production

Yields

Wheat (incl. spelt) ............. ....... ...... ..... Rye ......... ............... Barley ............. Oats ............................... Corn .............................. . Potatoes ......................... Sugar beets .................. . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . .... Total pulses . vegetablese .................... Field Other crops and fallow .............. Total plowland ...............

31,776 37,876 9,577 34,616 22,312 22,398 8 1,170 4,693 106,614 271,040

11.72 13.97 3.53 12.77 8.23 8.26 .... 0.43 1.73 39.36 100.00

510,330 582,264 148,972 571,321 647,400 3,304,478 1,382 15,278 989,476

16.06 15.37 15.56 16.50 29.02 147.53 172.75 13.06 210.84

4. Livestock (1934)'.
Kind Number per 100 ha of agricult. area Per 100 persons Percent of Austria

. ............... Horses .......... Cattle ............................. Cows .............................. Pigs . .............................. ......... Sheep . .................. ..... Goats ..................... ................. Chickens ......... . ....... Ducks ................... . Geese ...........................

26,859 433,366 201,439 570,720 55,935 27,029 1,277,366 11,951 5,728

3.9 63.6 29.6 83.7 8.2 4.0 187.4 1.8 0.8

2.6 42.7 19.8 56.2 5.5 2.7 125.8 1.2 0.6

L

10.28 18.45 16.65 20.22 21.24 8.28 14.76 11.90 6.05

a Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933-36, Wien, 1934-37. e Also catch crops: 3,862 ha and 21,620 quintals for pulses, 5,018 ha and 689,203 quintals for field vegetables. f Statistisches Jahrbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich 1938, Berlin 1938, p. 120 and 121.

AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries): 1.

Land use (1936) .

Statistical survey by states-CARINTHIA

Total area

Plowland

Gardens

Vineyards

Total plow- and gardenland

Meadows

Hutweiden pastures

Alps

Total grassland

Forests

Total productive area

Unproductive area

Hectares ............................ Percent of state area ................ Percent of category total for Austria.

953,471 100.00 11.37

127,697 13.39 6.48

5,179 0.54 5.35

....
....

132,876 13.93 6.31

92,627 9.72 9.85

56,519 5.93 16.50

169,220 17.75 17.57

318,366 33.40 14.17

414,881 43.51 13.22

866,123 90.84 11.56

87,348 9.16 9.76

2.

Number of farms, tenancy, land use, and agriculturalpopulation by size of farms ( 19

Thereof
__________________

30 )b*

Total

Population

Size groups

Farms

Area

Owned

Rented

agricultural area

Plowlasid

Forests

employed in agriculture"

Number
Less than 2 ha......... 2-10 ha.. ........... ................ .............. 5,970 9,645

1,000 ha
5.6 49.8

1,000 ha
3.5 -39.7

1,000 ha
1.9 6.6

1,000 ha
4.8 31.7

1,000 ha
2.3 14.7

1,000 ha
0.7 17.1

Number
13,197 31,850

10-20 ha ..................
20-100- ha............................
Over 100 ha.......................... ........... Total......... ........

5,671
8,219
1,158 30,663

82.5
323.7
415.2 876.8

72.5
282.5
385.4 783.6

4.6
9.2
11.1 33.4

48.2
184.3
163.8 432.8

21.0
56.8
15.1 109.9

32.8
133.1
202.9 386.6

26,614
52,031
15,156 138,848

In percentages

Less than 2 ha ........................... 2-10 ha .............................. 10-20 ha .............................. 20-100 ha ..................... Over 100 ha...................3.8 Total.....................

19.5 31.4 18.5 26.8 ..

.....

100.0

0.6 5.7 9.4 36.9 47.4 100.0

0.4 5.1 9.3 36.0 49.2 100.0

5.7 19.8 13.8 27.5 33.2 100.0

100.0

1.1 7.3 11.1 42.6 37.9

2.1 13.4 19.1 51.7 13.7 100.0

0.2 4.4 8.5 34.4 52.5 100.0

9.5 22.9 19.2 37.5 10.9 100.0

a Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936, .Wien 1937. b Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. 15, Wien 1935, p. 56.

0 Incl. part-time and seasonal workers.

3.

Average crop area, production, and yield per hectare for major crops (1933-36)a.
Crop area Crops ha percent 8.00 quintals 189,578 quintals per ha Production Yields

Wheat Rye..

(incl.

spelt).............

10,372
26,470

Barley ..........................

Oats............
Corn.. Potatoes.

...................
....... .......

9,749 18,250
3,672

20.43 7.52 14.09

2.83

306,667
144,780

254,094
77,054 1,499,072 18,067

11,331
1,468 851

8.75 1.13 0.66 36.59 100.00

18.28 11.59 14.85 13.92 20.98 132.30 12.31 143.32

Sugar beets ..................... Total pulsese....................

Field vegetablese ..................

121,962

Other crops and fallow............

Total plowland ...............

47,401
129,564

4.

Livestock (1934)'.
per 100 ha of agricult. area 5.5 41.1 18.0 Per 100 persons Percent of Austria 9.46 7.89 6.72

Kind Horses......: Cattle................... Cows.......................... Pigs ........................... Sheep .......................... Goats.......................... Chickens ......................... Ducks ....... ...............

Number 24,718 185,251 81,318 234,815

6.1 45.7
20.1 58.0 14.3 '

52.0
12.9 4.9

58,006
22,134
475,147

8.32 22.02
6.78 5.49

Geese
'

.......................

4,993 2,119

105.3 1.1 0.5

5.5 117.3 1.2 0.5

4.97 2.24

Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933-36, Wien, 1934-37. Also catch crops: 453 ha and 3,758 quintals for pulses, 874 ha and 128,864 quintals for field vegetables. f Statistisches Jahrbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich 1938, Berlin 1938, p. 120 and 121.
e

AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries):

Statistical survey by states-TIROL

1.

Land use (1936'.

Total plow- and gardenland Hutweiden pastures Total grassland Total productive area Unproductive area

Total area

Plowland

Gardens

Vineyards

Meadows

Alps

Forests

............. Hectares .......... Percent of state area............ Percent of category total for Austria.

1,264,677

100.00
15.08

55,535 4.39 2.82

2,228 0.18 2.30

....

57,763 4.57 2.74

69,802 5.52 7.42

41,765 3.30 12.19

350,106 27.68 36.35

461,673 36.50 20.55

426,772 33.75 13.59

946,208 74.82 12.63

318,469 25.18 35.58

2.

Number of farms, tenancy, land use, and agriculturalpopulation by size of farms ( 1 9 Thereof

3 o)b.

Total

Population

Size groups

Farms

Area Owned

Rented

agricultural area

Plowland

Forests

employed in agriculturec

Number Less than 2 ha......................... 2-10 ha ............................. ...................... 10-20 ha..... 20-100 ha............ Over 100 ha .......................... Total.... 4,786 12,481 4,172 4,093 940 26,472

1,000 ha 5.1 63.2 58.9 160.6 801.8 1,089.6

1,000 ha 4.3 57.7 54.6 137.3 778.8 1,032.7

1,000 ha 0.6 4.5 2.9 5.9 5.5 1.9.4

In

1,000 ha 4.5 49.5 38.1 102.5 238.4 433.0

percentages

1,000 ha 1.4 13.0 10.8 17.2 3.3 45.7

1,000 ha 0.4 12.8 19.9 55.3 315.4 403.8

Number 11,325 44,952 19,143 23,712 6,711 105,843

....... ..........

Less than 2 ha........................... 2-10 ha..............................: 10-20 ha ............................. 20-100 ha............................15.5 Over 100 ha ........................... .................. Total.

18.1 47.1 15.8 .3.5 100.0

.....

0.5 5.8 5.4 14.7 73.6 100.0

0.4 5.6 5.3 13.3 75.4 100.0

3.1 23.2 14.9 30.4 28.4 100.0

1.0 11.4 8.8 23.7 55.1 100.0

3.1 28.5 23.6 37.6 7.2 100.0

0.1 3.2 4.9 13.7 78.1 100.0

10.7 42.5 18.1 22.4 6.3 100.0

'Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936, Wien 1937. b Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. 15, Wien 1935, p. 56. Incl. part-time and seasonal workers.

3.

Average crop area,production, and yield per hectare for major crops (1933-36)'.
Crop area

Production
percent quintals

Yields quintals per ha

Crops

Wheat (incl. spelt) ............... ............. Rye .. ......... Barley .... ...................... .............. O ats ............... ............ Corn .. .............. Potatoes .......................... Sugar beets ...................... Total pulses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .... Field vegetables . Other crops and fallow ............. Total plowland .............

3,076 7,090 2,941 1,549 1,393 5,417 264 299 33,951 55,980

5.49 12.67 5.25 2.77 2.49 9.68 0.47 0.53 60.65 100.00

49,565 105,010 49,912 23,598 37,304 805,247

16.11 14.81 16.97 15.23 26.78 148.65 17.82 223.38

4,705
66,791

4.

Livestock (1934)'.
Kind Number per 100 ha of agricult. area Per 100 persons Percent of Austria

.............. H orses ............ Cattle ............................. Cows .............................. Pigs . ............................. Sheep ........ .................... ................ Goats .. ....... Chickens. ........ ................... ................ . Ducks . ...... ................. Geese ...........

8,889 201,167 103,613 63,780 51,300 33,509 393,008 3,533 2,412

1.7 38.6 19.9 '12.2 9.9 6.4 75.5 0.7 0.5

2.5 57.6 29.7 18.3 14.7 9.6 112.6 1.0 0.7

3.40 8.56 8.56 2.26 19.48 10.26 4.54 3.52 2.55

SStatistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933-36, Wien, 1934-37. Also catch crops: 240 ha and 2,402 quintals for pulses, 64 ha and 10,450 quintals for field vegetables. f Statistisches Jahrbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich 1938, Berlin 1938, p. 120 and 121.
6

AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries):

1. Land use (1936)".

Statistical survey by states-VORARLBERG

Total
'

UnproUnproductive area

Total area

Plowland

Gardens

Vineyards

Total plow- and gardenland

Meadows

Hutweiden pastures

Alps

Total grassland

Forests

Total productive area

......... Hectares .......... Percent of state area ............... Percent of category total for Austria.

260,165 100.00 3.10

2,489 0.96 0.13

1,836 0.70 1.89

5 0.00 0.01

4,330 1.66 0.20

48,610 18.69 5.17

18,446 7.09 5.39

I

91,540 35.19 9.50

I~

158,596 60.97 7.06

67,859 26.08 2.16

230,785 88.71 3.08

29,380 11.29 3.28

2.

Number of farms, tenancy, land use, and agriculturalpopulation by size of farms ( 1 9 3 o)b
Thereof Size groups Farms Area Owned Rented

Total icultural area ha

Plowland

Forests

Population employed ina agriculture

Number . .......... . ......... Less than 2 ha...... 2- 10 ha ................................ . ..... ......... 10- 20 ha ........... 20- 100 ha ............................. Over 100 ha............................. ..... ....... Total ............ 4,342
/,1uo

ha

ha 3,311 31,129 20,192

ha 590 3,382
1,644

ha 460 960 190 219 27 1,856

ha 365 6,225 5,689 9,029 37,636 58,944

Number 8,253 22,295 7,109 4,008 1,676 43,341

4,047
or" ??l
35,331

1,640 828 309 14,225

22,596 32,773 133,781 228,528

30,240 128,568 213,440

1,996 4,499 12,111

In

3,598 28,602 16,517 23,002 80,198 151,917

percentages

. Less than 2 ha................ 2- 10 ha . ............................. 10- 20 ha .............................. 20-100 ha ........................ . ................ Over 100 ha.. ............ .... Total ..

......

.. ....

. ... .

30.5 50.0 11.5 5.8 2.2 100.0

1.8 15.3 9.6 14.5 58.8 100.0

I

1.4 14.5 9.4 14.1 60.6 100.0

I

8.3 25.0 16.7 16.7 33.3 100.0

-

2.4 18.8 10.9 15.1 52.8 100.0

24.8 51.7 10.2 11.8 1.5 100.0

_

0.6 10.6 9.7 15.3 63.8 100.0

19.0 51.4 16.4 9.3 3.9 100.0

aStatistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936, Wien 1937. b Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. 15, Wien 1935, p. 56. e Incl. part-time and seasonal workers.

3. Average crop area, production, and yield per hectare for major crops (1933-36)d.
Crop area
Crops__________________

Production percent quintals

Yields quintals per ha

ha

Wheat (inci. spelt)

Rye.....................................

... .........

282
51

11.65
2.11

6,900
1,024

24.47
20.08

Barley ........................ Oats ................................... Corn........ ........................ Potatoes .... .................... Sugar beets......... Total pulses6 . . .. . . . . . . Field vegetablese ...... Other crops and fallow ...... Total plowland ........

80 56 330 1,101
. . . . .

3.31 2.31 13.64.

1,594
1,226 9,972 141,138
.333

45.50
0.83 5.41 15.24 100.00

19.92 21.89 30.22 128.19 16.65 200.55

....
. . . . . . . .

20 131 369 2,420

26,272

4.

Livestock
Kind

(1934)'.
Number 3,064 per 100 ha of agricult. area 1.9 Per 100 persons 2.0 Percent of Austria 1.17

Horses..................................

Cattle................................. Cows.....................37,118 Pigs ................................... Sheep................. .................. Goats...................................8,178 Chickens............................... Ducks ..................... ............. Geese...................................
Ernte im Bundesstaat eaStatistik dercrops: 28 ha and 314 Also catch
fStatistisches

66,248 32,705 5,323 169,932 2,108 643

40.5 22.7 20.0 3.3 5.0 103.8 1.3 0.4

42.6 23.9 21.0 3.4 5.3 109.3 1.4 0.4

2.82 3.07 1.16 2.02 2.51 1.96 2.10 0.68

Oesterreich 1933-36, Wien, 1934-37. quintals for pulses, 84 ha and 11,067 quintals for field vegetables. Jahrbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich 1938, Berlin 1938, p. 120 and 121.

AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries):

Statistical survey by states-BURGENLAND

1.

Land use (1936)"

Total plow- and gardenland Hutweiden pastures Total grassland Total productive area Unproductive area

Total area

Plowland

Gardens

Vineyards

Meadows

Alps

Forests

............. Hectares.......... Percent of state area Percent of category total for Austria.

397,719 100.00 4.74

187,036 47.03 9.49

4,754 1.19 4.91

8,853 2.23 23.45

200,643 50.45 9.53

35,816 9.00 3.81

20,124 5.06 5.87

.... ....

55,940 14.06 2.49

103,746 26.09 3.30

360,329 90.60 4.81

37,390 9.40 4.18

2.

Number of farms, tenancy, land use, and agricultural population by size of

farms ( 1 9 3 o)
Total agricultural area Population employed in agriculturec

ThereofToa
Size groups Farms Area Owned Rented

Plowland

Forests

Number Less than 2 ha............ 2-10 ha............................22,730 10-20 ha.................... 20-100 ha ........................... Over 100 ha.............. Total ......................... .............. ....... ........ 15,066 4,412 1,064 205 43,477

1,000 ha 14 117 59 35 119 344

1,000 ha 11 104 55 32 91 293,-

1,000 ha 2.5 11.0 2.5 1.5 26.1 43.6

In

1,000 ha 12 98 47 26 48 231
percentages

1,000 ha 9.4 75.6 35.0 19.3 27.9 167.2

1,000 ha 1.0 17.7 11.1 7.2 59.8 96.8

Number 30,075 75,539 20,940 7,028 10,861 144,443

Less than 2 ha........................ 2-10 ha...............................52.3 10-20 ha.............................10.1 20-100 ha .............................

34.7

2.4

4.1 34.0 17.1 10.2

3.8 35.5 18.8 10.9

5.7 25.2 5.7 3.5

5.2 42.4 20.3 11.3

5.6 45.2 20.9 11.6

1.0 18.3 11.5 7.4

20.8 52.3 14.5 4.9

Over 100 ha............................. ............... Total ..............

o

0.5
100.0

34.6 100.0

31.0 100.0

59.9 100.0

20.8 100.0

16.7 100.0

61.8 1,00.0

7.5 100.0

1937. Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936, Wien p. 56. b Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. 15, Wien 1935, 0 Incl. part-time and seasonal workers.

3. Average crop area, production, and yield per hectare for rnajor crops
Crops ha Crop area

(1

93 3

- 3 6 )d.
Production Yields quintals per ha

percent

quintals

Wheat -(ncl. spelt).............

Rye............................

Barley ................ Oats..............

Corn

.. ... :... ............

..........................

Potatoes......................... Sugar beets ......... .. ......... Total pulses. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Field vegetables0

. .. .. .. . .. .. . ..

Other crops and fallow .......... Total plowland.............

35,408 33,207 22,974 14,592 16,934 17,324 8,106 1,079 1,293 35,481 186,398

19.00 17.82 12.33 7.83 9.08 9.29 4.35 0.58 0.69 19.03 100.00

527,197 472,377 354,958 187,530 285,862 1,358,718 1,812,551 11,898 166,059

14.89 14.23 15.45 12.85 16.88 78.43 223.61 11.03 128.43

4.

Livestock
Kind

(1934)'.
Number per 100 ha of agricult. area Per 100 persons Percent of Austria

Horses................................ Cattle............................... Cows................................ Pigs................................. Sheep....................... Goats.............................. Chickens ......... ......... Ducks........................
Geese.................................

........ .......... .......

19,847 133,651 68,591 185,646 2,629 11,887 776,357 6,861

22,208

7.8 52.4 26.9 72.8 1.0 4.7 304.5 2.7

8.7

6.6 44.6 22.9 62.0 0.9 4.0 259.3 2.3

7.4

7.60 5.69 5.67 6.58 1.00 3.64 8.97 6.83

23.46

d Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933-36,

Wien, 1934-37. eAlso catch crops: 4,093 ha and 19,838 quintals for pulses, 3,815 ha and 348,426 quintals for field vegetables. rStatistisches Jalirbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich 1938, Berlin 1938, p. 120 and 121.

AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries):

Statistical survey by states-VIENNA

1.

Land use (1936).

Total plow- and gardenland Total productive area Unproductive area

Total area

Plowland

Gardens

Vineyards

Meadows

Hutweiden pastures

Alps

Total grassland

Forests

. Hectares .................. Percent of state area...............100.00 Percent of category total for Austria.

27,806 0.33

7,275 26.16 0.37

4,007 14.41 4.13

424 1.53 1.12

11,706 42.10 .56

2,158 7.76 0.23

659 2.37 .19

.... .... ....

2,817 10.13 0.12

3,642 13.10 0.12

18,165 65.33 0.24

9,641 34.67 1.08

2.

Number of farms, tenancy, land use, and agriculturalpopulation by size of farms ( 1

Thereof

93 0

)b.

Total

Population

Size groups

Farms

Area

Owned

Rented

agricultural area

Plowland

Forests

employed in agricultureo

Number Less than 2 ha......................... 851

ha 335

ha 198

ha 136,

ha 323

ha 44

ha 1

Number 1,972

2-10 ha...............................
10-20 ha............................... 20-100 ha.............................. Over 100 ha.............................

180
67 65 9

848
988 2,081 1,948

486
543 1,240 1,392

362
445 841 556

830
978 1,952 881

411
822 1,692 615

0
6 100 1,024

913
362 618 339

Total..............................

1,172

6,200

3,859

2,340
In

4,964
percentages

3,584

1,131

4,204

Less than 2 ha............................ 2-10 ha ................................ 10-20 ha............................... 20-100 ha ....................... Over 100 ha............................ Total.............................

..

72.6 15.4 5.7 5.5 0.8 100.0

5.4 13.7 15.9 33.6 31.4 100.0

5.1 12.6 14.1 32.1 36.1 100.0

5.8 15.5 19.0 35.9 23.8 100.0

6.5 16.7 19.7 39.3 17.8 100.0

1.2 11.5 22.9 47.2 17.2 100.0

0.1 0.0 0.5 8.9 90.5 100.0

46.9 21.7 8.6 14.7 8.1 100.0

Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936, Wien 1937. b Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. 15, Wien 1935, p. 56. 0 Incl. part-time and seasonal workers.

3. Average crop area, production, and yield per hectare for major crops (1933-36)d.
Crop area Crops ha percent quintals Production quintals per ha

Wheat (incl. spelt)...............

Rye..................... Barley ..........................

Oats .....................
Corn

....

...........................

864 1,134 1,107 286 242

11.79

15.48 15.11
3.90

16,437 22,648 22,403 5,318

5,259

19.02

3.30

Potatoes ....... :................ Sugar beets...................... .. . Total pulsese................. Field vegetables e.................. Other crops and fallow ............. Total plowland.............

715
479 163

9.76
6.54 2.23 7.29 24.60
100.00

534
1,802 7,326

80,972 1'23, 108 2,094 63,565

19.97. 20.24 18.59 21.73 113.25 257.01 12.85 119.04

4.

Livestock
Kind

(1934)'.
Number 10,077
3,866 104 162,111
per 100 ha of agricult. area Per 100 persons Percent of Austria

H-orses............................ ... Cattle...................................4,444 Cows................................... Pigs..................................13,585 Sheep .................................. Goats..................................4,423 Chickens ................................ Ducks ............................... .......... Geese.......................
'a

69.6
30.7 26.7

0.5
0.2 0.2

3.86 0.19 0.32

93.9
0.7

0.7
0.0

0.48
0.04

30.6
1,120.1

0.2
8.6

1.35
1.87

4,343 1,226

30.0 8.5

0.2
0.1

4.33
1.29

Statistik dcr Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933-36, Wien, 1934-37. Also catch crops: 62 ha and 626 quintals for pulses, 158 ha and 10,687 quintals for field vegetables. Statistisches Jahrbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich 1938, Berlin 1938, p. 120 and 121.

STATISTICAL SURVEY OF AUSTRIA (1937 boundaries) 1. Land use (1936)'.

Hutweiden
Total area Plowland Gardens Vineyards Total plow, and gardenland
Hutweiden

Meadows

pastures

Alps

Total grassland.

Forests

Total productive area

Unproductive area

Hectares ....... Percent of state area.

8,386,757 100.00

1,971,529 23.51

96,905 1.16

37,752 0.45

2,106,186 25.12

940,597 11.22

342,566 4.08

963,260 11.48

2,246,423 26.78

3,139,080 37.43

7,491,689 89.33

895,068 10.67

2.

population by size Number of farms, tenancy, land use, and agricultural

of farms x(1930)
I

I F Total agricultural area Plowland Forests Population employed in agriculturec

Thereof Size groups Farms Area Owned Rented

Number Less than 2 ha ..................... ... 118,783 174,038 73,446 61,073 6,020 433,360

1,000 ha 111. 871: 1,058

1,000 ha 87 769 995 1,952 3,279. 7,082

i

1,000 ha 22 85 47 68 119 341

In

1,000 ha 102 705 803 1,383 1,037 4,030

percentages

1,000 ha 54 413 501 677 144 1,789

1,000 ha 6.5 153.7 243.9 686.8 1,861.1 2,952.0

Number 249,079 587,833 359,725 406,322 115,118 1,718,077

2-10 ha ...........................
10-20 ha ...........................

20-100 ha .............................
Over 100 ha:...... Total........................ .................

2,098
3,490 7,628

Less than 2 ha................. ........................ 2-10 ha 10-20 ha........................ 20-100 ha........... Over 100 ha.......... Total........................

....

............ ............
SI

27.4 40.2 16.9 14.1 1.4 100.0

1.4 11.4; 13.9 27.5 45.8 100.0

I

1.2 10.9 14.0 27.6 46.3 100.0

_______

6.5 24.9 13.8 19.9 34.9 100.0

2.5 17.5 19.9 34.3 25.8 100.0

3.0 23.1 28.0 37.8

8.1
100.0

0.2 5.2 8.3 23.3 63.0 100.0

14.5 34.2 20.9 23.7

6.7

100.0

6Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich im Jahre 1936, Wien 1937. b Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich, Vol. 15, Wien 1935, p. 56. Incl. part-time and seasonal workers. e

3. Average crop area, production, and yield per hectare for major crops (1933-36)a.
Crop area Crops percent quintals quintals per ha Production Yields

Wheat (incl. spelt)..............

Oats ...........................
Corn

Rye ........................... Barley ................. ........

..........................

Potatoes.................. Sugar beets..................... 0 Total pulses. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . Field vegetables. . Other crops and fallow...........
Total plowland

.............

236,814 380,960 165,924 298,655. 64,041 204,548 44,403 11,918 21,160 550,203 1,978,626

11.97 19.25 8.39 15.09 3.24 10.34 2.24 0.60 1.07 27.81 100.00

* *

3,910,700 5,885,749 2,940,158 4,468,587 1,475,322 24,663,611 11,295,146 154,544 3,437,035

16.51 15.45 17.72 14.96 23.04 120.58 254.38 12.97 162.43

4.

Livestock (1934).
Kind Number per 100 ha of agricult. area Per 100 persons Percent of Austria

Horses............................... Cattle................................ Cows........................1,209,874 Pigs ........ ............... Sheep .............................. Goats................................ Chickens............................ Ducks . ...................... Geese...............................

261,217 2,348,627 2,822,966 263,400 326,497 8,656,777 100,416 94,672

6.0 54.2 27.9 65.1 6.1 7.5 199.6 2.3 2.2

3.9 34.8 17.9 41.8 3.9 4.8 128.1 1.5 1.4

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

a Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich 1933-36, Wien, 1934-37. 6Also catch crops: 10,650 ha and 65,594 quintals for pulses, 14,094 ha and 1,528,916 quintals for field vegetables. fStatistisches Jahirbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich 1938, Berlin 1938, p. 120 and 121.

Number and area

of

farms in the Ostmark* German agricultural census May 17, 1939. I

Total 1-2 2-5
IHectares I

Reic sgau

nu m s of

05

5- 0

10-20 Nu b r o faI m 20-50 50-100

100-200

200-500

500-1,00 0 and over

......... ................... Vienna . .................. Niederdonau... ................. Oberdonau......

Salzburg ............................. Styria................................ ............................ Carinthia

Tirol................................. Total ..... ..................

7,574 197,786 92,226 15,245 98,047 37,404 38,839 487,121

2,025 27,221 8,287 850 7,661 3,250 3,315 52,609

2,015 34,547 13,851 1,271 11,244 4,220 '5,238 72,386

1,385 49,579 21,589 2,401 26,266 6,778 10,903 118,901

698 34,231 13,854 2,555 24,116 5,621 8,962 90,037

612 31,752 17,175 3,533 16,116 6,949 5,627 81,764

646 17,432 16,036 3,042 9,006 7,313 2,964

In percent

56,439 1

96 1,689 1,053 679 2,193 1,896 745 8,351

45 658 190 470 837 776 456 3,432

32 395 94 301 376 408 336 1,942

Vienna............................... ...... Niederdonau ................. Oberdonau .......................... Salzburg............................. ................... Styria ..........
Carinthia

............................

Tirol

...............................

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

26.8 13.8 9.0 5.6 7.8 8.7 8.5

26.6
17.5 15.0 8.3 11.5 11.3 13.5

18.3 25.1 23.4 15.7 26.8 18.1 28.1

9.2 17.3 15.0 16.8 24.6 15.0 23.1

8.1 16.0 18.6 23.2. 16.4 18.6 14.5

8.5 8.8 17.4 19.9 9.2 19.5 7.6

1.3 0.8 1.2 4.4 2.2 5.1 1.9

0.6 0.3 0.2 3.1 0.9 .2.1 1.2

0.4 0.2 0.1 2.0 0.4 1.1 0.9

0.1 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.3

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.4

Farm area .in hectares

Vienna.............................
Niederdonau Salzburg

..

,.......................

2,211,121
..

94,129

Oberdonau .......................

.............................
..........

1,348,079 675,313

Styria............................... Carinthia .................

Tirol................................

1,636,932

Total ..........................

11,056,593 11,288,238 8,310,405

1,436 19,833 6,085 616 5,556 2,378 2,425 38,329

2,760 49,985 20,260 1,865 16,447 6,056. 7,743

105,1161

19,050 8,879 4,898 4,280 488,578 456,023 243,978 161,430 458,983 253,973 98,838 70,524 90,487 51,809 18,679 8,069 270,920 224,419 171,496 89,767 222,107 102,372 40,726 22,3441 87,457 78,349 36,372 163,864 392,7861 642,479 1,175,824 11,637,582
In percent

6,355 111,684 66,676 47,535 147,821 129,345 51,468 560,884

6,162 91,912 25,839 66,846 116,158

10,582 124,715 28,331 86,962 113,561

107,133 121,293 65,0281 104,8171

479,078

1590,261
11.2 5.6 2.1 12.9 6.9 11.5 8.1

23,327 6,400 361,149 101,834 26,552 292,018 251,603 50,842 393,894 86,893 72,984 229,855 703,040 87,675 433,180 2,254,886 24.8 16.3 21.7 37.2 24.1 21.8 54.6

Vienna...............................
Niederdonau

.........................

Oberdonau........................... Salzburg ............................. Styria................................ Carinthia ............................ ... Tirol ............................

Foreign Agricultural Relations. Relations. Office of Foreign Agricultural
Office of

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

from official. sources. Compiled from official sources. Compiled
* * The Ostmark was

5.2 11.0 7.3 2.8 10.5 3.9 5.0

9.4 20.6 18.8 7.7 13.7 9.7 6.1

20.2 22.1 34.0 13.4 16.6 21.0 6.8

6.8 5.1 5.0 7.0 9.0 12.2 4.0

6.6 4.2 1.9 9.9 7.1 10.1 5.0

The Ostmark was 5.2 percent larger than preannexation Austria. Austria. preannexation than larger 5.2 percent

APPENDIX B MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS AND INFORMATION

AUSTRIA:

Development

of acreages, yields, and production of specified crops, average

1909-13, and

1922 to 1937

Acreage yields, and production

Average 1909-13

1922

I 1923

1924

1925

1926

1927

1928

1929 1,000 hectares

1930

1931

1932

1933

1934

1935

I 1936

1937

Acreage

Wheat .........
Rye........... Barley ........

Oats ............. Corn..........

Potatoes.......

Sugar beets

......

198 419 136 344 49 155 25

"

186.0 337.4 126.7 284.8 60.0 163.2 11.2

192.2 373.0 135.0 324.5

58.4
150.9 13.1

195.0 375.4 138.1 308.6 59.6 167.4 18.7

195.9 384.0 140.8 307.7 60.2 176.2 20.1

202.5 393.5 146.6 314.5 61.5 177.7 19.8

204.4 383.5 148.0 311.2 59.6 183.3 24.4

208.0 379.5 156.4 301.0 57.8 189.2 30.4

208.5 374.3

205.5 375.0

158.2
296.6 55.8 189.8 30.4

174.0
312.3 57.7 188.5 35.4

209.4 378.0 168.3 314.6 61.6 193.7 42.7

216.3 387.1 171.1 307.1 66.7 202.4 42.7

219.6 387.5 171.1 305.7 64.2

204.0
46.5

231.8 381.7 166.6 302.8 64.9 201.9 49.6

243.3 381.9 162.9 297.6 63.2 202.4 43.8

252.5 372.6 163.1 288.5 63.8 209.9 37.7

250.5 358.2 167.1 287.3 69.9 215.6

40.4

100 kilograms per hectare Yields

Wheat ......... Rye...........

Barley .........

Oats........... Corn..........
Potatoes....... Sugar beets ......

13.7 13.6 12.4 11.8 15.0 83.4 241.6

10.9 10.2 9.6 9.2 14.7 85.7 154.4

12.6 10.8 12.7 11.6 15.1 94.5 184.0

11.8 11.0 11.4 10.7 15.9 98.4 231.9

14.8 14.3 14.2 12.6 19.4 117.4 244.1

12.7 12.1 13.5 13.8 15.8 73.0 242.9

15.9 13.3 16.1 14.1 21.1 145.5 295.7

16.9 13.3 18.0 15.4 18.7 131.5 239.0

15.1 13.6 17.0 15.2 j 21.0 147.6 227.6

15.9 14.0 15.4 12.8 20.9 140.7 274.7

14.3 12.7 12.9 10.6 20.6 140.3 229.0

15.3 15.9 16.0 12.7 19.8 131.7 239.0

18.1 17.7 19.5 16.4 21.3

115.5
229.6

15.6 15.1 17.7 15.4 23.9 136.2 279.9

17.3 16.2 16.6 13.1 20.2 118.2 262.6

15.1 12.7

17.0
14.8 26.8 112.8 241.7

15.2 11.9 15.5 14.6 28.1 148.0 242.3

1,000 metric tons Production

Wheat ...........
Rye...........
Barley ......... Oats ............

Corn..........
Potatoes..... Sugar beets .......

270 568 169 405 73 1,296 604

202.0 345.2 121.9

265.9

88.3 1,398.3 172.8

241.9 231.1 402.3 411.2 171.0 156.9 375.4 331.6 87.6 94.5 1,426.2 11,647.2 241.8 433.1

290.4 550.1 200.7 388.4 116.8 2,068.4 492.6

256.9 475.3 197.6 434.8 97.2 1,297.8 480.7

325.5 511.2 238.1 438.8 125.7 2,666.4 722.7

351.5 506.0 282.0 462.2 107.9 2,488.3 725.4

314.6 510.5 269.4 451.0 117.3 2,803.0 691.2

326.8 524.2 267.3 400.7 120.8 2,653.1 973.3

299.6 480.9 216.6 332.1 126.7 2,716.8 977.7

331.8 615.4 274.1 389.8 132.2 2,666.1 1,020.4

397.8 687.0 332.9 502.8 136.6 2,354.9 1,067.5

362.2 574.5 294.8 466.5 155.0 2,749.4 1,388.1

422.1 620.2 270.3 390.8 127.6 2,392.5 1,150.0

382.2 472.7 278.1 427.3 170.9 2,368.7 912.5

400.3 476.7 288.1 474.8 206.3 3,611.7 1,007.6

Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled from official sources. t Calculated for post-1922 area of Austria; as per statistics given in Deutsche Agrarpolitik (Friedrich-List-Gesellschaft),

Berlin 1932, Ergaenzungsteil, p. 279,

AUSTRIA:

Basic characteristics of farm types

Types Farms surveyed Number Average altitude m 354 Average precipitation

Average farm size with forest ha

Use of productive land in percentages Plowland Grassland Vineyards Forest

mm 731
563 1,215

Plowland farms.....................
Wine farms............... Grassland farms without alps Grassland farms with alps Forest farms.................... Mixed wine farms .................. ......... .....

162 12

21.20

71.9

211
* 589

5.60
37.46

44.6
12.0

12.9 10.0
46.2

22.6

26 99
17 145

754
738 269 471 649

1,352 968
705

Plow-grassland

farms

without alps .....

Plow-grassland farms with alps ........ Mixed forest farms ........ ....... Forest pasture farms .................. Source: H. Schoehi, op. cit. p. 41.

334 33
71

929 1,108 1,026 1,249

672
882

23

40.67 141.43 15.09 24.18 18.82 42.52 53.45

13.9 5.0
71.1 39.7 19.5 14.9

.43.1 14.2 11.8 30.6 45.9 23.0

4.4

15.2 22.8 41.8 43.0 80.8 12.7

29.7

8.3

27.9

34.6 62.1 63.8

Estimated

value of farms, value of annual product, and labor input per productive hectare
Input of work days per productive hectare by Family
m

Types

Value per productive hectare Schilling

Value of farm product per productive hectare Schilling 1,715

bers

Others

Total

Wine farms.....................m.......... Mixed wine farms .......................... Plow- and grassland farms with alps ........... Plowland farms ........... .............. Plow- and grassland farms without alps ......... Grassland farms without alps.................. Grassland farms with alps................... Mixed forest farms......................... Forest pasture farms.... Forest farms.......................... ........ ..... ......

8,022 4,216

3,162
3,082 2,564 2,158 1,952 1,576 1,566 988

796 603
650 510

237.7 83.3 61.7

56.0 44.7 38.5 28.5

18.3 30.1 27.9 32.9

39.5

256.0 113.4 89.6 88.9

84.2

369
314

25.1
24.2 20.8 25.7

63.6 52.7
50.4 41.2 22.5

268 241 .146

29.6
15.5

10.5

1
Source: H. Schoehl, op. cit. p. 41, 45 and 50.

12.0.

AUSTRIA:

Distribution of gross income by various farm branches I

Sheep and goats

Types of farms

Milk anS milk products

Cattle

Pigs

Sale o grain

Forest

and eggsPotatoe

s Sugar beets

e Wi

F e I HorsesFodder

Percent

2.
6.

Wine farms .........

Mixed wine farms............ farms

9.0 .................
17.8 22.3 32.2

2.9
8.4 11.3 17.7 16.9

10.3
18.9 20.1 14.6 21.3

3.1
12.3 16.1 4.3 10.2

....

1.6
3.3 2.9
....

....
2.2 "... 4.9
.... .... .... ....

5
17.9
.... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....

35 3.5 5
2.9 3.9 5.1 1.9 1.8

1.3
.... ....

1.
8. 7.

Plowland

2.5 4.8 5.9

6.1
.... .... .... .... .... .... ....

............ Plow-grassland farms with alps .... Plow-grassland farms without alps..............21.3 Grassland farms without alps..................33.9 Grassland farms with alps....................
Mixed forest farms.........................24.8

3.0

3. 4.
9.

29.6 27.1
19.4

13.222.7
17.6

11.1 11.6
15.7

4.4 4.0
6.8

9.2 11.5
14.2

2.2 1.4
2.1 1.3

2.3 2.6
2.5

4.8 2.3
3.4
....

10.
5.

Forest pasture farms........................ ........................... Forest farms

Source: H. Schoehi, op. cit. p. 46.

22.7
18.5

10.2
12.5

4.8
4.3

16.7
25.4

.0.7

3.4
4.4

1.0
1.2
....

....

Market dependence
Sales as percentage of gross income Percentage of gross income from sales of the most important commodities*

Types of farms

2.
1.

Wine farms..........
Plowland farms .....................

....................................
............................

6.
5. 10.

Mixed wine farms........... Forest farms..........

............................... ....................................

Forest pasture farms......................................

8.
3.

Plow-grassland farms with alps...............................

Grassland farms without alps..................................

7.
4. 9.

Plow-grassland farms without alps...........................

Grassland farms with alps................................... Mixed forest farms........................................
Source: H. Schoehl, op. cit. p. 47. 100. *Percentages for 1930 only. Total gross income from sales equals

77.7 76.4 75.2 72.0 71.7 69.7 69.3 68.8 67.7

Wine 76.1, milk 7.5, fruit 4.7, cattle 3.1. Milk 20.0, pigs 17.0, cattle 15.3, grain 10.4. Wine 23.8, milk 19.3, pigs 12.5, cattle 11.0. Cattle 29.4, wood 27.9, milk 12.3, pigs 6.7. Cattle 29.8, milk 21.7, wood 15.3, pigs 5.8. Milk 27.5, cattle 22.2, pigs 16.2, potatoes 5.4. Milk 38.8, cattle 21.3, wood 11.1, pigs 7.7. Cattle 23.2, pigs 19.0, milk 15.0, milk products 6.7. Cattle 33.9, milk 15.3, wood 13.9, pigs 9.3.

67.4

Cattle 26.3, wood 16.7, milk 16.2, pigs 10.8.

AUSTRIAN MANUFACTURERS OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY Hofherr-Schrantz-Clayton-Shuttleworth, Landwirtschaftliche Maschinenfabrik A.G., Vienna. Reorganized in 1935 with a capital of 3,000,000 Schillings by the Industrie-Kredit A.G., now owned by the German Government. Negotiations underway to bring about a close collaboration with the German firm Heinrich Lanz A.G., Mannheim. A. G. Alfa Separator, Vienna. Capital 1,500,000 Schillings, partly in Swedish hands. Manufactures chiefly agricultural cookers, stoves, tinware, tools, and machines, particularly chaff cutters. Plans to take over. foundry. Oesterreichische Epple-Buxbaum Werke, Wels A. G. chines, chiefly threshing machines and mowers. Reformwerke, Wels. Capital 1,000,000 Schillings. Manufactures various ma-

Produces chiefly grain sowers. Capital 1,400,000 Schillings; owns rolling mills, manufactures

Vogel & Noti A.G., Wartberg, Stelermark. plows, etc.

Apart from these five larger manufacturers, there are about 25 smaller concerns manufacturing only for the local market. There are also small machine shops which occasionally build simpler types of agricultural machinery.

LIST OF MAIN REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED

READING

General Austrian agriculture

1. Schoehl, Harald. Oesterreichs Landwirtschaft, Gestalt und Wandlung 1918-38. Berlin Reichsnaehr1938 stand. 126 pp. 2. Herbert, Walther. Oesterreich Kunde, Berlin, 1938. 1938 3. Weekly reports of the German Institute for Business Research, Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt, Hamburg. 1938, March 25, No. 11/12 and supplement 1938, April 6, No. 13/14 and supplement. 4. Wochenbericht des Instituts fuer Konjunkturforschung, Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt, Hamburg. 1938, April, No. 14/15. 5. Hamscha, Hans & Deutsch, Otto. Die Aufgaben der oesterreichischen Landwirtschaft. Agrarverlag 1937 Wien, 1937, 175 pp. 6. Oesterreichs Land und Forstwirtschaft. 1927 1927, 312 pp. and 1937. 1937 Wirtschaft & Zeitungsverlagsgesellschaft m.b.H., Wien.

7. Bundesministerium fuer Land und Forstwirtschaft. Oesterreichs Landwirtschaft. 1934 lag und Zeitungsgesellschaft m.b.H., Baden bei Wien, 1934, 78 pp.

Wirtschaftsver-

8. Morgan, O. S. Agricultural Systems of Middle Europe. A Symposium. MacMillan Company, New 1933 York, 1933, p. 5-40. 9. Oesterreichisches Kuratorium fuer Wirtschaftlichkeit. Entwicklung und Rationalisierung 1931 oesterreichischen Landwirtschaft. Agrarverlag Wien, 1931, 242 pp. 10. Kallbrunner, Hermann. Der Wiederaufbau der Landwirtschaft Oesterreichs. 1926 Springer, Wien, 1926, 150 pp. der

Verlag von Julius

11. Michael, L. G. Agricultural survey of Europe. USDA Department Bulletin No. 1234, p. 7-43. 1924 12. Strakosch, Siegfried von. Die Grundlagen der Agrarwirtschaft in Oesterreich. Verlag von F. Temp1917 sky, Wien, 1917, 468 pp. Special topics 13. Prewar World production and consumption of plant foods in fertilizers as indicated by the Interna1944 tional Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics. USDA Plant-food Memorandum Report No. 6, March 1944. 14. Banking in Austria. 1944 Civil Affairs Handbook. Federal Reserve Board. 1944 15. Zaglits, Oscar. Austria and its agricultural set-up between the world war and the German invasion. 1940 USDA, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, July 9, 1940. 56

16. World markets for farm equipment 1938-39. U. S. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Department of Commerce, p. 25 1-25 r. 1938-39 17. Meyer, Konrad. Gefuege und Ordnung der deutschen Landwirtschaft. Berlin. 1939 Reichsnaehrstand Verlag,

18. Wutz, Anton. Alpenlaendische Milchwirtschaft. Reichsnaehrstandverlag Berlin 1938, 133 pp. 1938 19. International Institute of Agriculture. Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Science and Practice. August 1935, vol. 26, No. 8, p. 393-402. 1935. 20. L'Aviculture dans le monde, Rome, 1933, vol. 2, p. 29-43. 1933 21. Krische, Paul. Bodenkarten und andere kartographische Darstellungen der Faktoren der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion verschiedener Laender. Verlagsbuchhandlung Paul Parey, 1928 Berlin, p. 56-61.
Sources of statistics

22. Statistik der Ernte im Bundesstaat Oesterreich. Bundesministerium fuer Land und Forswirtschaft 1933-36, Wien 1934-37. 23. Statistisches Handbuch fuer den Bundesstaat Oesterreich. Bundesamt fuer Statistik, Wien, up to 1937. 24. Wirtschaftsstatistisches Jahrbuch. Kammer fuer Arbeiter und Angestellte in Wien. Wien, up to 1936. 25. Statistik des Aussenhandels Oesterreichs. Bundesministerium fuer Handel und Verkehr, Wien. 26. Statistisches Jahrbuch fuer das Deutsche Reich. Statistisches Reichsamt Berlin 1938. 27. International Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics. International Institute of Agriculture, Rome. 28. Statistisches Handbuch der Weltwirtschaft. Statistisches Reichsamt Berlin 1936. 29. Wirtschaft und Statistik. Statistisches Reichsamt Berlin, 1940 and 1941.

58

4.AUSTRIA

oo

REIF

NBRANG

Co

stozoo

.**0
Contors i metrs b~r^'5O0

).
Q

47

vO

QJ7J

n~b

00~
0.

0 o

c~o

U
,r

C e0 s an o
U..EARMN AGoUTR tI

3P

' "16

NE. 57

FIEO

OEG

ARCLUA

EAIN

--

---

--

AUSTRIA
DENSITY OF POPULATION Uninhabited Under 20 inhabitantsper productive square kilometer 20 to 50 " 50 to /00 /OO to 200 ." Over 200

Is

U. S DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

NEG. 573

OFFICE OF FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL RELATIONS

AUSTRIA
AGRICULTURAL ZONES Nation ci boundary - --State ---------- Zone a
-

25
1 11
1

STATUTE MILES 25 0
11 I .1

50 50 75

1 1 I

.25

25

KILOMETERS

C'

29

Klag enfurt

pro""

/ v
A
L 7 KREMSER UND TULLNER 8ECKEN 8 MARCHFELD 9 LEISERBERGE I0 WALOVIERTEL OBEROSTERREICH II MACHLANO 12 MIJHLVIERTEL 13 SAU-UND GANSERWALD 14 WELSERFELD IS SALZKAMMERGUT U. SENSENGEB. 16 HAUSRUCK 17 INNVIERTEL SALZBURG

46K
I WIENERWALD-AUSLAUFER 2 OONAU-TIEFLAND NIEDER6STERR EICH 3 WIENER BECKEN UND STEINFELO 4 WIENERWALD ALPENAUJSLAUFER 5 NIEDEROSTERREICH E b SUDLICH DER DONAU

0 IG IFLAC HGAU 19 TANNENGAU 20. PIN ZGAU UND PONGAUI 21 LUNGAU STEIERM ARK 22 OBERES ENNS-UND SALZATAL 23 OBERES MUR-.UND MURZTAL 24 MITTEL-UND WEST-STEIERMARK 25 OST-STEIERMARK 26 UNTERES MURTAL K AR NTE N 27 SAUALPEN
28 DRAUTAL I

29 KARAWANKEN UND GAILTAL 30 TAUERN TI ROL 31 OST-TIROL 32 UINTER-INN-UND WIPPTAL 33 OBER-INN-UND LECHTAL VORARLB ERG oFA4 34 VORARLBERGER ALPEN 35 RHEINTA. BURGENLAND 36 OSTL U N6ROL 0 NEUSIEOLER SEES 37 WESTL DES NEUSIEDLER SEES 38 SLIOBURGENLANID
0 OF FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL

1010

12
AGRICULTURE

13

140
NEG 593

15
OFFICE

170
RELATIONS

U.S.

DEPARTMENT'OF