INDEX

01. Cover Page

02. Certification
03. Acknowledgment
04. Introduction
05. Fossil Fuels and their Limitations
06. Importance of Alternate Fuel Types
07. Types of Alternate Fuels
08. Advantages and Challenges of Each Alternate Fuel
Type
09. Role of Government and Policies
10. Case Studies and Success Stories
11. Future Outlook and Potential
12. Conclusion
13. Bibliography
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the content of this project …………… (Name of
the project) by …………… (Name of the student) is the bonafide work
of him submitted to …….(Name of the school and Address), for
consideration in the partial accomplishment of the provision of RBSE,
Rajasthan for the award of Senior School Certificate in Maths.

The original research work was carried out by him under my

supervision in the academic year ………….. (Year). On the basis of the
declaration made by him, I recommend the project report for
evaluation.

year…..

Sign of teacher

Teacher’s name

( )
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.

I am highly indebted to (Name of your Organization Guide) for their

guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary
information regarding the project & also for their support in
completing the project.

I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents & member

of (Organization Name) for their kind co-operation and
encouragement which help me in completion of this project.

I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to industry

persons for giving me such attention and time.

My thanks and appreciations also go to my colleague in developing

the project and people who have willingly helped me out with their
abilities.
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF ALTERNATE FUEL TYPES:

Alternate fuel types refer to alternative sources of energy used to

replace or supplement traditional fossil fuels like oil, coal, and
natural gas. These alternative fuels are often derived from renewable
sources or produced through advanced processes, offering cleaner
and more sustainable energy options.

IMPORTANCE OF EXPLORING ALTERNATIVE FUEL OPTIONS:

Exploring alternative fuel options is crucial for several reasons:

1. Environmental Impact: Traditional fossil fuels contribute

significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, and
climate change. Exploring alternative fuels helps mitigate these
environmental impacts by reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) and
other harmful emissions.
2. Energy Security: Dependence on fossil fuels, particularly oil, can
lead to geopolitical tensions and economic vulnerabilities. By
diversifying our energy sources with alternative fuels, we can
reduce reliance on finite and geopolitically sensitive resources,
enhancing energy security.
3. Resource Depletion: Fossil fuels are finite resources that are being
depleted at an unsustainable rate. By exploring alternative fuel
options, we can reduce our reliance on depleting reserves and
ensure a more sustainable energy future.
4. Technological Innovation: Developing alternative fuels
necessitates technological advancements and innovations. This
process drives research and development, fosters economic
growth, and creates new job opportunities in clean energy
sectors.
5. Public Health: Fossil fuel combustion releases pollutants that can
harm human health, leading to respiratory problems,
cardiovascular diseases, and other illnesses. Transitioning to
cleaner alternative fuels improves air quality and promotes public
health.
6. Energy Efficiency: Alternative fuels often offer improved energy
efficiency compared to traditional fossil fuels. Utilizing energy
sources more efficiently helps reduce waste, increase energy
productivity, and lower overall energy consumption.
7. Long-term Economic Benefits: Investing in alternative fuels can
stimulate economic growth and create a sustainable energy
market. It opens up opportunities for industries, such as
renewable energy, energy storage, and electric vehicle
manufacturing, leading to job creation and economic
development.

IMPORTANCE OF ALTERNATE FUEL TYPES

DIVERSIFICATION OF ENERGY SOURCES:

One crucial importance of alternate fuel types is the diversification of

energy sources. Relying heavily on a single source of energy, such as
fossil fuels, can lead to vulnerabilities in the energy supply chain. By
diversifying our energy sources through the adoption of alternative
fuels, we can reduce dependence on a limited number of resources
and increase the resilience of our energy systems. This diversification
helps mitigate risks associated with price fluctuations, resource
depletion, and geopolitical tensions, ensuring a more stable and
sustainable energy future.

REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS:

Another significant importance of alternate fuel types is the potential
for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Fossil fuels are the primary
contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, particularly carbon
dioxide (CO2), which is a leading cause of climate change. Alternative
fuels, such as biofuels, hydrogen, and electricity, offer lower or even
zero emissions during their production and use. By transitioning to
these cleaner alternatives, we can significantly reduce our carbon
footprint, mitigate climate change impacts, and work towards
achieving global emission reduction goals outlined in international
agreements like the Paris Agreement.

ENERGY SECURITY AND GEOPOLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS:

Energy security is a critical consideration for nations, as it impacts

economic stability and national security. Relying heavily on imported
fossil fuels can leave countries vulnerable to supply disruptions, price
fluctuations, and geopolitical tensions. By embracing alternate fuel
types, nations can enhance their energy security by reducing
dependence on imported fossil fuels and developing domestic
renewable energy sources. Renewable fuels like biofuels and
domestically-produced electricity reduce reliance on foreign oil and
natural gas, reducing the vulnerability of energy supply chains to
geopolitical events. Additionally, alternative fuels can promote
energy independence, allowing countries to have greater control
over their energy resources and reducing their exposure to global
energy market fluctuations.

Considering the importance of diversification, emissions reduction,

and energy security, the adoption and development of alternate fuel
types play a crucial role in creating a sustainable, resilient, and
secure energy future. These fuel types offer opportunities to address
environmental challenges, promote technological innovation, and
enhance national energy independence.

TYPES OF ALTERNATE FUELS

A. RENEWABLE FUELS: Renewable fuels are derived from organic
sources and offer a sustainable and low-carbon alternative to
conventional fossil fuels. The primary types of renewable fuels
include:
1. Biofuels: Biofuels are produced from organic matter such as
plants, agricultural crops, and waste materials. The two most
common types of biofuels are:
 Ethanol: Ethanol is primarily made from crops like corn,
sugarcane, or cellulosic materials. It is commonly blended with
gasoline and used as a transportation fuel.
 Biodiesel: Biodiesel is produced from vegetable oils, animal fats,
or recycled cooking oil. It can be used as a substitute for diesel
fuel in vehicles with few or no modifications.
2. Hydrogen: Hydrogen is a versatile renewable fuel that can be
produced from various sources, including water electrolysis
powered by renewable energy sources. It can be used in fuel cells
to generate electricity or combusted directly in internal
combustion engines, offering zero-emission energy options.
3. Methanol: Methanol, also known as wood alcohol, can be
produced from renewable sources like biomass or captured
carbon dioxide. It can be used as a fuel for internal combustion
engines or as a feedstock for producing other fuels and chemicals.
B. ELECTRICITY AS A FUEL: Electricity can be used as a direct fuel
source in various applications, particularly in the transportation
sector. The two main types of electric vehicles (EVs) that utilize
electricity as a fuel are:
 Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs): BEVs are powered by
rechargeable batteries that store electricity. They have no tailpipe
emissions and offer a cleaner and more energy-efficient mode of
transportation compared to internal combustion engine vehicles.
 Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs): FCVs use hydrogen as a fuel and combine
it with oxygen from the air in fuel cells to produce electricity.
These vehicles emit only water vapor, offering zero-emission
transportation.
C. SYNTHETIC FUELS: Synthetic fuels, also known as carbon-neutral
or carbon-neutral fuels, are produced through advanced
processes that capture and utilize carbon dioxide emissions. These
fuels can be used as alternatives to conventional fossil fuels and
include:
 Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG): SNG is produced by converting
biomass, captured carbon dioxide, or other renewable sources
into a gas that closely resembles natural gas. It can be used for
heating, power generation, and as a fuel for natural gas vehicles.
 Synthetic Diesel and Jet Fuel: Synthetic diesel and jet fuel are
produced through advanced processes such as gasification and
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, which convert biomass, captured
carbon dioxide, or coal into liquid fuels. These fuels can be used as
drop-in replacements for conventional diesel and jet fuel, offering
a lower-carbon alternative.

These different types of alternate fuels provide opportunities to

reduce greenhouse gas emissions, increase energy efficiency, and
promote sustainable energy use in various sectors. By diversifying
the fuel mix, we can move towards a more sustainable and low-
carbon energy future.
ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES OF EACH ALTERNATE
FUEL TYPE
A. RENEWABLE FUELS

ADVANTAGES

 Reduced greenhouse gas emissions: Renewable fuels, such as

biofuels and hydrogen, have lower carbon emissions compared to
fossil fuels. They contribute to mitigating climate change and
improving air quality.
 Energy security: Renewable fuels can be produced domestically
from renewable resources, reducing dependence on imported
fossil fuels and enhancing energy independence.
 Compatibility with existing infrastructure: Biofuels like ethanol
and biodiesel can be blended with conventional fuels and used in
existing vehicles and infrastructure without significant
modifications.
 Renewable and sustainable production: The production of
renewable fuels can utilize organic waste, agricultural residues,
and dedicated energy crops, providing opportunities for waste
management and sustainable agriculture.

CHALLENGES

 Land and resource competition: The production of biofuels may

compete with land and resources needed for food production,
potentially raising concerns about food security and land-use
conflicts.
 Limited scalability: The scalability of biofuels can be constrained
by the availability of feedstock, suitable agricultural land, and the
energy and water requirements for their production.
 Emissions from land-use change: The cultivation of crops for
biofuels can result in land-use changes, including deforestation or
conversion of natural habitats, which may release additional
carbon emissions.
 Technology and infrastructure requirements: Widespread
adoption of renewable fuels may require significant investment in
infrastructure, distribution networks, and advanced production
technologies.

B. ELECTRICITY AS A FUEL

ADVANTAGES

 Zero tailpipe emissions: Electric vehicles powered by electricity

produce zero direct emissions, contributing to improved air
quality and reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
 Energy efficiency: Electric motors are more efficient than internal
combustion engines, resulting in higher energy efficiency and
reduced energy consumption.
 Renewable energy integration: Electricity as a fuel can be
generated from renewable energy sources such as solar, wind,
and hydro, allowing for increased integration of clean energy into
the transportation sector.
 Regenerative braking: Electric vehicles can recover and store
energy during braking, increasing overall efficiency and extending
the vehicle's range.

CHALLENGES

 Limited charging infrastructure: The widespread adoption of

electric vehicles requires an extensive network of charging
stations, which can be a challenge in terms of infrastructure
development and accessibility.
 Range limitations: Compared to conventional vehicles, electric
vehicles often have shorter driving ranges and longer refueling
times, which can lead to range anxiety for some drivers.
 Battery production and disposal: The manufacturing and disposal
of electric vehicle batteries can have environmental impacts,
including resource extraction, energy-intensive production, and
proper recycling or disposal of spent batteries.
 Grid capacity and stability: Increased demand for electricity from
electric vehicles may require upgrades to the electrical grid to
handle the load, ensuring stability and preventing strain on the
system.

C. SYNTHETIC FUELS

ADVANTAGES

 Carbon-neutral or carbon-negative emissions: Synthetic fuels can

be produced by capturing and utilizing carbon dioxide emissions,
resulting in carbon-neutral or even carbon-negative fuels.
 Compatibility with existing infrastructure: Synthetic fuels can be
used as drop-in replacements for conventional fuels, requiring
minimal modifications to existing vehicles and infrastructure.
 Energy storage: Synthetic fuels have the potential to serve as
energy storage solutions, as they can be produced during times of
excess renewable energy generation and used when needed.
 Flexibility of feedstock: Synthetic fuels can be produced from
various feedstock’s, including biomass, waste materials, and
captured carbon dioxide, offering versatility and potentially
utilizing waste streams.

CHALLENGES
 High production costs: The production of synthetic fuels is often
more expensive compared to conventional fuels, requiring
advanced and energy-intensive processes.
 Limited scalability: Scaling up synthetic fuel production to meet
global demand may face challenges in terms of feedstock
availability, process efficiency, and cost-effective implementation.
 Carbon capture and utilization: The capture and utilization of
carbon dioxide emissions for synthetic fuel production require
effective and scalable carbon capture technologies.
 Sustainability of feedstock: The sustainable sourcing of feedstock
for synthetic fuel production is essential to avoid negative impacts
on ecosystems, food security, and land-use conflicts.

ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AND POLICIES

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FUNDING: Governments play a
significant role in promoting alternate fuel development through
research and development (R&D) funding. By investing in R&D,
governments can support the advancement of technologies, explore
new fuel options, and address technological challenges. Funding can
be allocated to universities, research institutions, and private
companies working on innovative solutions for alternate fuels.
Government-funded R&D programs help accelerate the development
and commercialization of promising technologies, driving progress in
the field of alternate fuels.

INCENTIVES AND SUBSIDIES: Governments can incentivize the

adoption and production of alternate fuels through various
mechanisms. These incentives and subsidies can include:

 Tax credits and exemptions: Governments can provide tax credits

or exemptions for the purchase of vehicles running on alternate
fuels, such as electric vehicles or hydrogen-powered vehicles. This
 reduces the upfront cost for consumers and encourages the
uptake of cleaner fuel options.
 Production subsidies: Governments may offer subsidies to fuel
producers to promote the production of alternate fuels. These
subsidies help reduce production costs, making alternative fuels
more competitive with traditional fossil fuels.
 Renewable fuel standards: Governments can establish renewable
fuel standards, requiring a certain percentage of transportation
fuel to come from renewable sources. These standards create a
market demand for alternate fuels and drive investment in their
production and distribution.
 Grants and funding programs: Governments can provide grants
and funding programs to support the establishment of
infrastructure, such as charging stations for electric vehicles or
hydrogen refueling stations. This helps address the infrastructure
barrier and facilitates the widespread adoption of alternate fuels.

REGULATION AND STANDARDS: Government regulations and

standards play a crucial role in shaping the alternate fuel landscape.
These regulations can include:

 Emissions standards: Governments can set emissions standards

and regulations that incentivize the use of cleaner fuels and
technologies. By imposing stricter emission limits, they encourage
the adoption of alternate fuels that help reduce greenhouse gas
emissions and air pollutants.
 Fuel efficiency standards: Governments can establish fuel
efficiency standards for vehicles, encouraging automakers to
improve the fuel economy of their vehicles. This incentivizes the
development and production of more efficient vehicles, including
electric vehicles and hybrids.
 Fuel quality standards: Governments can set fuel quality standards
to ensure the availability of high-quality alternative fuels in the
market. These standards may include specifications for biofuels,
hydrogen purity, or synthetic fuel properties.
 Sustainability criteria: Governments can introduce sustainability
criteria for biofuels to ensure that their production does not
contribute to deforestation, land-use change, or other negative
environmental impacts. These criteria promote the use of
sustainable feedstocks and production practices.

Government regulations and standards provide a regulatory

framework that guides the development, production, and use of
alternate fuels. They create market stability, encourage investment,
and ensure a level playing field for all stakeholders involved.

Government policies and actions are crucial for accelerating the

transition to alternate fuels by providing financial support, creating
market incentives, and establishing a regulatory framework. By
implementing effective policies, governments can drive innovation,
reduce barriers to adoption, and facilitate the widespread
deployment of cleaner and more sustainable fuel options.

CASE STUDIES AND SUCCESS STORIES

COUNTRIES LEADING IN ALTERNATIVE FUEL ADOPTION: Several
countries have taken significant steps towards adopting alternative
fuels and have become leaders in this transition. Some notable
examples include:

 Norway: Norway is a global leader in electric vehicle adoption. The

country has implemented a comprehensive set of incentives,
including tax exemptions, toll discounts, and free charging
 infrastructure, which have resulted in a high market share of
electric vehicles.
 Iceland: Iceland has made significant progress in adopting
hydrogen as a fuel for transportation. The country has invested in
hydrogen infrastructure and deployed hydrogen fuel cell buses
and taxis. Iceland's efforts have resulted in a substantial reduction
in carbon emissions from transportation.
 Sweden: Sweden has focused on developing a sustainable biofuel
industry. The country has implemented a blending mandate
requiring a minimum share of biofuels in transportation fuels.
Sweden has also invested in advanced biofuel production
facilities, leading to increased production and use of biofuels.
 China: China has made substantial investments in electric vehicles
and has become the largest market for electric vehicles globally.
The Chinese government has provided strong financial incentives,
supported the development of charging infrastructure, and
implemented strict emission standards to promote electric vehicle
adoption.

NOTABLE PROJECTS AND INITIATIVES: There are several noteworthy

projects and initiatives that have demonstrated the potential and
success of alternative fuels. Some examples include:

 California Zero Emission Vehicle Program: California, a leader in

clean transportation, has implemented the Zero Emission Vehicle
(ZEV) Program. This program requires automakers to produce and
sell a certain percentage of zero-emission vehicles, such as electric
vehicles, in the state. The ZEV program has driven innovation,
spurred electric vehicle adoption, and influenced similar policies in
other regions.
 H2Mobility Germany: H2Mobility is a joint initiative in Germany
aimed at establishing a nationwide hydrogen refueling
 infrastructure. The project brings together government, industry,
and research organizations to accelerate the development and
deployment of hydrogen fueling stations, supporting the growth
of fuel cell vehicles.
 The Renewable Energy Directive (RED) in the European Union: The
RED is a directive that sets binding targets for the share of
renewable energy in the transport sector within the European
Union. It has stimulated the production and use of biofuels,
helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from transportation
and promoting the development of sustainable biofuel industries.
 Tesla Supercharger Network: Tesla's Supercharger network is a
vast network of fast-charging stations for electric vehicles. This
initiative has significantly contributed to the adoption of electric
vehicles by addressing the range anxiety issue and enabling long-
distance travel with convenient and fast charging infrastructure.

These case studies and success stories highlight the progress and
impact of alternative fuel adoption in various countries and through
specific projects and initiatives. They demonstrate the effectiveness
of policy measures, investments in infrastructure, and collaborations
between government, industry, and research institutions in driving
the transition to cleaner and more sustainable fuel options.

FUTURE OUTLOOK AND POTENTIAL

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATIONS: The future of
alternate fuels holds promising advancements in technology and
innovation. Some key emerging technologies and innovations
include:

 Advanced battery technologies: Continued advancements in

battery technologies are expected to increase the energy density,
reduce costs, and improve the charging speed of batteries. This
 will enhance the performance and range of electric vehicles,
making them more competitive with internal combustion engine
vehicles.
 Solid-state batteries: Solid-state batteries are a promising
technology that offers higher energy density, improved safety,
and faster charging capabilities compared to conventional lithium-
ion batteries. They have the potential to revolutionize electric
vehicle technology by addressing current limitations.
 Next-generation biofuels: Research is focused on developing
advanced biofuels derived from non-food feedstocks, algae, or
waste materials. These biofuels have the potential to offer higher
energy density, lower emissions, and improved compatibility with
existing infrastructure.
 Power-to-X technologies: Power-to-X technologies, such as Power-
to-Gas and Power-to-Liquid, convert renewable electricity into
synthetic fuels, including hydrogen, methane, and synthetic
hydrocarbons. These technologies provide energy storage
solutions and facilitate the integration of renewable energy into
various sectors.

POTENTIAL IMPACT ON THE ENERGY LANDSCAPE: The widespread

adoption of alternate fuels has the potential to transform the energy
landscape in several ways:

 Decarbonisation of the transportation sector: The transportation

sector is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. The
adoption of alternate fuels, such as electric vehicles and
hydrogen-powered vehicles, can significantly reduce carbon
emissions and improve air quality.
 Energy diversification and security: The use of alternate fuels
allows for diversification of energy sources, reducing dependence
on fossil fuels and enhancing energy security. This diversification
 can be achieved through a combination of renewable fuels,
electricity, and synthetic fuels.
 Integration of renewable energy: Alternate fuels, particularly
electricity and hydrogen, provide avenues for integrating
renewable energy sources into the energy system. They enable
the storage and utilization of excess renewable energy generated
from intermittent sources like solar and wind power.
 Circular economy and waste utilization: Some alternate fuels, such
as biofuels produced from waste materials or synthetic fuels
produced from captured carbon dioxide, can contribute to the
circular economy by utilizing waste streams and reducing
emissions.

CHALLENGES AND BARRIERS TO WIDESPREAD ADOPTION: Despite

the potential and benefits of alternate fuels, several challenges and
barriers exist that need to be addressed for their widespread
adoption:

 Infrastructure development: Building the necessary infrastructure,

such as charging stations for electric vehicles or hydrogen
refueling stations, is a significant challenge. The expansion of
infrastructure requires investments, coordination among
stakeholders, and addressing range anxiety concerns.
 Cost competitiveness: Alternate fuels often face cost challenges
compared to conventional fossil fuels. Lowering the production
costs of alternate fuels and improving their cost competitiveness
is crucial for wider adoption.
 Technological advancements and scalability: Emerging
technologies and innovations require further development and
scalability to meet the demands of mass production and
deployment. Advancements in areas such as battery technology
 and synthetic fuel production are essential to unlock their full
potential.
 Policy and regulatory frameworks: Establishing supportive
policies, regulations, and standards is critical for creating an
enabling environment for alternate fuel adoption. Policies should
provide long-term incentives, ensure market stability, and address
sustainability concerns.
 Public awareness and consumer acceptance: Educating the public
about the benefits of alternate fuels, addressing misconceptions,
and building trust are important for gaining consumer acceptance
and fostering demand for clean fuel options.

Addressing these challenges and barriers will require collaboration

between governments, industry, research institutions, and other
stakeholders to develop effective strategies, promote innovation,
and create an enabling environment for the widespread adoption of
alternate fuels. In conclusion, the future outlook for alternate fuels is
promising, with emerging technologies and innovations driving the
transition towards cleaner and more sustainable energy options. The
potential impact includes decarbonization of the transportation
sector, energy diversification, and the integration of renewable
energy. However, challenges such as infrastructure development,
cost competitiveness, technological advancements, policy
frameworks, and consumer acceptance need to be addressed to fully
realize the potential of alternate fuels.

CONCLUSION
RECAP OF THE IMPORTANCE OF ALTERNATE FUEL TYPES: The
exploration and adoption of alternate fuel types are of paramount
importance due to several reasons:
 Diversification of energy sources: Relying solely on fossil fuels
poses risks to energy security and economic stability. Alternate
fuels offer a diversified energy mix, reducing dependence on finite
and geopolitically sensitive resources.
 Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions: Alternate fuels, such as
renewable fuels and electricity, have the potential to significantly
reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the impacts of
climate change. By transitioning away from fossil fuels, we can
contribute to a cleaner and more sustainable future.
 Energy security and geopolitical considerations: Alternative fuels
provide opportunities for countries to enhance their energy
security by reducing reliance on imports and promoting domestic
production of renewable fuels.

CALL TO ACTION FOR FURTHER EXPLORATION AND INVESTMENT IN

ALTERNATIVE FUELS: To realize the full potential of alternate fuels
and accelerate their adoption, further exploration and investment
are essential. The following actions can be taken:

 Increase research and development funding: Governments,

research institutions, and industry should allocate more resources
to advance technology development, improve efficiency, and
reduce the costs of alternate fuel production.
 Strengthen policy support: Governments need to enact supportive
policies, including incentives, subsidies, and regulations, to create
a favorable market environment for alternate fuel adoption.
These policies should incentivize investment, foster innovation,
and drive the transition towards cleaner energy options.
 Foster public-private collaborations: Collaboration between
governments, industry, and research institutions is crucial for
advancing alternate fuel technologies, sharing knowledge and
best practices, and driving innovation in the sector.
 Improve infrastructure: Investments in infrastructure, such as
charging stations, hydrogen refueling stations, and biofuel
production facilities, are necessary to support the widespread
adoption of alternate fuels. Governments and private entities
should work together to expand and upgrade the infrastructure
network.
 Raise public awareness and promote consumer acceptance:
Educating the public about the benefits of alternate fuels,
addressing concerns, and fostering consumer acceptance are vital
for driving demand and adoption. Public awareness campaigns
and targeted educational programs can play a crucial role in this
regard.
 By taking these actions, we can accelerate the transition towards
cleaner and more sustainable energy systems, reduce greenhouse
gas emissions, enhance energy security, and pave the way for a
greener future.
 The importance of exploring and investing in alternate fuel types
cannot be overstated. It is an opportunity to shape a more
sustainable and resilient energy landscape for future generations.
Let us embrace this opportunity and work together towards a
cleaner and more sustainable future through the adoption of
alternative fuels.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://afdc.energy.gov/

https://www.iea.org/topics/renewable-energy

https://www.nrel.gov/

https://www.irena.org/

https://www.youtube.com/
https://www.wikipedia.com/