The data of the transport layer is called Frame.

The data of the network layer is called Segment.

The data of the data link layer is called Packet.

The data of the physical layer is called Bit.

·TCP/IP Reference Model Hierarchy
 · Network Layer

Application Layer

Transport Layer Deliver packets to the correct destination.

• Routing of packets (forwarding plane)
• Maintenance of routes (control plane)

Network Access Layer Main protocol:

• IP
• ICMP
• IGMP
 · Transport Layer

Provides end-to-end communication.

Application Layer
• Data integrity check
• Error retransmission
• Data reordering

Network Layer Main protocol:

• TCP
Network Access Layer • UDP
 · Application Layer

Handling specific application details.

• Remote access
• Resource sharing

Main protocol:
Transport Layer
• Telnet/SSH
• FTP/TFTP
Network Layer
• SMTP/POP3

Network Access Layer • SNMP/HTTP

 · Application Layer

Application Layer

Transport Layer
Handles the details related to the transmission
Network Layer
medium.
• Physical Lines and Interfaces
• Link layer communication

Main protocol:
• Ethernet
• PPP
• Frame Relay
Application Layer

Presentation Layer

Session Layer

Network Layer

Network Access Layer

Physical Layer