TI0203

METODE & TEKNIK PERANCANGAN

INTERAKSI MANUSIA DAN KOMPUTER GOAL DIRECTED DESIGN
Gloria Virginia
UKDW - Gasal 2021/2022

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EVOLUTION OF
GOAL DIRECTED DESIGN
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
Build/Test Ship
About Face (Cooper, et.al., 2014)

Initiate Build/Test Ship

Initiate Build Test “Look & Feel” Ship

Initiate Design Build Test Ship

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IMPLEMENTATION VS. MENTAL MODEL GOAL VS. ACTIVITY

• Goal
‣ = tujuan = sasaran
‣ Kondisi yang ingin dicapai
‣ is the driver behind
someone’s behaviors
• Activity
‣ = kegiatan
‣ Terdiri dari tasks
‣ Langkah yang dilakukan
untuk mencapai sesuatu
‣ a means to an end

• Contoh :
• Contoh :
‣ Input semua alamat
‣ Efisiensi cetak alamat-
‣ Atur ukuran dan layout
alamat pada tiap amplop
amplop
dalam 1 perintah cetak
‣ Cetak amplop

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 DEFINITION DEFINITION
• Design of behavior requires: • User Interaction design is not merely a matter of aesthetic choice
‣ greater knowledge of context ‣ it’s based on an understanding of users and cognitive principles
‣ an understanding of • Interaction design :
- the user’s relationship with the product from before purchase to ‣ the design of product and system behavior
end of life
• Goal Directed Design
- how the user wants to use the product, in what ways, and to
‣ a method to address a kind of behavior-oriented design
what ends
‣ it provides a complete process for understanding users’ goals,
needs, and motivations

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GDD PROCESS Smith & Tabor (1996)

GDD PROCESS Smith & Tabor (1996)

Modeling Modeling
Research Research
of users and of users and
users and the domain use context users and the domain use context
Abstracting
Framework Understanding Framework
Requirements de nition of design Requirements de nition of design
structure and ow structure and ow
de nition of user, business, de nition of user, business,
and technical needs and technical needs Representing
Structuring

Re nement Re nement
of behaviors, form, of behaviors, form,
and content Support and content Support
Implementation
development needs development needs
*component activities of interaction design Evaluation

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GDD PROCESS : 1. RESEARCH RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

‣ Understanding users and the domain
• Kickoff meeting
• Literature review
• Product/prototype and competitive audits
• Stakeholders interviews
• Subject matter expert (SME) interviews
• User and customer interviews
• User observation

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INTERVIEW INTERVIEW
• Kelompok pertanyaan
• Close ended questions
‣ berorientasi pada tujuan, sistem, workflow, dan sikap
‣ jawaban singkat
• Dorong users untuk bercerita
‣ jawaban dengan pilihan, mis. “ya” atau “tidak”
‣ lakukan penelitian terlebih dahulu mengenai problem domain atau
‣ begin with: “did you”, “do you”, or “would you”
orang yang akan diwawancara

• Open ended questions • Ask for a show-and-tell

‣ pertanyaan eksplorasi dan dapat dikembangkan • Lots of detail = good!
‣ begin with: “why”, “how”, or “what” • Hindari bias (avoid leading questions)
• Hindari diskusi tentang teknologi
• Pengguna ≠ desainer

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INTERVIEW: GOAL-ORIENTED QUESTIONS INTERVIEW: SYSTEM-ORIENTED QUESTIONS

• Here are some goal-oriented questions to consider
‣ Goals : what is the purpose of using the system?
‣ Opportunity : what activities currently waste your time?
‣ Priorities : what is most important to you?
‣ Information : what helps you make decisions?
• Here are some system-oriented questions to consider
‣ Function : what are the most common things you do with the
product?
‣ Frequency : what parts of the product do you use most?
‣ Preference : what are your favourite aspects of the product?
What drives you crazy?
‣ Failure : how do you work around problems?
‣ Expertise : what shortcuts do you employ?

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INTERVIEW: WORKFLOW-ORIENTED QUESTIONS INTERVIEW: ATTITUDE-ORIENTED QUESTIONS

• Here are some workflow-oriented questions to consider
‣ Process : what did you do when you first came in today? what did
you do after that?
‣ Occurence and recurrence : how often do you do this? what
things do you do weekly or monthly, but not every day?
‣ Exception : what constitutes a typical day? what would be an
unusual event?
• Here are some attitude-oriented questions to consider
‣ Aspiration : what do you see yourself doing five years from now?
‣ Avoidance : what would you prefer not to do? what do you
procrastinate on?
‣ Motivation : what do you enjoy most about you job (or lifestyle?)
What do you always tackle first?

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GDD PROCESS : 2. MODELING GDD PROCESS : 2. MODELING

‣ Abstracting users and use context ✓ Output: user’s goal
Activity 1.1
Subgoal 1
Activity 1.2

Activity 2.1
Goal Subgoal 2
Activity 2.2

✓ Output: user’s goal Activity 3.1

Subgoal 3
✓ Other models: workflow models, artifact models, physical models
Activity 3.2

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PERSONAS PERSONAS
• A user models
‣ the main characters in a narrative, scenario-based approach to
design
‣ are not real people
‣ assembled from the behaviors and motivations of the many actual
users encountered in research

• A composite archetypes based on behavior patterns uncovered

during the course of research

• Purpose : informing the product design

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Demographic

Samantha primarily downloads games that are

recommended/currently played by friends

Behavioral and psychographic

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 PERSONAS PERSONAS
‣ The best way:
to design for specific types of individuals with specific needs

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1
PERSONAS PERSONAS
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CREATION PROCESS • Types of variables :
3 ‣ Activities : what the user does; frequency and volume
• Types of variables :
‣ Attitudes : how the user thinks about the product domain and
4
‣ Activities technology
‣ Attitudes 5 ‣ Aptitudes : what education and training the user has; ability to
‣ Aptitudes learn
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‣ Motivations ‣ Motivations : why the user is engaged in the product domain

‣ Skills 7 ‣ Skills : user abilities related to the product domain and technology

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PERSONAS GDD PROCESS : 3. REQUIREMENTS

‣ Mapping interview subjects to behavioral variables ‣ De nition of users, business, and technical needs

‣ Logical / causative connection between the clustered behaviors

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GDD PROCESS : 4. FRAMEWORK GDD PROCESS : 5. REFINEMENT

‣ Representation of design structure and ow ‣ Detail of behaviors, forms, and content

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GDD PROCESS : 6. SUPPORT GDD PHASES Smith & Tabor (1996)

‣ Development support

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GDD PHASES Proboyekti (2015)

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