British Hong Kong

Coordinates: 22.28°N 114.16°E

Hong Kong was a colony of the British Empire and

later a dependent territory of the United Kingdom from Hong Kong
1841 to 1997, apart from a period of occupation under
the Japanese Empire from 1941 to 1945 during the
香港
Pacific War. The colonial period began with the British 1841–1941
occupation of Hong Kong Island in 1841, during the 1945–1997
1941–1945: Japanese occupation
First Opium War between the British and the Qing
dynasty. The Qing had wanted to enforce its
prohibition of opium importation within the dynasty
that was being exported mostly from British India and
was causing widespread addiction among the populace.
Flag (1959–1997) Coat of arms
The island was ceded to Britain by the Treaty of
(1959–1997)
Nanking, ratified by the Daoguang Emperor in the
aftermath of the war of 1842. It was established as a Anthem: "God Save the King (or Queen)"
crown colony in 1843. In 1860, the British took the
0:00 / 0:00
opportunity to expand the colony with the addition of
the Kowloon Peninsula after the Second Opium War,
while the Qing was embroiled in handling the Taiping
Rebellion. With the Qing further weakened after the
First Sino-Japanese War, Hong Kong's territory was
further extended in 1898 when the British obtained a
99-year lease of the New Territories.

Although the Qing dynasty had to cede Hong Kong

Island and Kowloon in perpetuity as per the treaty, the
leased New Territories comprised 86.2% of the colony
and more than half of the entire colony's population.
With the lease nearing its end during the late 20th
century, Britain did not see any viable way to
administer the colony by dividing it, whilst the People's
Republic of China (PRC) would not consider
Status Crown colony
extending the lease or allow continued British
(1843–1941; 1945–
administration thereafter. 1981)
British Dependent
With the signing of the Sino-British Joint Declaration in
Territory
1984, which stated that the economic and social (1981–1997)
systems in Hong Kong would remain relatively
unchanged for 50 years, the British government agreed Capital Victoria (de facto)
to transfer the entire territory to China upon the
Official languages English · Chinese
(Cantonese)[note 1]
Religion Christianity · Folk ·
Buddhism · Taoism ·
expiration of the New Territories lease in 1997 – with Hinduism · Islam ·
Hong Kong becoming a special administrative region Judaism
(SAR) until at least 2047.[5][6] Monarch  
• 1841–1901 Victoria
History • 1901–1910
• 1910–1936
Edward VII
George V
• 1936 Edward VIII
Colonial establishment • 1936–1941, George VI
1945–1952
• 1952–1997 Elizabeth II
In 1836, the imperial government of the Qing dynasty
Governor  
undertook a major policy review of the opium trade,
which had been first introduced to the Chinese by • 1843–1844 Sir Henry Pottinger (first)
Persian then Islamic traders over many • 1992–1997 Chris Patten (last)
centuries.[7][8][9][10][11] Viceroy Lin Zexu took on the Chief  
task of suppressing the opium trade. In March 1839, he Secretary[note 2]
became Special Imperial Commissioner in Canton, • 1843 George Malcolm (first)
where he ordered the foreign traders to surrender their • 1993–1997 Anson Chan (last)
opium stock. He confined the British to the Canton
Legislature Legislative Council
Factories and cut off their supplies. Chief
Superintendent of Trade, Charles Elliot, complied with Historical era Victorian era to 20th
Lin's demands to secure a safe exit for the British, with century
the costs involved to be resolved between the two • British 26 January 1841
governments. When Elliot promised that the British occupation
government would pay for their opium stock, the • Treaty of 29 August 1842
merchants surrendered their 20,283 chests of opium, Nanking
which were destroyed in public.[12] • Convention of 18 October 1860
Peking
In September 1839, the British Cabinet decided that the • Convention for 9 June 1898
Chinese should be made to pay for the destruction of the Extension of
British property, either by the threat or use of force. An Hong Kong
expeditionary force was placed under Elliot and his Territory
cousin, Rear-Admiral George Elliot, as joint • Japanese 25 December 1941 –
occupation of 30 August 1945
plenipotentiaries in 1840. Foreign Secretary Lord
Hong Kong
Palmerston stressed to the Chinese government that the
• Handover of 1 July 1997
British government did not question China's right to Hong Kong
prohibit opium, but it objected to the way this was
handled.[12] He viewed the sudden strict enforcement Population
as laying a trap for the foreign traders, and the • 1996 estimate 6,217,556[1]
confinement of the British with supplies cut off was • Density 5,796/km2
tantamount to starving them into submission or death. (15,011.6/sq mi)
He instructed the Elliot cousins to occupy one of the GDP (PPP) 1996[2] estimate
Chusan Islands in the Hangzhou Bay delta across from
• Total $154 billion
Shanghai, then to present a letter from himself to a
• Per capita $23,843
Chinese official for the Emperor of China, then to
proceed to the Gulf of Bohai for a treaty, and if the GDP (nominal) 1996[2] estimate
Chinese resisted, then to blockade the key ports of the • Total $160 billion
Yangtze and Yellow rivers.[13] Palmerston demanded a • Per capita $24,698
territorial base in the Chusan Islands for trade so that
British merchants "may not be subject to the arbitrary Gini (1996)  51.8[3]
caprice either of the Government of Peking, or its local high
Authorities at the Sea-Ports of the Empire".[14]
In 1841, Elliot negotiated with Lin's successor, Qishan, HDI (1995)  0.808[4]
in the Convention of Chuenpi during the First Opium very high
War. On 20 January, Elliot announced "the conclusion
of preliminary arrangements", which included the Currency Hong Kong dollar (since
cession of the barren Hong Kong Island and its harbour 1937)

to the British Crown.[15][16] Elliot chose Hong Kong Trade dollar (1895–1937)
Island instead of Chusan because he believed a Spanish dollar (until
settlement nearer to Shanghai would cause an 1895)
"indefinite protraction of hostilities", whereas Hong Chinese cash (until
Kong Island's harbour was a valuable base for the 1895)
British trading community in Canton.[17] British rule
began with the occupation of the island on 26 Preceded by Succeeded by
January.[13] Commodore Gordon Bremer, commander- 1841: 1941:
in-chief of British forces in China, took formal Xin'an Japanese
possession of the island at Possession Point, where the County Hong Kong
Union Jack was raised under a fire of joy from the 1945: 1997:
marines and a royal salute from the warships.[18] Hong Japanese Hong Kong
Kong Island was ceded in the Treaty of Nanking on 29 Hong Kong Special
Administrative
August 1842 and established as a Crown colony after
Region
the ratification exchanged between the Daoguang
Emperor and Queen Victoria was completed on 26
Today part of China
June 1843.[19]
∟Hong Kong

Growth and British Hong Kong

Possibly the earliest painting of
Hong Kong Island, showing the
waterfront settlement which became
Victoria City
Spring Garden Lane, 1846
of the Taku Forts and occupation of Beijing led to the Treaty of Tientsin and Convention of Peking. In the
Treaty of Tientsin, the Chinese accepted British demands to open more ports, navigate the Yangtze River,
expansion Traditional Chinese 英屬香港
The Treaty of Nanking
Simplified Chinese 英属香港
failed to satisfy British Transcriptions
expectations of a major Standard Mandarin
expansion of trade and
Hanyu Pinyin Yīngshǔ
profit, which led to
increasing pressure for a Xiānggǎng
revision of the terms.[20] In Yue: Cantonese
October 1856, Chinese Yale Yīng suhk hēung
authorities in Canton Romanization góng
detained the Arrow, a
Chinese-owned ship Jyutping Jing1 suk6 hoeng1
registered in Hong Kong to gong2
enjoy the protection of the
British flag. The Consul in Canton, Harry Parkes, claimed the
hauling down of the flag and arrest of the crew were "an insult of
very grave character". Parkes and Sir John Bowring, the fourth
Governor of Hong Kong, seized the incident to pursue a forward
policy. In March 1857, Palmerston appointed Lord Elgin as
Plenipotentiary, with the aim of securing a new and satisfactory
treaty. A French expeditionary force joined the British to avenge the
execution of a French missionary in 1856.[21] In 1860, the capture
legalise the opium trade and have diplomatic representation in Beijing. During the conflict, the British
occupied the Kowloon Peninsula, where the flat land was valuable training and resting ground. The area in
what is now south of Boundary Street and Stonecutters Island was ceded in the Convention of Peking.[22]

In 1898, the British sought to extend Hong Kong for defence. After
negotiations began in April 1898, with the British Minister in
Beijing, Sir Claude MacDonald, representing Britain, and diplomat
Li Hongzhang leading the Chinese, the Second Convention of
Peking was signed on 9 June. Since the foreign powers had agreed
by the late 19th century that it was no longer permissible to acquire
outright sovereignty over any parcel of Chinese territory, and in
Hong Kong in the 1930s
keeping with the other territorial cessions China made to Russia,
Germany and France that same year, the extension of Hong Kong
took the form of a 99-year lease. The lease consisted of the rest of
Kowloon south of the Sham Chun River and 230 islands, which became known as the New Territories.
The British formally took possession on 16 April 1899.[23]

Japanese occupation

In 1941, during the Second World War, the British reached an

agreement with the Chinese government under Generalissimo
Chiang Kai-shek that if Japan attacked Hong Kong, the Chinese
National Army would attack the Japanese from the rear to relieve
pressure on the British garrison. On 8 December, the Battle of
Hong Kong began when Japanese air bombers effectively
destroyed British air power in one attack.[24] Two days later, the
Japanese breached the Gin Drinkers Line in the New Territories. Japanese troops crossing the border
The British commander, Major-General Christopher Maltby, from the mainland, 1941
concluded that the island could not be defended for long unless he
withdrew his brigade from the mainland. On 18 December, the
Japanese crossed Victoria Harbour.[25] By 25 December, organised defence was reduced into pockets of
resistance. Maltby recommended a surrender to Governor Sir Mark Young, who accepted his advice to
reduce further losses. A day after the invasion, Chiang ordered three corps under General Yu Hanmou to
march towards Hong Kong. The plan was to launch a New Year's Day attack on the Japanese in the
Canton region, but before the Chinese infantry could attack, the Japanese had broken Hong Kong's
defences. The British casualties were 2,232 killed or missing and 2,300 wounded. The Japanese reported
1,996 killed and 6,000 wounded.[26]

The Japanese soldiers committed atrocities, including rape, on many locals.[27] The population fell in half,
from 1.6 million in 1941 to 750,000 at war's end because of fleeing refugees; they returned in 1945.[28]

The Japanese imprisoned the ruling British colonial elite and sought to win over the local merchant gentry
by appointments to advisory councils and neighbourhood watch groups. The policy worked well for Japan
and produced extensive collaboration from both the elite and the middle class, with far less terror than in
other Chinese cities. Hong Kong was transformed into a Japanese colony, with Japanese businesses
replacing the British. However, the Japanese Empire had severe logistical difficulties and by 1943 the food
supply for Hong Kong was problematic. The overlords became more brutal and corrupt, and the Chinese
gentry became disenchanted. With the surrender of Japan, the transition back to British rule was smooth, for
on the mainland the Nationalist and Communist forces were preparing for a civil war and ignored Hong
Kong. In the long run the occupation strengthened the pre-war social and economic order among the
Chinese business community by eliminating some conflicts of interests and reducing the prestige and power
of the British.[29]

Restoration of British rule

On 14 August 1945, when Japan announced its unconditional

surrender, the British formed a naval task group to sail towards
Hong Kong.[30] On 1 September, Rear-Admiral Cecil Harcourt
proclaimed a military administration with himself as its head. He
formally accepted the Japanese surrender on 16 September in
Government House.[31] Young, upon his return as governor in May
1946, pursued political reform known as the "Young Plan",
believing that, to counter the Chinese government's determination to
recover Hong Kong, it was necessary to give local inhabitants a British forces reoccupy Hong Kong
greater stake in the territory by widening the political franchise to under Rear-Admiral Cecil Harcourt,
include them.[32] 30 August 1945

Transfer of Sovereignty

The Sino-British Joint Declaration was signed by both the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the
Premier of the People's Republic of China on 19 December 1984 in Beijing. The Declaration entered into
force with the exchange of instruments of ratification on 27 May 1985 and was registered by the People's
Republic of China and United Kingdom governments at the United Nations on 12 June 1985. In the Joint
Declaration, the People's Republic of China Government stated that it had decided to resume the exercise
of sovereignty over Hong Kong (including Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, and the New Territories) with
effect from 1 July 1997 and the United Kingdom Government declared that it would relinquish Hong Kong
to the PRC with effect from 1 July 1997. In the document, the People's Republic of China Government
also declared its basic policies regarding Hong Kong.[33]

In accordance with the One Country, Two Systems principle agreed between the United Kingdom and the
People's Republic of China, the socialist system of People's Republic of China would not be practised in
the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), and Hong Kong's previous capitalist system and
its way of life would remain unchanged for a period of 50 years. The Joint Declaration provides that these
basic policies shall be stipulated in the Hong Kong Basic Law. The ceremony of the signing of the Sino-
British Joint Declaration took place at 18:00, 19 December 1984 at the Western Main Chamber of the Great
Hall of the People. The Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office at first proposed a list of 60–80 Hong Kong
people to attend the ceremony. The number was finally extended to 101. The list included Hong Kong
government officials, members of the Legislative and Executive Councils, chairmen of The Hongkong and
Shanghai Banking Corporation and Standard Chartered Bank, Hong Kong celebrities such as Li Ka-shing,
Pao Yue-kong and Fok Ying-tung, and also Martin Lee Chu-ming and Szeto Wah.

The handover ceremony was held at the new wing of the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre in
Wan Chai on the night of 30 June 1997. The principal British guest was Charles, Prince of Wales (Charles
III, King of the United Kingdom) who read a farewell speech on behalf of the Queen. The newly
appointed Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair; the British Foreign Minister, Robin Cook;
the departing Governor of Hong Kong, Chris Patten; the Chief of the Defence Staff of the United
Kingdom, Field Marshal Sir Charles Guthrie, also attended.
Representing China were the CCP General Secretary and President of China, Jiang Zemin; Premier of
China, Li Peng; and Tung Chee-hwa, the first Chief Executive of Hong Kong. This event was broadcast
on television and radio stations across the world.

Government
Hong Kong was a Crown colony of the United
Kingdom and maintained an administration
roughly modelled after the Westminster system.
The Letters Patent formed the constitutional basis
of the colonial government and the Royal
Instructions detailed how the territory should be
governed and organised.

The Governor was the head of government and Elizabeth II Chris Patten Anson Chan
appointed by the British monarch to serve as the Monarch Governor Chief Secretary

representative of the Crown in the colony. (1952–1997) (1992–1997) (1993–1997)

Executive power was highly concentrated with

the Governor, who himself appointed almost all
members of the Legislative Council and Executive Council and also served as President of both
chambers.[34] The British government provided oversight for the colonial government; the Foreign
Secretary formally approved any additions to the Legislative and Executive Councils[34] and the Sovereign
held sole authority to amend the Letters Patent and Royal Instructions.

The Executive Council determined administrative policy changes and considered primary legislation before
passing it to the Legislative Council for approval. This advisory body also itself issued secondary
legislation under a limited set of colonial ordinances. The Legislative Council debated proposed legislation
and was responsible for the appropriation of public funds. This chamber was reformed in the last years of
colonial rule to introduce more democratic representation.[34] Indirectly elected functional constituency
seats were introduced in 1985 and popularly elected geographical constituency seats in 1991. Further
electoral reform in 1994 effectively made the legislature broadly representative. The administrative Civil
Service was led by the Colonial Secretary (later Chief Secretary), who was deputy to the Governor.[34]

The judicial system was based on English law, with Chinese

customary law taking a secondary role in civil cases involving
Chinese residents.[35] The Supreme Court of Hong Kong was the
highest court and ruled on all civil and criminal cases in the colony.
During the early colonial period, extraterritorial appellate cases from
other regions of China involving British subjects were also tried in
this court. Further appeals from the Supreme Court were heard by
the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, which exercised final
adjudication over the entire British Empire.[36]

In March 1975 the Hong Kong government introduced a Government House, c. 1873
programme to measure public opinion of government efforts,
known as Movement of Opinion Direction (MOOD).[37]

Cadets
In 1861, Governor Sir Hercules Robinson introduced the Hong Kong Cadetship, which recruited young
graduates from Britain to learn Cantonese and written Chinese for two years, before deploying them on a
fast track to the Civil Service. Cadet officers gradually formed the backbone of the civil administration.
After the Second World War, ethnic Chinese were allowed into the service, followed by women. Cadets
were renamed Administrative Officers in the 1950s, and they remained the elite of the Civil Service during
British rule.[38]

Military

Prior to and during the Second World War, the garrison was composed of British Army battalions and
locally enlisted personnel (LEPs) who served as regular members in the Hong Kong Squadron of the Royal
Navy or the Hong Kong Military Service Corps and their associate land units. The Hong Kong Brigade
served as the main garrison formation. After the outbreak of the Second World War, the garrison was
reinforced with British Indian Army and Canadian Army units. A second brigade, the Kowloon Infantry
Brigade, was formed to assist in commanding the expanded force. The garrison was defeated during the
Battle of Hong Kong, by the Empire of Japan.

After the Second World War and the end of the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the British military
reestablished a presence. As a result of the Chinese Civil War, the British Army raised the 40th Infantry
Division and dispatched it to garrison Hong Kong. It later left for combat in the Korean War, and the
defense of the territory was taken up by additional British forces who were rotated from Europe. The
garrison was further supplemented by LEPs, and Gurkhas. The latter came from Nepal, but formed part of
the British Army. The size of the garrison during the Cold War fluctuated and ended up being based around
one brigade.

The Royal Hong Kong Regiment, a military unit which was part of the Hong Kong Government, was
trained and organised along the lines of a British Territorial Army unit. As such, it was supported by British
Army regular personnel holding key positions. These British Army personnel, for their duration of service
to the Royal Hong Kong Regiment, were seconded to the Hong Kong Government. In the post-WWII era,
the majority of the regiment's members were local citizens of Chinese descent.

Economy
The stability, security, and predictability of British law and
government enabled Hong Kong to flourish as a centre for
international trade.[39] In the colony's first decade, the revenue from
the opium trade was a key source of government funds. The
importance of opium reduced over time, but the colonial
government was dependent on its revenues until the Japanese
occupation in 1941.[39] Although the largest businesses in the early
colony were operated by British, American, and other expatriates,
Chinese workers provided the bulk of the manpower to build a new Victoria Harbour in 1988, showing
port city.[40] the Bank of China Tower being built

By the late 1980s, many ethnic Chinese people had become major
business figures in Hong Kong. Amongst these billionaires was Sir Li Ka-shing, who had become one of
the colony's wealthiest people by this time.

Culture
Hong Kong is characterised as a hybrid of East and West. Traditional Chinese values emphasising family
and education blend with Western ideals, including economic liberty and the rule of law.[41] Although the
vast majority of the population is ethnically Chinese, Hong Kong has developed a distinct identity. The
territory diverged from the mainland through its long period of colonial administration and a different pace
of economic, social, and cultural development. Mainstream culture is derived from immigrants originating
from various parts of China. This was influenced by British-style education, a separate political system, and
the territory's rapid development during the late 20th century.[42][43] Most migrants of that era fled poverty
and war, reflected in the prevailing attitude toward wealth; Hongkongers tend to link self-image and
decision-making to material benefits.[44][45] Residents' sense of local identity has markedly increased post-
handover: The majority of the population (52%) identifies as "Hongkongers", while 11% describe
themselves as "Chinese". The remaining population purport mixed identities, 23% as "Hongkonger in
China" and 12% as "Chinese in Hong Kong".[46]

Traditional Chinese family values, including family honour, filial piety, and a preference for sons, are
prevalent.[47] Nuclear families are the most common households, although multi-generational and extended
families are not unusual.[48] In British-ruled Hong Kong, polygamy was legal until 1971 pursuant to the
colonial practice of not interfering in local customs that British authorities viewed as relatively harmless to
the public order.[49]

Spiritual concepts such as feng shui are observed; large-scale construction projects often hire consultants to
ensure proper building positioning and layout. The degree of its adherence to feng shui is believed to
determine the success of a business. Bagua mirrors are regularly used to deflect evil spirits,[50] and
buildings often lack floor numbers with a 4;[51] the number has a similar sound to the word for "die" in
Cantonese.[52]

Besides, the cultural integration can also be found in everyday life in Hong Kong. For example, British
English is a common second language and also one of the official languages in British Hong Kong since
the establishment of the colony.[53] Moreover, British English is also taught in primary and secondary
schools.[54] For the metro system, the metro lines are named after places instead of numbered, unlike
Mainland China, where metro lines are numbered. Roads were named after British royals, governors,
famous people, cities and towns across the UK and the Commonwealth, as well as Chinese cities and
places. Aside from Chinese New Year, Christmas is celebrated as the second-most important festival. In
literature, some idioms in Cantonese are directly translated from those in English. A Mandarin Chinese
speaker may recognise the words but not understand the meaning.

Cuisine

(left) Typical fare at a dim sum restaurant; (right) cha chaan teng breakfast food with Hong Kong-style milk tea

Food in Hong Kong is primarily based on Cantonese cuisine, despite the territory's exposure to foreign
influences and its residents' varied origins. Rice is the staple food, and is usually served plain with other
dishes.[55] Freshness of ingredients is emphasised. Poultry and seafood are commonly sold live at wet
markets, and ingredients are used as quickly as possible.[56] There are five daily meals: breakfast, lunch,
afternoon tea, dinner, and siu yeh.[57] Dim sum, as part of yum cha (brunch), is a dining-out tradition with
family and friends. Dishes include congee, cha siu bao, siu yuk, egg tarts, and mango pudding. Local
versions of Western food are served at cha chaan teng (Hong Kong-style cafes). Common cha chaan teng
menu items include macaroni in soup, deep-fried French toast, and Hong Kong-style milk tea.[55]

Cinema

Film making in Hong Kong began as early as 1909, but Hong

Kong was not a film making hub until the late 1940s, when a wave
of Shanghai filmmakers migrated to the territory; these movie
veterans helped build the colony's entertainment industry over the
next decade.[58] By the 1960s, the city was well known to overseas
audiences through films such as The World of Suzie Wong.[59]
When Bruce Lee's The Way of the Dragon was released in 1972,
local productions became popular outside Hong Kong. During the
Statue of Bruce Lee on the Avenue
1980s, films such as A Better Tomorrow, As Tears Go By, and Zu
of Stars, a tribute to the city's film
Warriors from the Magic Mountain expanded global interest
industry
beyond martial arts films; locally made gangster films, romantic
dramas, and supernatural fantasies became popular.[60] Hong Kong
cinema continued to be internationally successful over the following decade with critically acclaimed
dramas such as Farewell My Concubine, To Live, and Chungking Express. The city's martial arts film roots
are evident in the roles of the most prolific Hong Kong actors. Jackie Chan, Donnie Yen, Jet Li, Chow
Yun-fat, and Michelle Yeoh frequently play action-oriented roles in foreign films. At the height of the local
movie industry in the early 1990s, over 400 films were produced each year; since then, industry momentum
shifted to mainland China. The number of films produced annually has declined to about 60 in 2017.[61]

Music

Leslie Cheung (left) is considered a pioneering Cantopop artist, and Andy Lau has been an icon of Hong Kong
music and film for several decades as a member of the Four Heavenly Kings.

Cantopop is a genre of Cantonese popular music which emerged in Hong Kong during the 1970s.
Evolving from Shanghai-style shidaiqu, it is also influenced by Cantonese opera and Western pop.[62]
Local media featured songs by artists such as Sam Hui, Anita Mui, Leslie Cheung, and Alan Tam; during
the 1980s, exported films and shows exposed Cantopop to a global audience.[63] The genre's popularity
peaked in the 1990s, when the Four Heavenly Kings dominated Asian record charts.[64] Despite a general
decline since late in the decade,[65] Cantopop remains dominant in Hong Kong; contemporary artists such
as Eason Chan, Joey Yung, and Twins are popular in and beyond the territory.[66]

Western classical music has historically had a strong presence in Hong Kong and remains a large part of
local musical education.[67] The publicly funded Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra, the territory's oldest
professional symphony orchestra, frequently hosts musicians and conductors from overseas. The Hong
Kong Chinese Orchestra, composed of classical Chinese instruments, is the leading Chinese ensemble and
plays a significant role in promoting traditional music in the community.[68]

Sport and recreation

Despite its small area, the territory regularly hosts the Hong Kong
Sevens, Hong Kong Marathon, Hong Kong Tennis Classic and
Lunar New Year Cup, and hosted the inaugural AFC Asian Cup
and the 1995 Dynasty Cup.[69][70]

Hong Kong represents itself separately from mainland China, with

its own sports teams in international competitions. The territory has
participated in almost every Summer Olympics since 1952 and has
The Hong Kong Sevens, considered
earned four medals. Lee Lai-shan won the territory's first Olympic
the premier tournament of the World
gold medal at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics,[71] and Cheung Ka Long Rugby Sevens Series, is played
won the second one in Tokyo 2020.[72] Hong Kong athletes have each spring.
won 126 medals at the Paralympic Games and 17 at the
Commonwealth Games. No longer part of the Commonwealth of
Nations, the city's last appearance in the latter was in 1994.[73]

Dragon boat races originated as a religious ceremony conducted during the annual Tuen Ng Festival. The
race was revived as a modern sport as part of the Tourism Board's efforts to promote Hong Kong's image
abroad. The first modern competition was organised in 1976, and overseas teams began competing in the
first international race in 1993.[74]

The Hong Kong Jockey Club, the territory's largest taxpayer,[75] has a monopoly on gambling and
provides over 7% of government revenue.[76] Three forms of gambling are legal in Hong Kong: lotteries,
horse racing, and football.[75]

Dissent
During China's turbulent 20th century, Hong Kong served as a safe
haven for dissidents, political refugees, and officials who lost
power. British policy allowed dissidents to live in Hong Kong as
long as they did not break local laws or harm British interests. The
implementation of this policy varied according to what the senior
officials thought constituted British interests and the state of
relations with China.[77] The Canton–Hong Kong strike (1925–
1926) was anti-imperialist in nature. The 1966 riots and Maoist-led
Police confrontation during the 1967
1967 riots, essentially spillovers from the Cultural Revolution, were
leftist riots
large scale demonstrations fuelled by tensions surrounding labour
disputes and dissatisfaction towards the government.[78] Although
the 1967 riots started as a labour dispute, the incident escalated quickly after the leftist camp and mainland
officials stationed in Hong Kong seized the opportunity to mobilise their followers to protest against the
colonial government.[79] Chinese Communist Party supporters organised the Anti-British Struggle
Committee during the riots.

Steve Tsang, director of the China Institute of the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University
of London, wrote that it was "ironic" that despite Hong Kong being a symbol of China's humiliation by
Britain, there was not one major movement started by the Chinese residents of the colony for its
retrocession to China, even though there had been several upsurges of Chinese nationalism.[80] He
explained:

In the 1920s, the working class Chinese of Hong Kong did not have a good reason to rally
around the Hong Kong government, and they were more susceptible to appeals based on
Chinese nationalism. Consequently, the call of the Communists was basically heeded by the
working men, and their actions practically paralysed the colony for a year. By the [end of the]
1960s, however, the attempts by the Hong Kong government to maintain stability and good
order which helped improve everyone's living conditions, and ... the beginning of the
emergence of a Hong Kong identity, changed the attitude of the local Chinese. They
overwhelmingly rallied around the colonial British regime.[81]

See also
Emperor of India
British Military Hospital
British Education
Royal Hong Kong Regiment
Political Department
Flags of Elizabeth II
British Forces Overseas Hong Kong
Commander British Forces in Hong Kong

Notes
1. No specific variety of Chinese was listed in legislation, but Cantonese was the de facto
standard as it was the native variety of the colony; Chinese was made official in 1974.
2. The office of Colonial Secretary was renamed to Chief Secretary in 1976.

References

Citations
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0.pdf) (PDF). 1996 Population By-Census (Report). Census and Statistics Department.
December 1996. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20181013094501/https://www.statisti
cs.gov.hk/pub/hist/1991_2000/B11200831996XXXXE0100.pdf#) (PDF) from the original on
13 October 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
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Further reading
Clayton, Adam (2003). Hong Kong Since 1945: An Economic and Social History.
Endacott, G. B. (1964). An Eastern Entrepôt: A Collection of Documents Illustrating the
History of Hong Kong. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 293. ASIN B0007J07G6 (https://ww
w.amazon.com/dp/B0007J07G6). OCLC 632495979 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6324959
79).
Lui, Adam Yuen-chung (1990). Forts and Pirates – A History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong
History Society. p. 114. ISBN 962-7489-01-8.
Liu, Shuyong; Wang, Wenjiong; Chang, Mingyu (1997). An Outline History of Hong Kong.
Foreign Languages Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-7-119-01946-8.
Ngo, Tak-Wing (1999). Hong Kong's History: State and Society Under Colonial Rule.
Routledge. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-415-20868-0.
Welsh, Frank (1993). A Borrowed Place: The History of Hong Kong. Kodansha International.
p. 624. ISBN 978-1-56836-002-7.
Chan, Ming K. (September 1997). "The Legacy of the British Administration of Hong Kong: A
View from Hong Kong" (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741000046828). The China
Quarterly. Cambridge University Press. 151 (151): 567–582.
doi:10.1017/S0305741000046828 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741000046828).
JSTOR 655254 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/655254).

External links
"Official website of the British Hong Kong Government (https://web.archive.org/web/1996122
4105914/http://info.gov.hk/)". Archived from the original (http://info.gov.hk/) on 24 December
1996. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Hong_Kong&oldid=1165612682"