A. C.

Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada

Abhay Charanaravinda Bhaktivedanta Swami (IAST: Abhaya

His Divine Grace
Caraṇāravinda Bhakti-vedānta Svāmī; 1 September 1896 – 14
November 1977[1]) was an Indian Gaudiya Vaishnava guru who A. C. Bhaktivedanta
founded ISKCON,[2] commonly known as the "Hare Krishna Swami
movement".[1][3][4] Members of ISKCON view Bhaktivedanta Prabhupāda
Swami as a representative and messenger of Chaitanya
Mahaprabhu.[5]

Born in Calcutta (now Kolkata) in a Suvarna Banik family,[6] he

was educated at the Scottish Church College.[1] While working at
a small pharmaceutical business,[7] he met and became a follower
of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati. In 1959, after his retirement, he left
his family to become a sannyasi and started writing commentaries
on Vaishnava scriptures.[8] As a travelling Vaishnava monk, he
became an influential communicator of Gaudiya Vaishnavite
theology across India and the Western world through his
leadership of ISKCON, founded in 1966.[9][10] He was well
regarded by a number of American religious scholars but was
criticised by anti-cult groups.[11]

He has been subject to criticism over his racist views against

blacks, discrimination against lower castes, anti-Semitism, negative
views on women, and advocacy of crimes of Adolf
A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami in
Hitler.[12][13][14]
Germany, 1974
Personal
Biography
Born Abhay Charan De
1 September
Early life 1896
Calcutta, Bengal
Swami was born Abhay Charan on 1 September 1896 in Presidency,
Calcutta.[1] He was also called Nandulāl. His parents, Gour British India
Mohan De and Rajani De, were devout Vaishnavas and resided in
Died 14 November
Calcutta.[15]
1977 (aged 81)
Abhay Charan studied at the Scottish Church College. He is said Vrindavan, Uttar
to have refused his degree in response to Gandhi's calls to Pradesh, India
challenge British rule.[1] In 1919, at the age of 22, he was married Resting place Srila
Prabhupada's
Samadhi Mandir,
to Radharani Devi, who was then 11 years old, in a marriage ISKCON
arranged by their parents. At 14, Radharani Devi gave birth to their Vrindavan
first son.[16] 27.57196°N
77.67729°E

Religious journey Religion Hinduism

Denomination Vaishnavism
In 1922, he met his spiritual master, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, in
Sect Gaudiya
Allahabad. He was asked to spread the message of Chaitanya
Vaishnavism
Mahaprabhu in the English language.[17] In 1933 he became a
formally initiated disciple of Sarasvati. In 1944, he started the Notable Bhagavad-Gītā
publication called Back to Godhead,[18][19] for which he was work(s) As It Is, Śrīmad
writer, designer, publisher, editor, copy editor and distributor.[20] Bhāgavatam
(translation),
In 1947, the Gaudiya Vaishnava Society gave him the title Caitanya
Bhaktivedanta, (bhakti-vedānta).[21] In the 1960s, after founding Caritāmṛta
ISKCON, became known by the honorific Prabhupāda.[22]
(trans.)
From 1950 onwards, he lived at the medieval Radha-Damodar Alma mater Scottish Church
mandir in the holy town of Vrindavan, where he began his College,
commentary and translation work of the Sanskrit work Bhagavata University of
Purana.[23] His guru, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, had always Calcutta[1]
encouraged him to publish books,[24] referring to the need for the
Monastic name Abhaya
literary presentation of the Vaishnava culture.[25]
Caraṇāravinda
Bhakti-vedānta
Renunciation Svāmī
Temple Gaudiya Math,
Swami also lived at Gaudiya Matha at Mathura, where he wrote ISKCON
and edited the Gauḍīya Patrikā magazine. While there he donated
the statue of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu which stands on the altar Philosophy Bhakti yoga
beside those of Radha Krishna (named Śrī Śrī Rādhā Religious career
Vinodavihārījī). In September 1959, he was initiated as a sannyasi
Period in office 1966–1977
by his friend Bhakti Prajnana Keshava and was given the name
Swami. He published the first book of Bhagavata Purana.[26] Initiation Diksha, 1933 (by
Bhaktisiddhanta
Sarasvati)
Mission to the West Sannyasa, 1959
(by Bhakti
Swami was the first Hindu preacher to take advantage of the
Prajnan Keshava)
removal of national quotas by the 1965 Immigration Act of the
United States.[27] In July 1966, he founded the International Post Founder-Acharya
Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) in New York of ISKCON
City.[2] He defended the name, arguing that Krishna included all Website prabhupada
other forms and concepts of God.[28] In 1967, a centre was started .krishna.com (htt
in San Francisco.[29][30] He travelled throughout America with his ps://prabhupada.
disciples, popularising the movement through street chanting krishna.com)
(sankirtana), book distribution and public speeches. George
Harrison of The Beatles produced a recording with some of the devotees in London and helped establish
the Radha Krisna Temple in that city.[31]
Over the following years, his role as preacher and leader of the
Krishna consciousness movement took him around the world
several times setting up temples and communities in other
countries.[32] By the time of his death in Vrindavan in 1977,
ISKCON had become an internationally known expression of
Vaishnavism.[29]

Through his mission, he followed and preached the teachings of

Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and introduced bhakti yoga to an Prabhupada's Palace of Gold in West
international audience.[32][33] Within Gaudiya Vaishnavism this Virginia, USA in 1982
was viewed as the fulfilment of a long time mission to introduce
Caitanya Mahaprabhu's teachings to the world.[34]

In India

Beginning his public preaching mission in India, he founded the League of Devotees in Jhansi in 1953.[35]
On his return to India in 1971, he oversaw the construction of temples in Mumbai,[36] Mayapur and
Vrindavan. He started a chain of ISKCON schools.

Swami died on 14 November 1977 at the age of 81, in Vrindavan, India. His body was buried in Krishna
Balaram Mandir in Vrindavan.[1]

Legacy
In 2023, Scottish Church College and The Bhaktivedanta Research Center has established an academic
award in honor of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Memorial Award to keep alive the memory of
Prabhupada's college life.[37][38][39][40][41][42]

Views

Slavery

Swami said that black people should remain in bondage.

"The blacks were slaves. They were under control. And since you have given them equal
rights they are disturbing, most disturbing, always creating a fearful situation, uncultured and
drunkards. What training they have got? They have got equal rights? It is best, to keep them
under control as slaves but give them sufficient food, sufficient cloth, not more than that. Then
they will be satisfied."[12]

Lower castes

Bhaktivedenta asserts that Shudras require no training:-

 "Shudras does not require any training. Shudra means no training. Ordinary worker class.
Otherwise other three, especially two, namely the Brahmins and Kshatriyas, they require very
magnificent training."[12]

Hitler and Jews

Swami mentioned Hitler to provide an example of materialistic scheming, he also called him a hero.

"Sometimes he becomes a great hero -- just Hiranyakashipu and Kamsa or, in the modern age,
Napoleon or Hitler. The activities of such men are certainly very great, but as soon as their
bodies are finished, everything else is finished."[12]

He held Jews to be responsible for Holocaust:

Therefore Hitler killed these Jews. They were financing against Germany. Otherwise he had
no enmity with the Jews... And they were supplying. They want interest money -- "Never
mind against our country." Therefore Hitler decided, "Kill all the Jews."[12]

Women

Most of what Swami wrote about women is deemed misogynistic. Some of his views were:-

"Women in general should not be trusted."[12][13]

"Women are generally not very intelligent."[12]

"Generally when a woman is attacked by a man -- whether her husband or some other man --
she enjoys the attack, being too lusty."[12]

Evolution

Swami was an advocate of Vedic creationism and referred to Charles Darwin and his followers as
"rascals".[43] He disputed evolution, and claimed that:
 "Darwin's theory stating that no human beings existed from the beginning but that humans
evolved after many, many years is simply nonsensical theory."[44]

Religion

Swami said:

Actually, it doesn't matter  – Krishna or Christ  – the name is the same. The main point is to
follow the injunctions of the Vedic scriptures that recommend chanting the name of God in this
age.[45]

Other typical expressions present a different perspective, where he pointed out that "today I may be a
Hindu, but tomorrow I may become a Christian or Muslim. In this way faiths can be changed, but dharma
is a natural sequence, a natural occupation or a connection and it can not be changed, because it is
permanent, according to him".[46] While the ISKCON theology of personal god is close to Christian
theology, both personal and monotheistic, being a preacher of bhakti and a missionary he sometimes would
add that "already many Christians have tasted the nectar of divine love of the holy name and are dancing
with karatalas (hand-cymbals) and mridangas (drums)".[47]

His approach to modern knowledge was similar to that of sectarian Orthodox Judaism, where the skills and
technical knowledge of modernity are encouraged, but the values rejected. "Whatever our engagement is,
by offering the result to Krishna we become Krishna conscious".[48] Similar to many traditional religions,
he considered sexuality and spirituality as conflicting opposites.[49]

Other

Swami rejected reports of 1969 moon landing citing his unwillingness to accept that no living beings were
found in the moon.[44]

Monuments
A number of samadhis or shrines to Swami were constructed by
the members of ISKCON, with those in Mayapur and Vrindavan in
India being notable. Prabhupada's Palace of Gold, built by the New
Vrindavan community in 1979, was intended to be a residence for
Swami, but has now developed into a tourist attraction.[50]

In 1996 the Government of India issued a commemorative

stamp[51] and in 2021, a Rs 125 commemorative coin in his
honour.[52]

Books and publishing

Swami's books are considered to be among his most significant
Statue of Swami at Radha Damodar
contributions.[53][54] During the final twelve years of his life,
Mandir in Vrindavan
Swami translated over sixty volumes of classic Hindu scriptures
(e.g. Bhagavad Gita, Chaitanya Charitamrita and Srimad
Bhagavatam) into the English language.[46] His Bhagavad-gītā
As It Is was published by Macmillan Publishers in 1968 with an
unabridged edition in 1972.[55][56][57] It is now available in over
sixty languages around the world with some of his other books
available in over eighty different languages.[18][33]

The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust was established in 1972 to publish

his works.[2][58]
Samadhi of Swami in Vrindavan.
In February 2014, ISKCON's news agency reported reaching a
milestone of distributing over half a billion books authored by
Swami since 1965.[59]

Bengali writings
Gītār Gān (in Bengali). c. 1973.

Vairāgya-vidyā (in Bengali). 1977.

A collection of his early Bengali essays, which were originally printed in a monthly
magazine that he edited called Gauḍīya Patrika. Starting in 1976, Bhakti Charu Swami
reprinted these essays in Bengali language booklets called Bhagavāner Kathā
(Knowledge of the Supreme) [from 1948 & 1949 issues], Bhakti Kathā (The Science of
Devotion), Jñāna Kathā (Topics of Spiritual Science), Muni-gānera Mati-bhrama (The
Deluded Thinkers), and Buddhi-yoga (The Highest Use of Intelligence), which he later
combined into Vairāgya-vidyā. In 1992, an English translation was published called
Renunciation Through Wisdom.[60]

Buddhi-yoga (in Bengali).

Bhakti-ratna-boli (in Bengali).

Translations with commentary

Srimad Bhagwatam. Vol. 3 vols. Delhi: League of Devotees. 1962–1965.
LCCN sa64001457 (https://lccn.loc.gov/sa64001457). OCLC 64215631 (https://www.worldc
at.org/oclc/64215631).
Bhagavad-gītā As It Is (https://prabhupadabooks.com/bg) (in Sanskrit and English), New
York: Macmillan, 1968, LCCN 68008322 (https://lccn.loc.gov/68008322), Wikidata Q854700
Śrī Īśopaniṣad (https://prabhupadabooks.com/iso). Boston, Mass.: ISKCON Books. 1969.
ISBN 0-89213-138-1. LCCN 78102853 (https://lccn.loc.gov/78102853). OCLC 70457388 (htt
ps://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70457388). OL 1145820M (https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1145
820M). Wikidata Q108771214.
Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam. Vol. 30 vols. New York: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. 1972–1977.
LCCN 73169353 (https://lccn.loc.gov/73169353).
Śrī Caitanya-caritāmṛta (https://vedabase.io/library/cc), vol. 17 vols., New York:
Bhaktivedanta Book Trust, 1973–1975, LCCN 74193363 (https://lccn.loc.gov/74193363),
Wikidata Q108771289
The Nectar of Instruction. New York: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. 1975. LCCN 75039755 (http
s://lccn.loc.gov/75039755).
 Teachings of Lord Kapila, the Son of Devahūtī. New York: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. 1977.
LCCN 77011077 (https://lccn.loc.gov/77011077).

Summary studies
Teachings of Lord Caitanya, a treatise on factual spiritual life. New York: International
Society for Krishna Consciousness. 1968. LCCN 68029320 (https://lccn.loc.gov/68029320).
Kṛṣṇa, the Supreme Personality of Godhead (https://archive.org/details/krsna01acbh/mode/
2up), vol. 2 vols., Boston, Mass.: ISKCON Press, 1970, LCCN 74118081 (https://lccn.loc.go
v/74118081), Wikidata Q4205088
The Nectar of Devotion: The Complete Science of Bhakti-yoga. New York: Bhaktivedanta
Book Trust. 1970. LCCN 78118082 (https://lccn.loc.gov/78118082).

Discography
Krishna Consciousness (12 in. LP record). New York, NY: Happening Records. 1966.
OCLC 11402285 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11402285). CA2210 (https://www.discogs.c
om/A-C-Bhaktivedanta-Swami-Krishna-Consciousness/release/2706370).[61]
Govinda (12 in. LP record). Los Angeles, CA: Golden Avatar Productions. 1973.
LCCN 94748438 (https://lccn.loc.gov/94748438). OCLC 12622399 (https://www.worldcat.or
g/oclc/12622399). GOPI-108 (https://www.discogs.com/AC-Bhaktivedanta-Swami-Prabhupa
da-Govinda/release/2734043).[62]
Kṛṣṇa Meditation (2 x 12 in. LP records). Germany: Radha Krsna Productions. 1974.
OCLC 17247069 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17247069). RKP-1005 (https://www.discog
s.com/AC-Bhaktivedanta-Swami-Prabhupada-Krsna-Meditation/release/2580755).[63]

Other works
Back to Godhead (magazine). 1944–1966. LCCN 45002240 (https://lccn.loc.gov/4500224
0).[64]
Easy Journey to Other Planets (by practice of Supreme Yoga) (https://archive.org/details/eas
yjourneytooth00acbh). Vrindaban, U.P. (India): The League of Devotees. 1960. ISBN 91-
7149-699-8. LCCN 70118080 (https://lccn.loc.gov/70118080). Wikidata Q108770844.
Kṛṣṇa Consciousness: The Topmost Yoga System (https://prabhupadabooks.com/tys),
Boston: ISKCON Press, 1970, LCCN 77127182 (https://lccn.loc.gov/77127182),
Wikidata Q108772725
Kṛṣṇa, the Reservoir of Pleasure. Boston, Mass.: ISKCON Press. 1970. ISBN 0-89213-149-
7. OCLC 1086768968 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1086768968).
Beyond Birth and Death (https://archive.org/details/beyondbirthdeath00acbh). Bhaktivedanta
Book Trust. 1972. ISBN 0-912776-41-2. OCLC 1181333746 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1
181333746). Wikidata Q108770415.
The Perfection of Yoga (https://archive.org/details/perfectionofyoga00acbh), New York:
ISKCON Press, 1972, LCCN 72076302 (https://lccn.loc.gov/72076302),
Wikidata Q108770991
Elevation to Kṛṣṇa Consciousness. New York: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. 1973.
LCCN 73076635 (https://lccn.loc.gov/73076635).
On the Way to Kṛṣṇa. New York: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. 1973. LCCN 72084842 (https://l
ccn.loc.gov/72084842).
 Rāja-vidyā: The King of Knowledge. New York: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. 1973.
LCCN 72084845 (https://lccn.loc.gov/72084845).
Kṛṣṇa Consciousness: The Matchless Gift. New York: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. 1974.
LCCN 73076634 (https://lccn.loc.gov/73076634).
Perfect Questions, Perfect Answers. New York: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. 1977.
LCCN 74027525 (https://lccn.loc.gov/74027525).
The Science of Self-Realization (https://vedabase.io/library/ssr). New York: Bhaktivedanta
Book Trust. 1977. ISBN 978-1-84599-039-8. LCCN 77095065 (https://lccn.loc.gov/7709506
5). OCLC 819932403 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/819932403). OL 32140029M (https://op
enlibrary.org/books/OL32140029M). Wikidata Q108772906.

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8 January 2014. see "Commemorative Stamp" section, including image
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Further reading
Goswami, Satsvarupa dasa (2002). Srila Prabhupada Lilamrta Vol 1–2 (2nd ed.). Los
Angeles: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. ISBN 0-89213-357-0.
Ekstrand, Maria; Bryant, Edwin H. (2004). The Hare Krishna movement: the postcharismatic
fate of a religious transplant. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12256-X.
Rhodes, Linda (2001). The challenge of the cults and new religions (https://archive.org/detail
s/isbn_9780310232179). Grand Rapids, Mich: Zondervan. ISBN 0-310-23217-1.
Vasan, Mildred; Lewis, James P. (2005). Cults (contemporary world issues). Santa Barbara,
Calif: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-618-3.
Cole, Richard; Dwayer, Graham (2007). The Hare Krishna movement: forty years of chant
and change. London: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-407-7.
Goswami, Satsvarupa dasa (1984). Prabhupada: he built a house in which the whole world
can live (abr ed.). Los Angeles: Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. ISBN 0-89213-133-0.
Harvey Cox; Larry D. Shinn; Thomas J. Hopkins; A.L. Basham; Shrivatsa Goswami (1983).
Gelberg, Steven J (ed.). Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna: five distinguished scholars on the
Krishna movement in the West. New York: Grove Press.
Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2000). Hinduism: a short history (https://archive.org/details/hinduism
shorthis0000klos). Oxford: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 1-85168-213-9.
Klostermaier, Klaus K (2007). A survey of Hinduism (3rd ed.). New York: State University of
New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7081-7.
Bhaktivedanta Swami, A. C. (2003). The Science of self-realization. Los Angeles:
Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. ISBN 91-7149-447-2.
Shinn, Larry D (1987). Bromley, David G (ed.). "The future of an old man's vision. ISKCON in
the twenty-first century" (https://books.google.com/books?id=NHNeOx8UZJYC&q=New+Vri
ndavan%5D%5D+in+West+Virginia&pg=PA123). The Future of New Religious Movements:
123–140. ISBN 978-0-86554-238-9. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023042216594
4/https://books.google.com/books?id=NHNeOx8UZJYC&q=New+Vrindavan%5D%5D+in+
West+Virginia&pg=PA123) from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
Knott, Kim (1997). "Insider and outsider perceptions of Prabhupada" (http://content.iskcon.or
g/icj/5_1/5_1knott.html). ISKCON Communications Journal: 5: 1. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20160304212259/http://content.iskcon.org/icj/5_1/5_1knott.html) from the original
on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2011.
Knott, Kim (2005). "Insider/outsider perspectives in the study of religions". In Hinnells, John
(ed.). The Routledge companion to the study of religion. Routledge. p. 243 (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=XmRGuH6eopMC&pg=PA243). ISBN 978-0-415-33311-5.
Shinn, Larry D. (1987). The dark lord: cult images and the Hare Krishnas in America.
Philadelphia: Westminster Press. ISBN 0-664-24170-0. OCLC 15017927 (https://www.world
cat.org/oclc/15017927). OL 2737873M (https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2737873M).
Goswami, Srivatsa; Dasa Goswami, Satsvarupa; Cox, Harvey; Hopkins, Thomas J.; Judah,
J. Stillson (1983). "Review: Srila Prabhupada-Lilamrta". Journal of Asian Studies. 42 (4):
986–988. doi:10.2307/2054828 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2054828). ISSN 0021-9118 (http
s://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118). JSTOR 2054828 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/205482
8). S2CID 164018245 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164018245).
 Sharma, Jagdish Saran, ed. (1981). Encyclopaedia Indica (https://books.google.com/books?
id=PQkMAAAAIAAJ). OCLC 8033900 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8033900).
OL 13760440M (https://openlibrary.org/books/OL13760440M). Archived (https://web.archive.
org/web/20230422165944/https://books.google.com/books?id=PQkMAAAAIAAJ) from the
original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
Shinn, Larry D; Bromley, David G (1989). Krishna consciousness in the West. Lewisburg
[Pa.]: Bucknell University Press. ISBN 0-8387-5144-X.
"Sing, Dance and Pray: The Inspirational story of Srila Prabhupada" (https://singdancepray.c
om/). Singdancepray.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220719140710/https://si
ngdancepray.com/) from the original on 19 July 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022.

External links
Bhaktivedanta Vedabase (https://vedabase.io/en/) – Official online multilingual library of A.
C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (https://curlie.org/Society/Religion_and_Spiritualit
y/Hinduism/Gurus_and_Saints/Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada/) at Curlie
A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4152034/) at IMDb
BNF 118918976 (http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118918976.public) – Bhaktivedanta
Swami, A. C. (1896–1977)
A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n7913313
3/) in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Works by or about A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (https://archive.org/search.php?
query=%28%28A.+C.+Bhaktivedanta+Swami+Prabhupada%29%20OR%20%28%221896-
1977%22%20AND%20Prabhupada%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at
Internet Archive

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