Determination of surface area and volume of a sphere:

C r B

R
h
θ
O A
D

Here, OD = BC = r, BD = OC = h, OA = OB = R
Now, in the right triangle ∆OBD,
OD r BD h
cos θ= = ⇒ r= R cos θ and sin θ= = ⇒ h=R sin θ
OB R OB R

We know that, dV = A dh=π r 2 dh [∵ A =π r 2 ] =π (R cos θ)2 d (R sin θ)

2 2 2 2 3 2
⇒ dV =π R cos θ d ( R sin θ)=π R cos θ R d (sin θ )=π R cos θ d (sin θ )
3 2 3 3
⇒ dV =π R cos θ (cos θ dθ) [∵ d (sin θ)=cos θ dθ ] =π R cos θ dθ
V π π π
2 2 2 3 2
πR
⇒∫ dV =∫ π R 3 cos3 θ dθ=π R 3∫ cos3 θ dθ= ∫ 4 cos3 θ dθ
0 0 0 4 0
π π
3 2 3 2
πR
=
4
∫ 4 cos3 θ dθ= π 4R ∫ (cos 3 θ+3 cos θ) dθ [∵ 4 cos3 θ=cos 3 θ+3 cos θ ]
0 0
π π
3 2 3 2
πR
=
4
∫ (cos 3 θ dθ+3 cos θ dθ)= π 4R ∫ (cos 3 θ dθ +3 cosθ dθ)
0 0

1
 V π π
2 3 2 3 2
πR
⇒∫ dV =
4
∫ cos 3 θ dθ+ 3 π4R ∫ cos θ dθ
0 0 0

[ ]
V 3 π 3 π 3 π 3 π
π R sin 3 θ 3πR
⇒ [V ] =0
2
+ [ sin θ ]02 = π R [ sin 3 θ ] 02 + 3 π R [ sin θ ]02
2
4 3 0 4 4×3 4
V π R3 3π 3 π R3 π
⇒ −0= (sin −sin 0)+ (sin −sin 0)
2 12 2 4 2
3 3 3 3
V πR 3π R π R 3π R 3 1 3 2 3
⇒ = (−1−0)+ (1−0)=− + =( − ) π R = π R
2 12 4 12 4 4 12 3
2 3 4 3
⇒ V =2× π R ∴ V = π R
3 3

We also know that, dA= p ds=2 πr d ( Rθ) [∵ p=2 πr and s=Rθ]=2 πrR dθ
2
⇒ dA=2 π ( R cos θ) R dθ [∵ r= R cos θ] =2 πR cos θ dθ
A π π
2 2 2 A π

⇒∫ dA=∫ 2 πR cosθ dθ=2 πR ∫ cos θ dθ ⇒ [ A ] =2 πR [ sin θ ]

2 2 2 2 2
0 0
0 0 0
A 2 π A 2 2 2
⇒( −0)=2 πR (sin −sin 0) ⇒ =2 πR (1−0)=2 πR ∴ A=4 πR
2 2 2