International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Engineering (ECCE), February 16-18, 2017, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

Power Quality Improvement by using Shunt Hybrid

Active Power Filter
Rashik Tahmid1, Shameem Ahmad2
1
UG Student Dept. of EEE, FE, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB),
2Lecturer. Dept. of EEE, FE, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB),
Banani, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh.
rashiktahmid91@gmail.com

Abstract— This paper presents D-Q Synchronous Reference
Frame (SRF) current control method in order to generate the
required reference current for 3-phase 4-wire shunt hybrid active
power filter (SHAPF) to solve harmonics problem in power
system network. Here, the passive elements of SHAPF have been
used for compensation of reactive power and to eliminate the
lower order harmonics and the active part have been used for the
higher order harmonics. A modified phase lock loop (PLL) has
been used to handle the double frequency element of non-ideal
voltages. All the simulation for achieving the goal have been
conducted in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment for ideal and
unbalanced mains voltage conditions. From the simulation
results it has been seen that the implementation of proposed D-Q
SRF based SHAPF resulted in reduced THD in the power system
network both in balanced and unbalanced conditions.
Keywords— Phase Lock Loop, PI controller, SRF, THD, SHAPF.
considered in this paper for its effective operation. There are
so many control schemes to accomplish the desired results.
But among them SRF (Synchronous Reference Frame) is one
of the most conventional and practically applicable methods
[5-10]. For doing the synchronization SRF requires a PLL
circuit. Though the performance of conventional PLL is low,
that’s why a control scheme of Synchronous Reference Frame
method with the modified PLL has been represented in the
paper.
II. HYBRID POWER FACTOR TOPOLOGY
The proposed hybrid filter structure is shown in fig 1. It is a
combination with a shunt passive filter and a shunt active
filter. APF works with a combination of 3-leg inverter with
two splitted capacitor.

I. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, relating to power quality there are so many
issues which have become so severe to many non-linear
equipment. Due to their highly usage, the systems are
becoming so much contaminated and the whole things have
become so sensitive. These things happen because of the
excess amount of harmonics in the system and this harmonics
causes undesired power losses in electrical equipment. Several
methods have been developed to reduce the power quality
problem by eliminating the harmonics.
Passive filters can be a solution in such cases as they are
simple and less expensive. But this filter has some several
drawbacks including drawbacks including fixed
compensation, bulky devices and the resonance problem of the
L-C filters. Hence, Active Power Filter (APF) has been
developed for complete compensation of distortions. For this
power quality issue Active Power Filters have been considered
as an effective solution. APFs have the ability of compensate
the harmonics and also have the quality to convert the
unbalanced load to a balanced [1, 2]. Different types of APFs Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of 3-phase 4-wire SHAPF
have been proposed to improve the power system quality, but
these got drawbacks like high in cost and rating constraints by It is designed with the combination of 1phase and 3phase
power devices. loads in a parallel connection that has been considered as a
Shunt Hybrid filter topology has been chosen which is a non-linear and unbalanced load for a 3-phase 4-wire
combination of a parallel-connected passive filter and a small distribution system. Through an inductor the inner point of
rated active filter [3, 4]. This configuration has been every branch is connected to the power network which will

381
help to filter the ripples of inverter current. At the 5th harmonic ªV º ª V − Sin ( 2θ ^ ) º
So, « d » ≈ « (6)
tuned frequency, the LC passive filter is connected in shunt to ^ »
¬Vq ¼ ¬ − V + V Cos ( 2θ )¼
+ −
the power line before the load. This provides a low impedance
trap for harmonics to which the filter is tuned.
Here 2θ ^ is the double frequency to be eliminated. It is the
basic concept of the modified PLL structure.
III. PROPOSED CONTROL ALGORITHM

A. PLL
The improved PLL which have been developed in this
study is shown in Fig 2. This has been chosen for the
determination of positive sequence components with stability
and rapidity.
For non-ideal main voltage:

º ªV a º ªV a º ªV a 0 º
+ −
ªV sa (1)
Vsabc = «V sb » = V + + V − » + «V »
« » «
« » « b » « b » « b0 »
«¬V sc »¼ «V c + » «V c _ » «¬V c 0 »¼
«¬ »¼ «¬ »¼

ªSinθ + º ªSinθ − º Fig 2: PLL Block Diagram

« » −« » (2)
= V «Sin(θ − 2π / 3)» + V «Sin(θ + 2π / 3)» + Vo
+ + −

«Sin(θ + + 2π / 3)» «Sin(θ − − 2π / 3 » B. Generation of Reference Current

¬ ¼ ¬ ¼
Using a hall-effect current sensor three phase load currents
have been measured and converted into d-q-0 by means of
Using transform, the voltage vectors are like below:
ª 2π 2π º
ªVα º « sin( ω s t ) sin(ω s t − 3 ) sin(ω s t + 3 ) »
Vαβ = « » = [Tαβ ]V sabc (3) ªi d º « » ª I La º
(7)
«i » = 2 «cos( ω t ) cos(ω t − 2π ) cos(ω t + 2π ) » « I »
¬V β ¼ « » 3« 3 »« »
q s s s Lb
3
ª −1 −1º ¬« i 0 ¼» « 1 1 1 » Lc ¼»
«
¬ I
Where, «1 2 2 » «¬ 2 2 2 »¼
[ T αβ ]= 2 « »
3 3 3»
«0
¬« 2 2 ¼» Here, Ȧst is considered as the transformation-angle of the
positive sequence source voltage and is delivered by the phase
lock loop.
So,
ªVα º ª V + Sinθ + + V + Sinθ − º (4) After the load currents id and iq are found, they are allowed to
Vαβ = « » = « + −»
¬Vβ ¼ ¬− V Cosθ + V Cosθ ¼
+ −
pass over a low pass filter in order to separate the AC and DC
part. By separating these parts the active and reactive
For the d-q transform: fundamental current components (id-DC, iq-AC) are obtained.
The filtered active and non-active currents from equation 8 are
ªV d º used in order to generate the accurate references to the
V dq = « » = [T dq ]V αβ modulator:
¬V q ¼
ª i d AC º ªid º ª i d DC º (8)
= ª Cos θ
^
Sin θ ^ º ª V + Sin θ + + V + Sin θ − º « i AC » = « » − « i DC »
¬ q ¼ i
¬ q¼ ¬ q ¼
« »« »
¬ − Sin θ Cos θ ^ ¼ ¬ − V + Cos θ + + V − Cos θ − ¼
^

Then the a-b-c frame reference currents are:

= ª V Sin(θ − θ ) + V Sin(θ + θ ) º
+ + ^ − − ^
(5)
« ^ »
¬ − V Cos(θ − θ ) + V Cos(θ + θ )¼
+ + ^ − −
ª º
ª i ar º « sin( ω s t ) cos( ω s t ) »
(9)
The estimated phase angle= θ ^ , positive sequence voltage « i » = « sin( ω t − 2 π ) cos( ω s t −
2π » ª id AC º
« br » « s )» « »
phase angle = θ + and negative sequence voltage phase angle «¬ icr »¼ «
3 3 » ¬ i q DC ¼
= θ − ; assuming θ ^ ≈ ω t . PLL successfully tracks the phase at « sin( ω t + 2 π ) cos( ω s t +
2π
)»
«¬ s
3 3 »¼
θ ^ =θ + =θ −.

382
C. DC Link Capacitor Voltage Control 2

The control loop of DC voltage through PI controller is 1.5

presented in Fig. 3. The capacitor voltage can be chosen 1

load current(amps)
from: 0.5

πI f
C dc =
-0.5
(10)
3..ω.Vdc ( p − p ) max -1

-1.5

To control inverter current actively the nominal DC bus -2

4.9 4.92 4.94 4.96 4.98 5

voltage Vdc should be selected asV S < V dc ≤ 2V S . time(sec)

(a)
Gate Pulse
Gate Pulse
Fundamental (50Hz) = 1.847 , THD= 27.67%

20

Mag (% of Fundamental)
icf ibf iaf Hysteresis
APF Control 15

10
iar ibr icr
Imax
Vdc Reference 5
_ Rate
LPF + PI limiter
Current
Generator 0
0 50 100 150 200
Vdc
Harmonic order
ref

Fig 3: DC Voltage Optimization with PI Controller (b)

IV. SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 4

3
Using the power system blockset in MATLAB-Simulink
2
for a 3-phase 4-wire power network with shunt active and
load current(amps)

shunt passive filter the simulation results are obtained for both 1

balanced source and unbalanced source conditions of power 0

system network. The parameters for SHAPF which are used -1

have been listed in Table 1. -2

-3

A. Balanced Source Condition -4

4.9 4.92 4.94 4.96 4.98 5
time(sec)
Considering the balanced source and balanced load case,
the proposed controller shows the effective results for (c)
compensation of the current harmonics. With a constant load
the simulation time is taken from t=4.9 to t=5 sec in steady Fundamental (50Hz) = 2.783 , THD= 9.98%
state condition. The load current and its FFT spectrum is given
in Figure 4(a) and 4(b), which is highly non-linear in nature.
M ag (% of Fundamental)

4
After connecting the passive filter, though the lower order
harmonics are reduced, the existence of non-linearity and 3
distortion still remaining, this is presented in Figure 4(c). The
load current after insertion of the active filter total 2

compensation with PI controller is as shown in Figure 4(e). 1

From Figure 4(f) it is totally seen that the THD became below
5% according to the IEEE format [11]. 0
0 50 100 150 200
Harmonic order

(d)

383
 15
represents the appropriate THD, below 5%. The source
voltage became fully balanced after connecting SHAPF and it
10 is shown in Fig 5 (h).
150
5
Load current(amp)

100
0

source voltage(volts)
50

-5
0

-10 -50

-15 -100
4.9 4.91 4.92 4.93 4.94 4.95 4.96 4.97 4.98 4.99 5
Time(s)
-150
4.9 4.91 4.92 4.93 4.94 4.95 4.96 4.97 4.98 4.99 5
Time(sec)
(e)
(a)

Fundamental (50Hz) = 9.498 , THD= 3.50% 2.5

0.45
2
0.4
1.5

0.35 1
M ag (% of F undam ental)

load current(amp)
0.3 0.5

0.25 0

-0.5
0.2
-1
0.15
-1.5
0.1
-2
0.05
-2.5
4.95 4.955 4.96 4.965 4.97 4.975 4.98 4.985 4.99 4.995 5
0 Time(sec)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Harmonic order
(b)
(f)
Fundamental (50Hz) = 2.242 , THD= 21.07%
250
16

14
200

12
M ag (% of Fundam ental)
dc voltage(volt)

150
10

8
100

50
4

2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Time(sec) 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Harmonic order
(g)
Fig. 4. Balanced source condition (a) load current without filter, (b) THD (c)
without any filter, (c) load current with passive filter, (d) THD with passive
filter, (e) load current with SHAPF, (f) THD with SHAPF, (g) DC voltage 5

3
B. Unbalanced Source Condition 2

For the unbalanced source Fig 5(a) represents the source

load current(amp)

voltage is fully unbalanced. Fig 5(b) shows the load current 0

which is fully non-linear. After doing the FFT analysis the -1

THD has been shown in Fig 5(c). After insertion of passive -2

filter the load current has started to become linear in nature -3

which is represented in Fig 5(d) as well as the THD after -4

connecting passive filter has shown in Fig 5(e). The load -5

4.9 4.91 4.92 4.93 4.94 4.95 4.96 4.97 4.98 4.99 5
current after insertion of the SHAPF total compensation with Time(sec)

PI controller is shown in Fig 5(f). The FFT analysis after (d)

connecting SHAPF has been shown in Fig 5(g) which

384
 250
Fundamental (50Hz) = 3.293 , THD= 15.41%
14

200
12
Mag (% of Fundamental)

10

dc voltage(volt)
150

100
6

4
50

0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Harmonic order Time(sec)

(i)
(e)
Fig. 5. Unbalanced Source Condition (a) unbalanced source voltage, (b) load
15 current without any filter, (c) THD without any filter, (d) load current with
passive filter, (e) THD with passive filter (f) load current with SHAPF, (g)
10 THD with SHAPF, (h) source voltage became balanced with SHAPF,
(i) DC voltage
5
load current(amp)

TABLE I. SIMULATION PARAMETER

0
Parameters Values
-5
Source Impedance R = 0.01Ÿ, L = 2 mH
-10 Load Impedance 3-phase diode rectifier R = 80 Ÿ, L =
60 mH
-15
4.9 4.91 4.92 4.93 4.94 4.95 4.96 4.97 4.98 4.99 5
1-phase diode rectifier R= 4 Ÿ, L=2
Time(sec) mH
Passive Filter 5th harmonic tuned, R=0.2 Ÿ, L=5mH,
(f) C=60ȝF
Shunt APF R=0.001Ÿ, L=2mH,
Fundamental (50Hz) = 9.741 , THD= 3.50% Two DC link capacitor =2100ȝF,
1.8 Vdc =220 V
1.6

1.4 Source Voltage 100V(r.m.s), 50 Hz

M ag (% of Fundam ental)

1.2

0.8

V. CONCLUSION
0.6

0.4

0.2 In this paper based on SRF method, a control technique for

0
shunt hybrid active power filter (SHAPF) has been designed to
0 20 40 60 80 100
Harmonic order
120 140 160 180 200
improve power quality. A modified PLL is developed and
effectively employed in order to grid voltage synchronization
(g) under balanced and unbalanced conditions. For two different
100
source conditions (balanced & unbalanced) the THD has been
80
found 3.50%. The load current is found linear after using
60
SHAPF for both different sources. Therefore, with the
40
combination of PI and modified SRF theory approach, SHAPF
can be considered as a reliable harmonic reducer for its fast
source voltage(volts)

20

0
response and high quality of filtering.
-20

VI.
-40
SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK
-60

-80 PI controller is used here to maintain the DC link capacitor

-100 voltage. Improved controller like neuro-fuzzy controller or
4.95 4.955 4.96 4.965 4.97 4.975 4.98 4.985 4.99 4.995 5
Time(sec) some optimization techniques can be used to reduce the
(h) settling time, steady state error and overshoot.

385
 Instead of conventional hysteresis controller fuzzy adaptive
hysteresis can be more effective for avoiding spikes of the
generated gate pulse.
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