Determination of surface area and volume of a torus:

R r

F
B A H
t
k
r h
m θ
E D C O G I
R

Here, EI = R, ED = DI = r, OI = OH = OF = OB = OD = k, CD = GI = m,
BC = GH = h, AB = AH = OC = OG = t
R−r
EI =ED + DO+OI ⇒ R=r +k +k =r +2 k ⇒ 2 k =R−r ∴ k =
2
Now, EG = ED + DC + CO + OG = r + m + t + t = r + m + 2t
EC = ED + DC = r + m, OD=OC +CD ⇒ k=t +m
GH h OG t
Also, sin θ= = ⇒ h=k sin θ and cos θ= = ⇒ t =k cos θ
OH k OH k
∴ The area of the selected disk, A=π EG2 −π EC2 =π (r +m+2 t )2−π (r +m)2
2 2
=π {(r +m+2 t) −(r +m) }= π (r +m+2 t +r +m)(r +m+2 t−r −m)
=π (2 r +2 m+2 t )(2 t )=2 πt ×2(r +m+t )=4 πt (r +m+t )=4 πt (r +k ) [∵ k =t +m]

We know that, dV = A dh=4 πt (r +k ) dh [∵ A=4 πt (r +k )]

1
=4 πk cos θ(r +k )d (k sin θ) [∵ t=k cos θ , h=k sin θ ]
2
dV =4 πk cos θ (r +k ) d (k sin θ )=4 πk (r+ k) cos θ d (sin θ )
2 2 2
=4 πk (r+ k) cos θ(cos θ dθ) [∵ d (sin θ)=cos θ dθ ] =4 πk (r+ k) cos θ dθ
V π π
2 2 2

⇒∫ dV =∫ 4 πk (r +k )cos θ dθ=2 πk (r+ k )∫ 2 cos θ dθ

2 2 2 2

0 0 0
π π π
2 2 2
=2 πk (r +k )∫ (cos 2 θ+1)dθ=2 πk (r +k )(∫ cos 2θ dθ +∫ dθ)
2 2

0 0 0

[ ]
V π π
sin 2 θ
V sin π −sin 0 π
⇒ [ V ] =2 πk 2 (r +k )(
2
0 +[ θ ] )⇒
=2 πk 2 (r +k )(
2 2
0 + )
0 2 2 2 2
2
V 2 π 2 2 2 R−r R−r R−r
⇒ =2 πk (r +k )× =π k (r +k )=π ( ) (r + ) [∵ k= ]
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 ( R−r) R+r π π 2 2
=π × × = ×(R−r )( R−r )( R+r )= ×( R−r)( R −r )
4 2 8 8
2 2
π 2 2 π 2 2
⇒ V =2× ×( R−r)(R −r ) ∴V = (R −r )( R−r)
8 4

We also know that, dA= p dS=(2 π EG) dS=2 π (r +m+2 t )d (kθ) [∵ S=kθ]
=2 π {r +(m+t)+t } kdθ=2 πk (r +k +t )dθ [∵ k =m+t ]=2 πk (r+ k +k cos θ) dθ
2 2 2 2
=(2 πrk +2 πk +2 πk cos θ)dθ=(2 πrk +2 πk )dθ+2 πk cos θ dθ
A
2 π π π π
⇒∫ dA=∫ 2 πk (r +k )dθ+∫ 2 πk cos θ dθ=2 πk (r +k )∫ dθ +2 πk ∫ cos θ dθ
2 2

0 0 0 0 0
A
π A π
⇒ [ A ] =2 πk (r+ k ) [ θ ] 0 +2πk [ sin θ ] 0 ⇒
2 2 2
o =2 πk (r+ k)×π +2 πk (sin π −sin 0)
2
A 2 2 2 2 R−r R−r
⇒ =2 π k (r +k )+2 πk (0−0)=2 π k (r +k )=2 π ( )(r + )
2 2 2
A 2 R+r 2 2 2 2
⇒ =π ( R−r )( ) ⇒ A=π ( R−r )( R+r) ∴ A=π (R −r )
2 2