LESSON XLVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . §224 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

page 207

48 LESSON XLVIII

48.1 The negative adjective

224. The negative adjective, related to the negative pronoun neniu, is nenia: no
kind of, no sort of, expressing a negative idea concerning the quality of a
person or thing:

Mi havas nenian spegulon. I have no sort of mirror.

Nenia problemo estas tro malfacila No sort of problem is too difficult for
por li. him.

48.2 The negative adverb of place

225. The negative adverb of place is nenie: nowhere. The ending -n may be added,
as to other adverbs (121), to indicate direction:

Nenie estas pli bona maŝino. Nowhere is there a better machine.

Mi iros nenien morgaŭ. I shall go nowhere tomorrow.

48.3 The negative temporal adverb

226. The negative adverb of time is neniam: never, at no time:

Neniam vivis pli fama filozofo. There never lived a more famous
philosopher.
Vi neniam trovos tiajn ŝraŭbojn You will never find that kind of sc-
aŭ cilindrojn. rews or cylinders.

48.4 The suffix -a̂-

227. The suffix -a̂- is used to form concrete words. It is thus in contrast to the
abstract-forming suffix -ec- (202).
a. A word formed from a verbal root by means of the suffix -a̂- expresses a
concrete example of a thing which undergoes (or, in the case of intransitives,
 LESSON XLVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . §228 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 208

results from) the action indicated in the root:

konstrua̂o a building kreska̂o a plant, a growth

senda̂o consignment, thing sent rebrila̂o a reflection
manĝa̂o food resta̂o remainder

b. A word formed from an adjectival root or formation by means of the suffix

-a̂- indicates a thing characterized by or possessing the quality expressed in
the root or formation to which it is attached:

bela̂o a thing of beauty mirinda̂o a marvel

maljusta̂o an injustice okazinta̂o an occurrence

c. A word formed from a noun-root by means of the suffix -a̂- indicates a

thing made or derived from that which is expressed in the root:

sukera̂o a sweet, confection ora̂o a gold object

ova̂o an omelet aranea̂o a spider-web

48.5 The adverb jen

228. The adverb jen: behold, here, there, is used to point out or call attention to
something:

Jen estas la problemo! There is the problem!

Jen la filozofo! Behold the philosopher!
Jen ŝi ludas, jen ŝi studas. Now she plays, now she studies.
Mi faris ĝin jene. I did it as follows.
Mi agis laŭ la jena metodo. I acted in the following way.
Li diris la jenajn vortojn. He spoke the following words.