Example 4.

13
A gravity thickener receives sludge at a flow rate of 42.67 m3/day (see example
4.12). The total mass of volatile suspended solids of the sludge is 400 kg/day. Find
the surface area of the thickener.
Solution
Let hydraulic surface loading =25 m3/m2.day
𝑄 42.67
ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = →𝐴= = 1.707 𝑚2
𝐴 25
 Check solid loading;
400
 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = 234.3 𝑘𝑔 𝑉𝑆𝑆 /𝑚2 . 𝑑𝑎𝑦 > 80 kg VSS /m2 . day
1.707

Not O.K
Let solid loading= 80 kg VSS /m2.day
400
𝐴= = 5𝑚2
80
Example 4.14
A sewage treatment plant serves a population of 100000. It is composed of two
anaerobic digesters and 20 drying beds. Find the volume of each digester and the
surface area of each drying bed.
Solution
For digesters;
Volume criteria = 0.075 to 0.112 m3/capita (for primary plus activated sludge)
Let digester volume= 0.1m3/capita
∴ 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 = 0.1 × 100000 = 10000𝑚3
10000
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 = = 5000 𝑚3
2
For drying beds;
Area requirement = 0.16 to 0.275 m2/capita

1
Let drying beds area= 0.2 m2/capita
∴ 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑑𝑠 = 0.2 × 100000 = 20000 𝑚2
20000
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑑 = = 1000 𝑚2
20
Example 4.15
A wastewater plant produces 1000 kg of dry solids per day at moisture content of
95%. The solids are 70% volatile with a specific gravity of 1.05 and 30% nonvolatile
with specific gravity of 2.5. Determine the sludge volume
a. As produced.
b. After digestion, the digester reduces the volatile solids content by 50% and
decreases the moisture content by 90%.
c. After dewatering to 75% moisture.
d. After drying to 10% moisture.
e. After incineration (only the nonvolatile solids remain).
Solution
(a) Produced sludge volume
𝑀𝑊
𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 100
𝑀𝑊 +𝑀𝑆

𝑀𝑤
95 = × 100 → 𝑀𝑤 = 19000𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑤 + 1000

The mass of total solids is 1000 kg of which 700 kg (70%) volatile and at sp. gr. of
1.05 (ρ=1.05×1000=1050 kg/m3), thus;
700
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 = = 0.667 𝑚3
1050
The mass of nonvolatile solids=1000-700= 300 kg at sp. gr. of 2.5
(ρ=2.5×1000=2500 kg/m3), thus;
300
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 = = 0.12 𝑚3
2500
2
Mass of water=19000 kg
19000
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = = 19 𝑚3
1000
∴ 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑔𝑒
= 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 + 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠
+ 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 19 + 0.667 + 0.12 = 19.787 𝑚3
(b) After digestion;
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 0.5 × 700 = 350 𝑘𝑔
∴ 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡
= 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 + 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 300 + 350 = 650 𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑊
𝑀𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 = × 100
𝑀𝑊 + 𝑀𝑆
𝑀𝑤
90 = × 100 → 𝑀𝑤 = 5850𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑤 + 650
350
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 = = 0.333 𝑚3
1050
300
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 = = 0.12 𝑚3
2500
5850
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = = 5.85 𝑚3
1000

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 5.85 + 0.333 + 0.12 = 6.303 𝑚3

(c) After dewatering to 75% moisture;

𝑀𝑤
75 = × 100 → 𝑀𝑤 = 1950𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑤 + 650

3
 350
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 = = 0.333 𝑚3
1050
300
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 = = 0.12 𝑚3
2500
1950
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = = 1.95 𝑚3
1000
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 1.95 + 0.333 + 0.12 = 2.403 𝑚3
(d) after drying to 10% moisture;
𝑀𝑤
10 = × 100 → 𝑀𝑤 = 72.2𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑤 + 650
350
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 = = 0.333 𝑚3
1050
300
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 = = 0.12 𝑚3
2500
72.2
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = = 0.072 𝑚3
1000
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 0.072 + 0.333 + 0.12 = 0.525 𝑚3
(e) After incineration (only the nonvolatile solids remain).
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 = 0.12𝑚3