Francisco, Andrew Chester A.

BSCE 3

FILTRATION PROCESS OF:

 CONVENTIONAL SAND FILTRATION

The process of conventional sand filtration involves presettling, coagulation, sedimentation,
filtration, and disinfection processes, which can effectively remove high levels of impurities
commonly present in surface waters. It is costly and requires skilled manpower for construction,
operation and maintenance.

 MULTI MEDIA SAND FILTRATION

Multimedia sand filters are a low-cost method preferred for the removal of suspended solids
such as silt, clay, colloidal in water. It filters the organic and inorganic solids that may cause
turbidity from the water and makes them usable. Since the multimedia system has different
layers, it can easily filter the polluting factors in the water. The incoming waste stream enters the
top of the filter vessels. As the wastewater travels downward through the filter media, the solids
become trapped in the media bed while the water passes through. The clean effluent exits
through an outlet header for further treatment or discharge. As the solids build on the media,
the pressure inside the filter builds. At a certain pressure, the media has reached a loading
capacity and needs to be backwashed. The backwash mode reverses the flow of the water
through one filter at a time. The water enters the bottom of the vessel which expands the filter
 media and releases the captured solids. Once all the vessels are backwashed, the filters return
back to original filtration capacity.

 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE UP-FLOW FILTER

Pressure filters are similar in bed construction to rapid gravity filters, except that they are
contained in a steel pressure vessel. Perforated pipes or a steel plate with nozzles are used for
collecting the filtered water and for distribution of the washwater and air scour. The steel
pressure vessel is cylindrical, arranged horizontally or ijjjj JJ kj JJ jjjjjjj JJ j in jjjjjjjjjj join jjjj JJ jjjj
J ijjjj jjj join jj. With a pipe lateral underdrain system the bottom of the vessel is usually filled with
concrete so as to obtain a flat base.

 PRESSURE TYPE FILTER

Pressure water treatment filter is a RSF contained under pressure in a steel tank, which may be
vertical or horizontal, depending on the space available. Similar to gravity filters, the media in
pressure filter is usually sand or a combination of media also called multimedia filters. Filtration
rates are similar to gravity filters. The below figure shows the details of vertical and horizontal
pressure water treatment filters.
Top: Vertical pressure filter, Bottom: Horizontal pressure filter
These filters are commonly used for iron and manganese removal from groundwater, which is
first aerated to oxidize the iron or manganese present, then pumped through the filter to
remove the suspended material. Pressure filters are also used in swimming pool for recirculation
water treatment. Regardless of the method of control, the water filter eventually fills with
suspended material. At some time, usually after 15 to 30 hours, it will need to be backwashed
similar to rapid sand filter to clean the media and restore the normal rate of filtration.