1

SBA # YY MM DD
8 2023 06 20
Jai Shahani

Title: Rate Curves and Rate of Reactions

Hypothesis: If the reaction moves ahead and continues, then the rate of the reaction will
decrease.

Aim: To investigate how the rate of a reaction changes as it continues.

Material/Apparatus:

● Calcium carbonate ● 100cm3 measuring ● Bung

crystals cylinder
● Delivery tube
● Hydrochloric acid ● 50cm3 measuring
cylinder ● Water
● Large plastic
container ● Retort stand ● Stopwatch

● Beehive shelf ● Conical flask ● Electronic scale

● Calcium carbonate
Procedure:

1. 75% of the plastic container was filled with water.

2. The beehive shelf was placed in the container.
3. A 100 cm³ measuring cylinder was filled to the brim with water and made sure there was
no air inside.
4. The measuring cylinder was placed upside down on top of the beehive shelf.
5. A retort stand was placed next to the measuring cylinder and clamped in place.
6. 4g of calcium carbonate was measured using an electronic scale.
7. The 4g of calcium carbonate was poured into the conical flask.
8. 30 cm³ of hydrochloric acid was measured in a measuring cylinder.
9. The acid was poured into the conical flask quickly.
10. The conical flask was quickly corked with the bung.
11. Every 15 seconds, the volume of gas in the measuring cylinder was measured until it
stayed constant for three consecutive measurements.
12. All results were recorded in a table.
13. The average rate of reaction during the first and second minutes was found using the
graph.

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SBA # YY MM DD
8 2023 06 20
Jai Shahani

Diagram:

DIAGRAM SHOWING SET UP OF GAS SYRINGE

Observations/Results:

Table showing the volume of gas produced every 15 seconds

Time (s) Volume of gas (dm3)

15 0

30 0.1

45 0.1

60 0.3

75 0.5

90 0.5

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SBA # YY MM DD
8 2023 06 20
Jai Shahani

105 1.5

120 2.2

135 3

150 5

165 6

180 8

195 9.5

210 11

225 13

240 14.5

255 16

270 18

285 19.5

300 21.5

315 22.5

330 24.5

345 25.5

360 27

375 29.5

390 31

405 33

420 35

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SBA # YY MM DD
8 2023 06 20
Jai Shahani

435 37

450 38

465 39.5

480 42

495 43

510 45

525 47

540 48.5

555 50.5

570 52

585 54

600 56

615 57

630 59

645 62

660 64

675 65

690 67.5

705 70

720 72

735 75

750 76.5

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SBA # YY MM DD
8 2023 06 20
Jai Shahani

765 77

780 80

795 82

810 84

825 86

840 89

855 91

870 93

885 96

900 97

915 100

Graph showing the volume of gas over time

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SBA # YY MM DD
8 2023 06 20
Jai Shahani

Analysis:

The reaction between 4.0 g of calcium carbonate crystals and 30cm3 of 0.3 mol dm3
hydrochloric acid was analyzed in this experiment to determine how the rate of the reaction
changed as it progressed. Effervescence was noticed during the reaction, suggesting the
formation of carbon dioxide gas. The chemical reaction between calcium carbonate and
hydrochloric acid produced calcium chloride, carbon dioxide gas, and water. The balanced
equation for this reaction is: CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O.

The rate of reaction was determined by measuring the volume of gas generated over time. The
gas generated during the reaction was collected and measured using the beehive shelf and the
inverted measuring cylinder. The reaction rate gradually dropped until it ultimately leveled off,
indicating that the reaction had been completed. To determine the amount of carbon dioxide
produced, the number of moles of CaCO3 was calculated.

The molar mass of CaCO3= 40g/mol + 12g/mol + (3*16)g/mol= 100g/mol

4g/100g/mol= 0.04mol
0.04mol of CaCO3= CO2= 0.04mol

To convert moles to volume, the molar volume of a gas at RTP was used.
24dm3./mol= 24000 ml/mol
0.04*24000= 960mL

The gas volume measurements were taken and the data was used to plot a graph. The average
rate of reaction was obtained by evaluating the slope of the graph during the first and second
minutes.

Sources of Error: Human error could have occurred when taking recordings from the measuring
cylinder and or when taking the recording at each interval.

Precautions: Precautions taken were being cautious with the chemicals and opening the
windows.

Limitations: The temperature could have affected how fast or slow the calcium carbonate
reacted with the hydrochloric acid.

Conclusion: In conclusion, when the reaction moves ahead and continues, the rate of the
reaction decreases.

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 7
SBA # YY MM DD
8 2023 06 20
Jai Shahani

Reflection: I learned that the chemical reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric
acid produces calcium chloride, carbon dioxide gas, and water. I learned that when the reaction
moves ahead and continues, the rate of the reaction decreases.

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