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CHAPTER 08
Transport in
Humans
Chapter Transport in Humans
8
8.1 The Need for a Transport System

8.2 Structure and Composition of Blood
8.3 Functions of Blood
8.4 The Circulatory System
8.5 Double Circulation in Mammals
8.6 Coronary Heart Disease
Learning Outcome
After this section, you should be able to:
• understand why a transport system is required for
multicellular organisms.
Transport of materials in unicellular

organisms
• Unicellular organisms do not need a transport system
for exchange or distribution of materials.
• No part of the cell is far from environment outside.
• Exchange of materials occurs easily by ___________.
Between cell & environment Within the cell
Uptake of Movement
nutrients, oxygen of materials
Removal of
waste products
Transport in multicellular organisms

• In multicellular organisms, diffusion is inadequate for
transport.
Multicellular animal, e.g.
mammal Larger body, with reduced
surface area to volume ratio
Cells are located deeper in the

body, further away from the
external environment
• A transport system is required in larger organisms.

8

Learning Outcomes
• state the various components of blood; and
• describe the features of different types of blood
cells.
What does blood contain?

• Blood is a fluid tissue.
• It is made up of ____________, _______________,

_______________ and ______________.
plasma (55% of blood)
Centrifugation white blood cells

and platelets 45% of
blood
red blood cells

Plasma
About 90% water in which the following are dissolved
and transported:
• proteins such as _________, __________ and antibodies;
• _______________ such as chlorides and sulfates of

calcium and sodium;
• food substances such as ____________, ______________

and _______________;
• waste products such as __________, ____________ and

_______________; and
• hormones.
Red blood cells or erythrocytes
• Constitute 99%
cells in the blood
• Produced in the destroyed
_______________ produces in
• Destroyed in the
_______________ Red blood
cells Spleen
• Limited lifespan of
120 days Bone marrow
Features of red blood cells
• Filled with red pigment

_______________
Sectional view Surface view
(essential for binding
oxygen)
• _______________
(allows more
haemoglobin to be
packed into the cell)
• _______________ shape
Sectional view Surface view
(increases surface area to
volume ratio for efficient
uptake of oxygen)
• ______________ (enables
Biconcave in shape as it is
cells to squeeze through enucleated. Thus the
tiny blood capillaries) centre of the cell is thinner
than the edges.
White blood cells or leucocytes
• Larger than red blood cells
• Fewer in numbers compared to red blood cells
• Produced in the _______________
• Destroyed in the _______________

• Limited lifespan of a few days

• _______________ as they do not contain
haemoglobin
• _______________ and contain a _______________
• _______________ – they are able to move, change
their shape and squeeze through walls of thinnest
blood capillaries.
Types of white blood cells

Lymphocytes Phagocytes
• Large rounded nucleus • Lobed nucleus
• Small amount of • Granular cytoplasm
non-granular cytoplasm • Able to
• _______________ ___________________
against microorganisms foreign
particle
non-granular foreign
cytoplasm lobed particle
nucleus ingested
nucleus
granular
cytoplasm
Blood platelets or thrombocytes
• Not true cells

• Fragments of cytoplasm which are membrane
bound
• Important for the clotting of blood
• Life span of 6 days
8

Learning Outcomes
• state the function of the plasma in the transport of
various substances;
• state the role of red blood cells in the transport of
oxygen;
• describe the function of white blood cells in the
immune system; and
• state the role of platelets in blood clotting.
Functions of blood
• Transport function:
to ______________________________ from one
part of the body to another
• Protective function:
- to _________________ against disease-causing
organisms
- ______________ or ____________ prevents
entry of bacteria into the bloodstream and
excessive blood loss
Transport function of blood

Blood acts as a transport medium carrying various
substances:
• Digested food substances
• Excretory products (e.g. urea and carbon dioxide)
• Hormones
wall of blood capillary red blood cell
• Heat
• Oxygen
O2 nutrients
tissue cell heat CO2

Transport of oxygen to body cells

1 Blood passes through lungs,
oxygen _____________ from the
air sacs in the lungs into the
air sac blood.
2 Haemoglobin combines
with oxygen to form
blood __________________.
capillary
3 Blood _______________ to all
red blood cell the tissues of the body.
4 At the tissue cells, oxyhaemoglobin

oxygen ____________________________.
diffuses
into cell
Acclimatisation
• People living at _______________ have an

increased number of red blood cells.
• This increases the amount of haemoglobin in the

blood.
• _______________ can be transported to the body

cells per unit time.
Protective function of blood

Look, a
• Blood clotting wound!
• Phagocytosis
• Production of antibodies
bacteria
What happens when wound
we cut ourselves?
The clotting process

• Blood __________ when exposed to air.
• This seals the wound, prevents the entry of bacteria

and further loss of blood.
red blood
cell
clot
Damaged blood vessel
Damaged tissues and

platelets release an enzyme
known as ______________.
damaged
tissue
Thrombokinase converts prothrombi thrombokinase
_______________ to thrombin
n
calcium ions (active)
_________________. (inactive)
fibrinogen (soluble)
Thrombin converts soluble
_______________ to thrombin
insoluble _______________
which entangle blood cells
and form a clot.
long fibrin thread (insoluble)
Checkpoint
List the three main reactions in the process of blood clotting.
Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis is the process of engulfing and

ingesting foreign particles e.g. bacteria by
_______________ (a type of white blood cells).
• Phagocytes engulf (swallow) foreign particles such as

bacteria.
• The bacteria are ingested and digested in the

phagocyte.
bacteria
phagocyte
ingested
phagocyte bacteria
Production of antibodies
• Antibodies are produced by _______________.
• Antibodies bind to bacteria and cause their surface

membranes to _______________.
• Bacterial cells _______________ together in the

presence of antibodies.
• _______________ produced by bacteria are neutralised

by antibodies.
• Antibodies prevent viruses from binding to host cells.

Organ transplant and tissue rejection
• ___________________________ involves replacing

damaged or diseased tissue or organ with healthy
tissue or organ from the same person or a donor.
• The recipient may produce antibodies to destroy the

transplant.
• Ways to reduce the risk of _______________

include a _______________ and the use of
___________________________________.
8

Learning Outcomes
• state the components of the circulatory system in
Man; and
• relate the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries to
their functions.
Transport system in humans
• Also known as the

________________________ as it is
made up of heart and blood
vessels.
Also known as the _____________

______________ as blood circulates
around the body.
The Circulatory System in Man
Heart
A muscular pump which
pumps blood out of the
Veins heart into the circulation.
Many venules
unite to form Arteries
bigger veins Blood vessels that carry blood
which carry blood away from the heart.
towards the Aorta arteries _________
heart.
Venules
Capillaries are Capillaries
linked to small veins Microscopic blood vessels
called venules. that arise from branches of
the arterioles.
At the capillary bed

artery
___________ contains:
• oxygen
• glucose
vein
_______________ contains:
• CO2
• metabolic waste products
Checkpoint
Fill in the boxes in the figure and
use arrows to indicate the direction
of flow of blood.
blood flowing blood flowing

back to the heart from the heart
Types of blood vessels
artery capillary vein

• Carries blood • Allows • Carries blood
away from the exchange of towards the
heart materials heart
between blood
and tissue
How are blood vessels adapted for their function?

Arteries
• Transport ______________
_______________ from the
external layer of
heart to other organs in the connective tissue
body.
• Have ________, _________ middle layer of
smooth muscle
________ to support blood and elastic fibres
coming from heart which is
higher in pressure. wavy elastic
band
• Muscles contract and relax
to cause constriction and endothelium
dilation of the artery lumen
respectively.
Veins
• Transport _____________
external layer of
_______________ back to connective tissue
the heart.
middle layer of
• Have relatively __________ smooth muscle
_______________ as flow and elastic fibres
of blood is slower and
hence blood pressure is lumen endothelium
lower compared to arteries.

• Veins have _______________ to prevent blood

from flowing backwards.
• Valves are foldings of the inner walls of the veins.
direction of
flow of blood
valve open valve close

Capillaries
• Endothelium consists of a
_______________________
and the walls are partially Highly magnified capillary
permeable.
• Capillary network increases

_______________ and cut end of capillary showing
_____________________ single layer of endothelial cells
for more efficient exchange
of substances between
blood and cells.
Checkpoint
1. Fill up the table below.
Feature Arteries Veins Capillaries

Wall
Lumen
Valves
Checkpoint
2. Draw the structures of an artery, a vein and a
capillary.
8

Learning Outcomes

• understand double circulation in mammals;
• describe the structure and function of the heart;
• outline the cardiac cycle; and
• name the main blood vessels to and from the heart,
lungs, liver and kidney.
Double circulation
• Blood passes through the heart

_______________ as it moves pulmonary
from the __________________ circulation
__________ and into the
_______________.
systemic
circulation
What are the advantages of

having a double circulation?
Advantages of a double circulation

• Blood enters the pulmonary circulation at a low
pressure, ensuring sufficient time for blood to be
_________________ before returning to the heart.
blood
air sac in lungs
entering at
low pressure
O2 blood flows
more slowly,
more time to be
oxygenated
• Blood is pumped into the systemic circulation at

a high pressure, ensuring oxygenated blood is
________________ to all the tissues in the body.
blood at high pressure

quickly distributed to cells
CO2 O2
tissue
cell
Structure of the heart

• Roughly conical shape
• Lies between lungs and behind chest-bone
• Surrounded by ______________
• Consists of four chambers: two ___________ and two
________________
left atrium
right atrium
right ventricle left ventricle

______________
have relatively
thinner walls to
force blood into the
ventricles.
______________
has thicker muscular
______________ walls than the right
has relatively thick ventricle as it has to
muscular walls to pump blood into the
move blood into the systemic circulation.
pulmonary circulation.
Blood vessels associated with

the heart
pulmonary artery aortic arch
pulmonary arch
pulmonary artery
anterior
(superior) pulmonary veins
vena cava
posterior
(inferior)
vena cava
Pathway of blood through the heart

1 ____________ 7 Blood leaves the heart via the
blood returns to _______________ and is
the heart via the pumped to rest of body
vena cava
4 Blood leaves the
2 _____ atrium heart and enters
contracts __________ via the
and blood pulmonary arteries
flows into 5 ___________ blood
right from the lungs flows
ventricle to left atrium via
pulmonary veins
3 Right ventricle
contracts and blood 6 ________ ventricle
leaves through contracts and blood
________________ flows towards aortic
arch
The cardiac cycle

• Both atria and ventricles pulmonary vein
are ______________. vena
cava
• The right and left atria are
left atrium
filled with blood from the
vena cava and pulmonary
veins respectively. right
atrium
• Both ________________,
forcing blood into
ventricles.
After a short pause,

• The ______________
(_________________) and
the pressure in the ventricles
rises. bicuspid
valves
• This results in ___________ close
of the ______________ and
______________ to prevent tricuspid
backflow of blood into the valves
atria. close
• A ‘___________’ sound is
produced by the closure of
these valves.
• When the pressure in the pulmonary aortic arch

arch
ventricles is _______ than
in the aorta, the _________
_______ in the aortic and
pulmonary arches open.
• Blood enters the

______________ and
_________________ via
the pulmonary arch and semi-lunar
aortic arch respectively. valves open
• As the ventricles contract,

the ______________.
• When ______________ pulmonary arch aortic arch

(_______________), the
pressure in the ventricles
falls.
• This results in of the _____

______________ in the
pulmonary and aortic
arches to prevent backflow
of blood into the ventricles.
• A ‘______’ sound is semi-lunar

valves close
produced by the closure of
these valves. URL
pulmonary arch
aortic arch
• Due to the decrease in
ventricular pressure, bicuspid
the ______ valves
open
_________________,
allowing blood to enter
the ventricles.
• The whole cycle then

repeats again. tricuspid valves
open
Checkpoint
Study the graph below and relate the cardiac cycle to
pressure changes in the heart.
Pressure changes in the heart

Pressure /mm of mercury
4
pressure
3
in ventricles
2 pressure
in atria
5
6
1
Time/s
head & neck
Main veins forearms Main arteries

pulmonary artery lungs
______________
anterior vena cava ______________
______________
posterior vena cava
hepatic vein liver ______________

hepatic portal vein
stomach & ______________
intestines
renal vein kidney ______________
hind limbs
8

Learning Outcomes
• describe coronary heart disease in terms of the
occlusion of coronary arteries;
• list the possible causes of coronary heart disease;
and
• state possible preventive measures against coronary
heart disease.
What is coronary heart disease?

• Like the rest of the body, the tissues of the
heart need __________ for ____________.
• The tissues of the heart are supplied by the

_________________.
__________________
can build up in
___________ in the
artery walls, causing
blockage and disrupting
the flow of blood.
coronary
artery
Buildup of fatty substances on inner surfaces

of coronary arteries (______________)
Lumen of arteries is narrowed normal artery blocked artery
Trapping of blood clot in

artery(______________)
fatty deposits
Reduced blood flow to heart narrowed lumen
Heart muscle cells receive

reduced oxygen supply
May lead to heart attack

Causes of coronary heart disease
• A high-fat diet rich in cholesterol and saturated

animal fats
• Emotional stress
• Smoking
• Sedentary lifestyle
Preventive measures against

coronary heart disease
• A healthy diet:
- with reduced intake of animal fats which can be
replaced with ___________________________;
- rich in vegetables and fats.
• Manage stress in an appropriate way
• Avoid smoking
• Exercise regularly
8
8
The URLs are valid as at 4 January 2013.

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CHAPTER 08

8.1 The Need for a Transport System

Transport of materials in unicellular

Between cell & environment Within the cell

Transport in multicellular organisms

Cells are located deeper in the

• A transport system is required in larger organisms.

8.1 The Need for a Transport System

What does blood contain?

• It is made up of ____________, _______________,

plasma (55% of blood)

Centrifugation white blood cells

red blood cells

• proteins such as _________, __________ and antibodies;

• _______________ such as chlorides and sulfates of

• food substances such as ____________, ______________

• waste products such as __________, ____________ and

Red blood cells or erythrocytes

Features of red blood cells

• Filled with red pigment

White blood cells or leucocytes

• Larger than red blood cells

• Fewer in numbers compared to red blood cells

• Produced in the _______________

• Destroyed in the _______________

• Limited lifespan of a few days

Types of white blood cells

Blood platelets or thrombocytes

• Not true cells

8.1 The Need for a Transport System

Transport function of blood

tissue cell heat CO2

Transport of oxygen to body cells

4 At the tissue cells, oxyhaemoglobin

• People living at _______________ have an

• This increases the amount of haemoglobin in the

• _______________ can be transported to the body

Protective function of blood

The clotting process

• This seals the wound, prevents the entry of bacteria

Damaged blood vessel

Damaged tissues and

Phagocytosis is the process of engulfing and

• Phagocytes engulf (swallow) foreign particles such as

• The bacteria are ingested and digested in the

• Antibodies bind to bacteria and cause their surface

• Bacterial cells _______________ together in the

• _______________ produced by bacteria are neutralised

• Antibodies prevent viruses from binding to host cells.

Organ transplant and tissue rejection

• ___________________________ involves replacing

• The recipient may produce antibodies to destroy the

• Ways to reduce the risk of _______________

8.1 The Need for a Transport System

Transport system in humans

• Also known as the

Also known as the _____________

The Circulatory System in Man

At the capillary bed

blood flowing blood flowing

Types of blood vessels

artery capillary vein

How are blood vessels adapted for their function?

• It is made up of , ___,

• proteins such as _, __ and antibodies;

• food substances such as , __

• waste products such as , __ and