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Influence of Partial Replacement of Cement by Various Percentage of Scoria in

Self-Compacting Concrete on Thermal Conductivity in the Jordan Building
Construction for Energy Saving

Article  in  International Review of Mechanical Engineering (IREME) · July 2021

DOI: 10.15866/ireme.v15i7.20929

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 International Review of Mechanical Engineering (I.RE.M.E.), Vol. 15, N. 7
ISSN 1970 - 8734 July 2021

Influence of Partial Replacement of Cement by Various Percentage

of Scoria in Self-Compacting Concrete on Thermal Conductivity
in the Jordan Building Construction for Energy Saving

Hani A. Al-Rawashdeh1, Mohammad Al-Hwaiti2, Amani Yaseen1, Mohamed R. Gomaa1, 3

Abstract – The objective of this study has been to investigate the effect partial percentages of
Scoria on Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) in order to evaluate thermal conductivity in the
Jordan building construction. The mechanical properties slump flow test, the compressive
strength, the thermal conductivity (k-value) values, and the expected model for energy
performance have been assessed. The slump flow test has revealed that the workability of fresh
concrete has increased with increased partial replacement of scoria and vice versa. The
compressive strength result has indicated that the maximum compressive strength obtained at 25%
replacement has been 49.78 MPa. The thermal conductivity (k-value) result has showed that
inversely proportional to the connection between scoria ratio and concrete thermal conductivity,
indicating increases an insulating effect by reducing the thermal conductivity from 6.2 to 3.3 W/m
K. as well as influence of scoria in the SCC is a suitable option for energy performance in the
construction of buildings. Copyright © 2021 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved.

Keywords: Self-Compaction Concrete, Scoria Raw Materials, Mix Design, Rheological

Parameters, Compressive Strength, Thermal Conductivity

Nomenclature cement. Therefore, the cost of cement has increased

incrementally [6]-[9]. Obviously, the SCC has developed
A Area of specimen's surface [m2] in Japan in order to improve the durability properties of
CB Control Beam concrete structures, and it has become more
CEB Compressed Earth Block advantageous over conventional concrete [10]-[12].
D Sample diameter [m] Meesaraganda et al. [13] have defined SCC as
Fc Concrete's compressive strength [MPa] concrete that flows and consolidates under its own
HSF Hook-Ended Steel Fibers weight, a fluid mixture suitable for placing in structures
P Force measured [N] even in the presence of dense reinforcement without
I Current [A] vibration, spread into the form without the need for any
k Thermal conductivity [W/m K] additional compaction. Recent research has showed that
OPC Ordinary Portland Cement different materials have been used for mixed design SCC
Q Conduction heat transfer, heater power [W] such as coarse aggregate, Metakaolin, flyash, iron slag,
RAC Recycled Aggregate Concrete sludge, waste rubber, glass's waste, wood ash, coal ash,
SB Strengthened Beam husk ash, concrete rubble, olive oil waste,
SCC Self-Compacting Concrete phosphogypsum waste, scoria and waste plastic, silica
SCMs Supplementary Cementitious Materials fume, and hydraulic lime [14]-[19]. Cement industry has
V Voltage [V] faced several problems worldwide concerning the growth
XRF X-Ray Fluorescence in the infrastructure sector and the development
Δx distance between two temperature [m] including bleeding, settlement, segregation, deformation,
ΔT Temperature difference between hot and cold and cost increases [13]. Therefore, superplasticizers are
side [K] employed to increase flow-ability in order to avoiding
deformation and segregation issues [20]-[26]. Bagrade
I. Introduction and Satone [22] have recommended that SCC costly
decreases by using recycled solid wastes, agricultural
At recent days, Jordan always researches about wastes, and industrial by-products like fly ash, blast
renewable energy systems as solar, wind, Bio and also, in furnace slag, silica fume, rise husk, phosphogypsum. The
saving energy field [1]-[5]. The most widely utilized influence of scoria on SCC has been examined in terms
construction material on the worldwide is concrete. This of concrete characteristics in new concrete (workability;
growth in infrastructure sector has led to scarcity of slump flow test), and hardened state (mechanical

Copyright © 2021 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved https://doi.org/10.15866/ireme.v15i7.20929

385
 H. A. Al-Rawashdeh, M. Al-Hwaiti, A. Yaseen, M. R. Gomaa
properties; compressive strength). Additionally, the
thermal conductivity and the energy efficiency by using
scoria as a partial replacement have been assessed.
Qureshi et al. [27] have studied the effects of
combined incorporation of Supplementary Cementitious
Materials (SCMs) and Hook-ended Steel Fibers (HSF) on
compressive behavior and durability of RAC. The result
has indicated that the mechanical strength and the
durability of Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC) can be
improved substantially by the combined incorporation of
SCMs and HSF reinforcement. Hung et al. [28] have
determined the effects of section enlargement on
prismatic reinforced concrete members by preparing two
specimens as the control element and designating the
Control Beam (CB). It has also been reinforced by
section widening with an SCC which has been marked as
a Strengthened Beam (SB). It has resulted that the
enlargement has affected the load-carrying capacity and
stiffness positively. Mangi et al. [29] have developed
concrete by using industrial wastes as a supplementary
cementitious material due to the huge amount of cement
required to produce concrete. Moreover, they have
discovered that the sugar cane bagasse ash has a higher
amount of silica dioxide, which could create strong C-S-
H gel in the concrete. Kherraf et al. [30] have used the
cockle shell because of a high CaO content as
supplementary cementitious materials SCMs as substitute
for cement. It has been shown that the introduction of
cockle shell tends to accelerate the development kinetics
of strength at the young age but its ratio cannot be above
of 5%. Zakham et al. [31] have determined the effect of
different cement content, as a stabilizer, on the thermo-
mechanical properties of Compressed Earth Block (CEB)
samples. It has resulted that the higher the value of
cement content is, the greater the compressive strength is,
with increase in the thermal conductivity of the material.
Pizoń et al. [32] have used a metallurgical waste as a
substitute for natural aggregates, because the extraction
of natural aggregates has been expensive and had a huge
impact on the environment. It has resulted that the
concrete containing metallurgical sludge waste had
higher compressive strength after 7 and 28 days, with up
to 60% of waste as a sand replacement. Cajka et al. [33]
have studied the analysis and the numerical modeling of
a concrete slab interacting with subsoil. The finite
element method has been used to solve the three-
dimensional numerical model, where the fracture-plastic
material of the model has been used for concrete and
fiber-reinforced concrete. It is more difficult to determine
the parameters for fiber-reinforced concrete. There are
several approaches to model fiber-reinforced concrete
and determine the constitutive relationships. The basic
methods include modeling of concrete and fiber
separately presented in [34]. The approach of using
effective values of tensile strength and fracture energy
has been presented in this study. Saeed et al. [35] have
determined the effect of replacement on concrete
properties by attapulgite clays used as a partial
replacement of sand in concrete. This has resulted that
Copyright © 2021 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved
386
the compressive strength is decreased by increasing the
ratio of sand replaced. Katar et al. [36] have collected
Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) from the
demolition of old reinforced concrete structures reused to
prepare structural and non-structural concrete. It has
resulted that the decrease in compressive strength
concerning the SCC-NA mix has been 25% for 75%
replacement level. The literature review has showed that
few previous studies have focused on SSC in order to
improve the energy efficiency using insulating and its
heat loss [23]-[25]. However, there is a lack of
knowledge to understand the influence of SCC that
improves energy efficiency through measuring the
thermal conductivity. Meanwhile, a few studies have
been observed on effect SCC mixed with various
materials on thermal conductivity published so far [26].
The objective of this study is to determine the
influence of partial scoria material mixed design on SCC
in order to measure the thermal conductivity as well as to
assess energy performance of a building constructed
applied in SCC.
In the first section, a general introduction is given
about previous studies in the field of self-compacted
concrete and the effect of some additives on it and a
study of the effect of scoria on reinforced concrete SCC.
In the second section, the materials and methods used
are mentioned, including sample collection and
preparation, mineral, and chemical analysis, and mixture
design concrete. The third section explains the tests of
self-compacted concrete. The fourth section explains the
thermal performance of concrete in terms of thermal
conductivity test, compressive resistance test and the
expected energy performance model. Finally, in the fifth
section, the results of the tests have been discussed and
the results of the thermal conductivity of SCC mixed
with a different partial replacement of scoria have been
presented, where the results of the experiments have
indicated an inverse proportional relationship between
the percentages of scoria and the thermal conductivity of
SCC.
II. Materials and Methods
II.1. Samples Collection and Preparation
Twenty-one samples have been collected from three
outcrops of Jabel Uneiza, south Jordan, about 170 km
south of Amman and 20 km north of Ma’an (Fig. 1). A
single outcrop has yielded seven 5-10 kg sub-samples,
which have been subsequently merged in order to create
a composite sample.
All the samples have been packed in clean plastic bags
and taken to the lab. Air-dried, crushed, and
homogenized samples have been used in this study.
Original composite samples, about 100 grams,
(Scoria) have been homogenized by grinding until they
have passed through a 0.075 mm (75 micron) screen.
Clean plastic bags have been used to carry the samples
for the purpose of chemical analysis.
International Review of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 15, N. 7
 H. A. Al-Rawashdeh, M. Al-Hwaiti, A. Yaseen, M. R. Gomaa

- Fine aggregate: according to ASTM C 33-865

maximum aggregate size is 4.75 mm with 4.16
modulus of fineness, 2.33 specific gravity, and 6.4
absorption value.

II.5. Material Mix Design

Materials mixed design is shown in Table I. A
superplasticizer admixture (SP: Sika Sika Plast 326) has
been utilized for SCC, because superplasticizer
admixture plays an important role for the drastic
reduction of the amount of mixing water. Mixed design
has met ASTM C494 standards types A and F based on
Fig. 1. Sample collection in Jordan the characteristics defined by this standard under density
value of 1130 kg/m3 [40]-[42].
II.2. Mineralogical Analysis For mixing and curing the concrete, potable water is
used according to ASTM D 11-297 in order to continue
X-Ray diffraction (XRD-600) analysis has been the hydration. The amount of water required to complete
carried out at the Al-Hussein Bin Tall University the reaction (rehydration) ranges from 22.0 to 25.0 of the
laboratory in order to identify the minerals composition weight of the cement according to the type and the
of scoria. XRD analysis has been conducted using a degree of smoothness of the cement. Concrete mix
Philips PW 1710 with CuKα- radiation at 40 kV and 30 design is the process of finding the proportions of
mA. concrete mix in terms of ratios of cement, sand and
coarse aggregates according to ACI 211.1–91, Concrete
II.3. Chemical Analysis Mix Design. The total amount of materials needed for
mixing has been 160 kg from fine aggregate (Fa), 320 kg
Pressed samples have been analyzed at Al-Hussein from coarse aggregate (Ca), 4 liters from super
Bin Tall University laboratory, using XRF (X-ray plasticizer (Sp), 12 kg from Scoria, 58 kg from cement
fluorescence) in order to measure major oxides such as (C) and 32 Letter from water (W). The actual quantity of
SiO2, CaO, Al2O3, MgO, Fe2O3, TiO2, SO3, K2O, and Cl. ingredients for all the mixtures with the main factor used
to design the experiment is the cement (300-450). The
II.4. Materials three mixes have been made in addition to the reference
mixing with a mixing ratio 1:2:4 also the water cement
II.4.1. Cement ratio (w/c = 0.40) for all the mixes and the proportion of
All the types of materials used for manufacturing plasticizer added 5 %, from cement weight, as shown in
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) can be used for SCC. Table I.
Fortunately, all these components are available in
Jordan. Thus, the specification of materials fulfils III. Self-Compacted Concrete
according to ASTM C150-85A: fineness has been 2091
cm2 gm-1 and the specific gravity has been 3.15. The III.1. Slump Flow Test
consistency has been 32%, with a 65-minute beginning A rheological testing has been done (slump flow).
setting time and an 85-minute final setting time. Following that, cube molds have been used for
casting. After a 24-hour period, the samples have been
II.4.2. Aggregate taken out of the molds and then they have been cured in
water until mechanical testing could be performed. The
The materials used in construction include sand, cubes (15×15×15 cm) have been utilized as molds. In
gravel, crushed stone, slug and recycled crushed concrete three layers, the mixture has been poured into the molds.
in order to resist compressive stress and provide the A tamping rod has been used to shake each layer 35
stability of concrete [37]. Because the aggregate fraction times.
accounts for roughly 75% of the total volume of
concrete, it is critical to its total performance [38]. TABLE I
Aggregate materials can be classified into: MIX DESIGN WITH DIFFERENT PERCENT OF SCORIA
- Coarse aggregate: ASTM C 33-865-compliant Weight of material in (kg)
Replacement
Mixes Coarse Additives
crushed angular granite material with max aggregate Scoria (%) Cement Sand Scoria Water
aggregate %
size 20 mm, a 2.45 specific gravity, 1.5 percent Normal
0 16 32 64 0 5 6.4
absorption value, 6.05 fineness modulus, and 1480 kg mixes
per m3 bulk density. Rocks used as material in Mix 1 15 13.6 32 64 2.4 5 6.4
Mix 2 25 12 32 64 4 5 6.4
concrete have thermal conductivities that range from Mix 3 35 10.4 32 64 5.6 5 6.4
1.163 to 8.6 W/m K. [39];

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387
 H. A. Al-Rawashdeh, M. Al-Hwaiti, A. Yaseen, M. R. Gomaa
Then the specimens' surfaces have been smoothed
using a steel trowel after the surplus mixture has been
removed [43].
The specimens have been demolded and immersed in
water for 28 days after they had been left for 24 hours. In
order to be tested, the specimens have been taken from
the water (Fig. 3). Fresh concrete should be workable and
resist segregation that has been tested by slump test. Self-
compacting concrete has been subjected to a series of
rheological experiments, including Slump flow and shear
flow. The Abrams cone has been used to perform the
slump flow test, in order to assess concrete's capacity to
distort under the influence of its own weight in a
controlled manner, also permitting direct inspection of
the concrete's potential for segregation. As indicated in
Fig. 3, a range of values for a sufficient slump flow is
550 mm-850 mm [44].
III.2. Compressive Strength Test
Thirty-six cubes shape with diameters of 15×15×15
cm of SCC samples have been prepared, and then they
have been subjected to a compressive strength test in
order to identify the compressive load that each sample
can withstand before cracking. Figure 4 shows variable
additives (Scoria) ratios: 0%, 15%, 25% and 35% used
for SCC.
Fig. 2. X-ray diffraction patterns of samples ―Scoria‖
Fig. 3. Slump flow test
Copyright © 2021 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved
388
Fig. 4. Cubes preparation after casting concrete
The compressive strength has been computed using
equation (1) and recorded in Mega Pascal after the data
have been obtained from the instrument (MPa).
Acceptances of criteria for compressive strength are
shown as follows:
Fc  P / A (1)
where Fc refers to the concrete's compressive strength
(MPa), P is the force measured (N) and A refers to the
area of the specimen's surface (mm2).
IV. Thermal Performance of Concrete
IV.1. Thermal Conductivity Test
Eight samples have been selected to test their thermal
conductivity using Heat Transfer Service Unit HT10XC,
since they have been selected depending on their percent
of replacement. The specimens' heat conductivity has
been determined using the Arm field type, i.e. an
accessory for computer-controlled linear heat conduction
HT11C.
The measurement of a building material's thermal
conductivity is critical for resolving issues with building
performance and user comfort [45]. The heat transfer
accessories may be individually connected to the
HT10XC service unit, which provides the necessary
electrical supplies and measurement facilities for
investigation and comparison of the different heat
transfer characteristics. All the facilities using the front
panel controls and display are shown in Figure 5. The
measurement of a building material's thermal
conductivity is critical for resolving issues with building
performance and user comfort: accessory for computer-
controlled linear heat conduction HT11C (Fig. 6).
Fig. 5. Heat Transfer Service Unit HT10XC
International Review of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 15, N. 7
 H. A. Al-Rawashdeh, M. Al-Hwaiti, A. Yaseen, M. R. Gomaa

Fig. 6. Thermal conductivity device

The HT10XC heat transfer service unit's specifications

have been 0.05 m3 volume, 15 kg total weight, 0.24 m
height, 0.32 m width, and 0.39 m depth. The k-value has
been determined using the following formula, knowing Fig. 7. Expected model for energy performance in building constructed
the quantity of HT (heat transfer) between the two sides
of the specimen [46]:
V. Results and Discussion
𝑄 × ∆𝑥
𝑘= (2) V.1. Mineralogical and Chemical Characteristics
𝐴 × ∆𝑇
The mineralogical and the chemical composition
where k refers to thermal conductivity (W/m K), Q refers results of scoria material are summarized in Tables II and
to the conduction heat transfer (W), Δx is the distance III. The major minerals compositions have been Iron
between two temperatures (m), A refers to the cross- Oxide (Fe), Calcium Iron Magnesium Silicate (Ca (Mg,
sectional area (m2), ΔT refers to the temperature Fe) Si2O6), Sodium Ammonium Aluminum Silicate
difference between hot and cold side (K) and Q can be Hydrate (0.3Na2O*Al2O3*3.161SiO2), Aluminum Oxide
calculated as follows [46]: (Al2O3), Iron Aluminum Silicate Hydroxide ((Fe+2, Fe+3,
Al)3 (Si, Al)2O5(OH)4), and Calcium Iron Magnesium
𝑄 = 𝐼𝑉 (3) Silicate (Ca (Fe, Mg) Si2O6). The results have indicated
that higher major oxides SiO2, CaO, and Fe2O3
where Q refers to the heater power (W), V and I refer to concentrations have been 33%, 24%, and 19%,
voltage (V) and current (A) of the heater. Area in cross- respectively, while the minor major oxides SO3, K2O and
section has been calculated as follows [46]: Cl concentrations have been 2%, 1%, and 1%,
respectively.
𝜋 2
𝐴= 𝐷 (4)
4 V.2. Mechanical Properties
2
where A denotes the area of the cross-section (m ), D V.2.1. Slump Flow Test
refers to the sample diameter (m), where D = 0.025 m. In
order to convert a temperature value from °C to K, the The slump flow test results are shown in Table IV.
formula below is used: TABLE II
MINERALS COMPOSITION OF SCORIA
𝑇 𝐾 = 𝑇 ℃ + 273.15 (5) Metal Chemical Formula
Iron Oxide Fe
Calcium Iron Magnesium Silicate Ca(Mg, Fe) Si2O6
IV.2. Expected Energy Performance Model Sodium Ammonium Aluminum Silicate
0.3Na2O*Al2O3*3.161SiO2
Hydrate
For energy performance and economic value purposes, Aluminum Oxide Al2O3
the expected model has assessed implications of thermal (Fe+2, Fe+3, Al)3(Si,
Iron Aluminum Silicate Hydroxide
Al)2O5(OH)4
conductivity of mixing scoria materials in cement Calcium Iron Magnesium Silicate Ca(Fe, Mg)Si2O6
construction using for building envelope. The model
consists of a room with dimensions of about 4×4×3 m3 TABLE III
and thickness of about 25 cm (Fig. 7). The expected QUANTITATIVE RESULT OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SCORIA
model has proposed that the amount of cement required Variables %
SiO2 32.970
for construction has been 5400 kg with a price of 5 JD
CaO 23.807
for one bag of cement (50 kg) equal 540 JD. However, Fe2O3 18.871
when the replacement of scoria is used as a partial Al2O3 8.286
replacement of cement about 25% reduces price to 405 MgO 7.014
TiO2 3.690
JD with a percent of saving 25 %. The scoria raw
SO3 1.962
materials have been available in different location in K2O 1.292
Jordan with low cost. Cl 0.985

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 H. A. Al-Rawashdeh, M. Al-Hwaiti, A. Yaseen, M. R. Gomaa

TABLE IV V.3. Thermal Conductivity

SLUMP FLOW TEST IN FRESH STATE OF THE SCC
Percentage 0% 15% 25% 35% The thermal conductivity results for SCC mixed with
Scoria (mm) 755 700 690 675 different partial replacement of scoria are shown in Table
VI. The experiment results shown in Table VI and Fig. 9
The SCC results have showed that the partial indicate an inversely proportional relationship between
replacement of scoria 0%,15%, 25%, and 35% has given the proportions of scoria and the thermal conductivity of
slump flows of scoria of 755 mm, 700 mm, 690 mm, and SCC. The percentages of partial replacement of scoria in
675 mm diameter, respectively (Table III), which is an SCC have been 0%, 15%, 25%, and 35%, whereas, the k-
indication of good workability for scoria and it fulfils the values results have been 6.1 W/m K, 4.5 W/m K, 3.7
standard requirements and it is acceptable in EFNARC W/m K, and 3.3 W/m K, respectively. It may be deduced
guidelines [47]. In addition, it has indicated that a small that heat loss is inversely related to additive-to-SCC
reduction of slump due to the scoria can be considered as ratios. With a larger proportion of scoria in the SCC, the
pozalanic material that has reduced the amount of mixing heat transmission coefficient factor will be reduced (k-
water required for mix, giving easy-to-compact concrete value). As a result, a decrease in the heat transfer
with high ductility and smoothness on the concrete coefficient (k-value) will reflect substantially the heating
surface after finishing casting. or the cooling loads in buildings, and eventually it will
reduce the total energy consumption in buildings [38],
[48]. Concrete with low thermal conductivity reduces the
V.2.2. Compressive Strength
heat transfer and the energy consumption in buildings
The SCC's compressive strength is shown in Table V [49]. The overall assessment, by increase of partial
and graphed in Fig. 8. The cubes compressive strength of replacement of scoria percentage, the thermal
SCC samples has been tested after 3 days, 7 days and 28 conductivity has been decreased as well. Therefore, SCC
days sequentially. The compressive strength results has enhanced its thermal insulating capacity for building.
tested at 28 days have been 45.74, 47.24, 49.78, and It can be concluded that the maximum reduction in
34.65 (N/mm2) respectively, indicating that the higher thermal conductivity has been 47% for SCC containing
compressive strength is showed by adding 25% of Scoria 35% Scoria, 43% for SCC containing 25% Scoria. For
into mixed design in order to produce SCC, while the economic value purposes, a room building required for 1
lowest compressive strength is measured when 35% of m3 is 450 kg of SCC, and the price of 1 bag of cement is
Scoria is added. This is reasonable due to the reduction 5 JD with a mass of 50 kg. However, if the 25 % of
of cement content in the mix with the increase of scoria from cement is used, this will be saving money
admixture content. The compressive strength of the about 25% price of cement for each m3.
samples that contain Scoria may be deduced. It is higher
TABLE VI
than normal sample because the chemical properties of DATA ANALYSES OF THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY RESULTS
scoria are approximately similar to cement: limits low Sample Material Percentage T1 (Hot) T2 (Cold) K value (W/m K)
unit weight compared with cement. In addition, the 1 Normal 0% 45.1 32.9 6.2
strength reduction is decreased with the increase of time, 2 Scoria 15% 44.6 27.5 4.5
and that might be explained due to the silica (in additives 3 Scoria 25% 43.5 23.3 3.7
4 Scoria 35% 43 20.4 3.3
powder).
TABLE V
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF MIX SCORIA IN SCC
Design Compressive Strength (N/mm2) for 45 N/ mm2
Scoria (%) 0 15 25 35
3 Days 17.56 20.40 25.75 10.61
14 Day 40.19 41.07 44.46 27.20
28 day 45.74 47.24 49.78 34.65

Fig. 9. Thermal conductivity of SCC mixed

with different proportional of scoria

VI. Conclusion
The results of this work have suggested that
Fig. 8. Compressive strength at 3 days; 14 days; 28 days mechanical properties as well as the thermal conductivity

Copyright © 2021 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 15, N. 7

390
 H. A. Al-Rawashdeh, M. Al-Hwaiti, A. Yaseen, M. R. Gomaa
conducted for SCC can be performed and implemented
for energy in buildings. The mixed partial replacement of
scoria with cement has improved the mechanical
properties of SCC, indicating that the increase of the
scoria percentages increase the compressive strength of
SCC and the formation of cement bond. Furthermore, it
reduces the amount of cracking. However, the addition of
scoria as a natural pozlana reduces the amount of mixing
water and gives easy-to-compact concrete with high
ductility and softness during casting and smoothness on
the concrete surface after finishing casting, with easy
concrete pumping to the site. This saves a lot of effort
and time and provides labor. The substituting Portland
cement with scoria with low k-values materials is
suitable options for energy performance in the building
construction sector. Furthermore, it can reduce the
thermal conductivity of concrete, mortar and cement
paste. Adding scoria to SCC at a 25% replacement has
been a valuable method of reducing the amount of heat
transfer and energy consumption owing to the lower k-
value of mixture compared to normal concrete. The use
of scoria as a partial replacement of cement 25% in the
building materials industry, especially in cement,
concrete, brick and block gives the building many green
points in terms of the use of renewable sources of energy
and provides raw building materials for future
generations. Furthermore, it provides thermal insulation
(heat insulation) and electricity consumption energy
saving, reducing CO2 emissions and contributes to reduce
the global warming of buildings.
Acknowledgements
This research was funded by Deanship of Scientific
Research, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Jordan, grant
number 359/2019. The authors would like to thank the
Al-Hussein Bin Talal University for geotechnical labs
experiments, the Aqaba University of Technology for
construction lab experiments, and Tafila-Technical-
University for thermal conductivity tests. The authors are
also grateful to Eng. Zaid Salah for sampling collections
and mineralogical and chemical analysis, and for Eng.
Alaa Al-Qatatsha for thermal conductivity analysis.
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Authors’ information
1
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-
Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, Jordan.
2
Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-
Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an, Jordan.
3
Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Benha Faculty of
Engineering, Benha University, Benha, Egypt.
Dr. Hani A. Al-Rawashdeh holds a PhD in
Mechanical Engineering/Industrial Engineering
from Zagazig University/Egypt, obtained in
2013. Dr. Rawashdeh specialization lies within
Scheduling, Optimization, Evaluation, Materials
Science and Artificial Intelligent. He is currently
an Assistant Professor of Mechanical
Engineering at Al-Hussein Bin Talal University,
Maan, Jordan. He has previously published on scheduling problem,
emissions, neural network, using a genetic algorithm in solving flow
shop scheduling problems. His research interests lie in automobiles,
engine problems, lean production and six sigma, efficiency and
evaluation of renewable energy projects such as wind and solar cells.
E-mail: hani_raw@yahoo.com
Prof. Dr. Mohammad Al-Hwaiti is a professor
at Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Faculty of
Engineering, Environmental Engineering
Department since 2016 till now. Now he is
exploration Manager/Jordan Phosphate Mines
Company for a period of time. His research
interest in several topics as Environmental risk
analysis and management system, Mineral
exploration and evaluation of phosphate ores, Mining technology,
Hazard industrial waste management, Environmental modelling, and
Environmental economics.
International Review of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 15, N. 7
 H. A. Al-Rawashdeh, M. Al-Hwaiti, A. Yaseen, M. R. Gomaa

Eng. Amani Yaseen, obtained her Bachelor and

Master degree in Civil Engineering from AL-
Hussein Bin Talal University in 2016 and 2018,
respectively. My interest research about the
addition of plastic waste in self compacted
concrete. I am currently full-time employment as
a civil engineer. I was working with Aqaba
development company in Aqaba training model
stadium and now I am working in ministry of public works and housing
also as a researcher in university.

Dr. Mohamed R. Gomaa (Corresponding

Author) holds a PhD in Thermo-Fluid and
Renewable Energy from State Engineering
University of Armenia (Polytechnic), obtained in
2011. Dr. Behiri’s specialization lies within
Energy and Renewable energy system. He is
currently an Assistant Professor of Mechanical
Engineering at Al-Hussein Bin Talal University,
Maan, Jordan. Also, Assistant Professor of Mechanical Power
Engineering at Benha University, Benha, Egypt. He has previously
published on merging Tubular Daylight Device with Solar Water
Heater, Concentrating solar energy system and alternative and
renewable energy sources. His research interests lie in Energy,
Renewable Energy System, Solar Energy Systems (PV, Concentrating,
Hybrid Solar System, Water and air Heater, Environmental Impact, and
Solar bonds), Wind Energy systems, Absorption System and Thermal
Power System.
E-mail: Behiri@bhit.bu.edu.eg

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393

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