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ANIMALKINGDOM
Animals are multicellular  and heterotrophic   organisms a.  Diploblastic animals:  2 germ layers- outer ectoderm and
without cell wall and  chlorophyll.   inner endoderm. In between these layers, an
Kingdom Animalia includes 11 major phyla: undifferentiated jelly-like layer called mesoglea  is
1. Porifera 7. Arthropoda  present. E.g. Porifera, Cnidaria & Ctenophora.
2. Cnidaria 8. Mollusc a b.  Triploblastic animals:  3 germ layers- Outer ectoderm,
3. Ctenophora 9. Echinodermata middle mesoderm and inner endoderm. E.g.
4. Platyhelminthes 10. Hemichordata Platyhelminthes to Chordata.
-Ectoderm
5. Aschelminthes 11. Chordata Mesofica
6. Annelida Endoderm

BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION (a)  Diploblastic

1. Levels of organization 
(b)  Triploblastic
Based on this, animals are grouped into three levels:

c
a.   Cellular level of organization:   Here, the cells are

.y
arranged as loose cell aggregates. E.g. Porifera.
b.  Tissue level of organization: Here, the cells are arranged 4. Coelom (body cavity) 
into tissues. E.g. Cnidarians and Ctenophores. It is the cavity lined by mesoderm. It is seen between body

g
c.  Organ level of organization: Here, tissues are arranged wall and gut wall. Coelom separates the muscles of gut and
into organs and organs are associated to organ system.    body wall.
Each system performs a specific physiological function. Based on the nature of coelom, animals are 3 types:

l o
E.g. Higher animals (Platyhelminthes to chordates). a.  Acoelomate: No coelom. The space between body wall
Organ systems of different animals show complexities. E.g. and digestive cavity is filled with matrix (parenchyma).

c
-  Digestive system is 2 types: E.g. Porifera to Platyhelminthes.

i
o  Incomplete: It has only a single opening that acts as
b.  Pseudocoelomate: False coelom. Here, the body cavity is
mouth & anus. Seen in Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes. not lined by mesoderm. Mesoderm is scattered pouches.
E.g. Aschelminthes.

b
o  Complete: It has 2 openings (mouth & anus).

io
-  Circulatory system  is 2 types: open & closed.   c.  Coelomate : True coelom. Here, the coelom arises from
the mesoderm. Coelom is lined by peritoneal layer and
2. Body symmetry  
filled with coelomic fluid. E.g. Annelida to Chordata.
It is the arrangement of similar body parts on 2 sides of main
axis of the body. Based on symmetry, animals are 2 types:

k
Asymmetrical and Symmetrical.
a.   Asymmetrical: Here, body cannot be divided into 2 equal

n
halves. E.g. Most Poriferans, Snails etc.
b.  Symmetrical:   Here, body can be divided into 2 equal

a
halves. It is 2 types. Coelomate Pseudocoelomate Acoelomate
  Radial symmetry:   Here, body can be divided into 2
•

Functions o f coe lom: 

b
equal halves by any plane along central axis (oral-aboral
  It accommodates visceral organs.
•

axis) of the body. E.g. some Poriferans, Cnidarians,

  Coelomic fluid reduces friction between visceral organs.
•
Ctenophores and Echinoderms (adult).
  It acts as shock absorber.
•
  Bilateral symmetry:   Here, body can be divided into
•

right & left halves in only one plane. E.g. Platyhelminthes

to Chordata (except adult Echinodermata).
The body of bilaterally symmetrical animal has a dorsal side
(upper), a ventral side (lower), left & right lateral sides,
anterior (cephalic) side and posterior  (anal or tail) side.
3. Germinal layers (Embryonic layers)  dorsal side during embryonic development in some animals.
These are layers of embryo from w hich all the body organs
are formed. Based on the number of germ layers, animals are
2 types- Diploblastic and Triploblastic.
5. Metamerism (segmentation) 
It is the phenomenon in which the body or organs is
externally and internally divided into repeated segments
(metameres). E.g. Annelids (earthworm etc.), Arthropods.
6. Notochord
It is a mesodermally derived supporting rod formed on the
Animals with notochord are called chordates   and those
without notochord are c alled non-chordates.  

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COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT PHYLA (NON-CHORDATES)

Cten ophora (Comb
Features  Porif er a (Spo nges) Cnidar ia (Coe lenterata)
 je ll ies or Sea walnuts )
Grades of
Cellular Tissue Tissue
organization
Symmetry Asymmetrical. Some are radial. Radial Radial
Germ layers Diploblastic Diploblastic Diploblastic
Coelom Acoelomate Acoelomate Acoelomate
Aquatic (mostly marine). Aquatic (mostly marine).

m
Habit and Exclusively marine.
Sedentary. Sessile/free s wimming.
habitat Solitary & pelagic
Solitary/colonial. Solitary/colonial.

o
Incomplete.
Digestive Absent. Incomplete.
Intracellular and

c
system Intracellular digestion. Intracellular & extracellular digestion.
extracellular digestion.

.y
Respiratory
Absent Absent Absent
system
Circulatory
Absent Absent Absent
system

g
Asexual (fragmentation) & Polyp reproduces asexually (budding)
Only Sexual.
Sexual. and medusa sexually.

o
Hermaphrodite.
Reproduction Hermaphrodite. Most are separate sexes.

Internal fertilization.
Development is indirect.
lo
External fertilization.
External fertilization.
Development is indirect.
Development is indirect.
Tentacles  with cnidoblasts.  

i
Water canal (water
A gastro-vascular cavity  
transport) system. Locomotion is by 8
(coelenteron)  with an opening (mouth)

b
Millions of ostia.   vertical external rows of
Unique on hypostome. 
Spongocoel & canals are lined ciliated   comb plates .

fo
features Polyp  & Medusa forms are seen.
with choanocytes (collar cells). Tentacles present.
Some shows alternation of
Body is supported by spicules  Shows Bioluminescence.  
generation.
and spongin fibres.
Corals  have skeleton (CaCO3 ).

k
 Hydra, Obelia, Aurelia, Physalia
Sycon (Scypha), (Portugese man of war) , Adamsia
Ctenoplana,

n
Examples Spongilla (fresh water sponge),  (Sea-anemone), Pennatula (Sea pen),  
Pleurobrachia
 Euspongia (Bath sponge)   Gorgonia (Sea fan),  
 Meandrina (Brain coral) etc.  

a
1.  Water canal system:  Here, water enters through minute pores (ostia)  in the body wall into a c entral cavity (spongocoel), from

b
where it goes out through osculum. Canal system is used for food gathering, gas exchange and removal of wastes.
2.  Hermaphrodite: Male and female sex organs are seen in same individual.
3.  Tentacles:  Finger-like structures which surrounds the mouth of coelenterates. Used for food capture & defense.
4.  Cnidoblasts (Cnidocytes): These are stinging cells (present on the tentacles and the body) with a poison-filled capsule called
 nematocyst. Cnidoblast is us ed for anchorage, defense and to capture prey.  
5.  Polyp & Medusa:  2 types of body forms in cnidarians.
Polyp is tubular attached asexual form, with upwardly directed mouth & tentacles. E.g.  Hydra, Adamsia. 
Medusa is umbrella like, free-sw imming sexual form, with downwardly directed mouth & tentacles. E.g. Aurelia (Jelly fish).
6.  Alternation of generation (Metagenesis):  The phenomenon in which polyps produce medusae asexually and medusae form
the polyps sexually. E.g. Obelia.  
7.  Bioluminescence: It is the property of some animals to emit light from the body.

Cnidoblast Medusa Polyp

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COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT PHYLA (NON-CHORDATES) 

 Anneli da
Platyhelminthes  Asc helmin thes  Art hropoda
Features  (Segmented or
(Flatworms) (Roundworms) (Join t-legged animals)
Ringed worms)
Grades of
Organ & Organ system Organ system Organ system Organ system
organization
Symmetry Bilateral Bilateral Bilateral Bilateral
Germ layers Triploblastic Triploblastic Triploblastic Triploblastic
Coelom Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Coelomate Coelomate
Mainly aquatic. Aquatic and terrestrial. Terrestrial, fresh water
Habit and
Endoparasites. Free living or parasitic or marine. Cosmopolitan
habitat
Some are free-living. in plants & animals. Free living or parasitic.
Complete. Tubular
Digestive alimentary canal with
Incomplete Complete Complete
system well-developed
muscular pharynx.
Cutaneous  respiration.
Respiratory Gills/  book gills/
Absent Absent Some have branchial
system trachea/book lungs  
(gill) respiration
Circulatory
Absent Absent Closed type Open type
system
Asexual (fragmentation) 
Sexual. Mostly dioecious.
and Sexual. Dioecious.
Earthworms & leeches Usually internal
Hermaphrodite. Sexual reproduction.
are monoecious. fertilization.
Reproduction Internal Fertilization. Internal fertilization.
 Neries is dioecious. Mostly oviparous. 
Development is Development is direct
Development is Development is direct or
indirect (many larval or indirect.
indirect. indirect.
stages).
True s egmentation. Jointed appendages .
Unsegmented, dorso-
Longitudinal and Body has 3 regions: head,
ventrally flattened
Syncitial epidermis. circular muscles  help thorax & abdomen. 
body (except tape
Thick cuticle. in locomotion. Body is covered by
worms).
An excretory tube to Locomotory organs are chitinous cuticle
Excretion by Flame
Unique remove body waste setae  (in earthworm) or (exoskeleton). 
cells (protonephridia).
features through excretory pore.   parapodia (in Neries).   Excretion by Malpighian
Hooks  & suckers  in
Sexual dimorphism Excretion by Nephridia.  tubules.  
 parasitic forms.
(females are longer Paired ganglia Sensory organs are 
Some absorb nutrients
than males).   connected by lateral antennae, compound &
from the host through
nerves to a double simple eyes , statocysts
their body surface.
ventral nerve cord. (balance organs) .
Spider, Scorpion, Crab,
Prawn, Insects etc.
Economically important
Taenia solium (Tape  Ascaris (Roundworm),  insects: 
Pheretima (earthworm),
worm),    Ancylostoma  Apis, Bombyx, Laccifer .
 Hirudinaria (blood
Examples Fasciola (Liver fluke), (Hookworm),   Vectors: Mosquitoes
sucking Leech),  
Planaria (shows high Wuchereria (Filarial ( Anopheles, Culex &
 Neries.
regeneration capacity). worm).   Aedes), Housefly etc.
Gregarious pest : Locusta.
Living fossil: Limulus 
(King crab)

1.  Dioecious: Sexes are separate.

2.  Sexual dimorphism:  Morphological differences between male and female.
3.  Arthropoda is the largest phylum. Over two-thirds of all named species on earth are arthropods.

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c om
y .
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT PHYLA (NON-CHORDATES)
Mollusca Echinodermata

g
Features Hemichordata
(Sof t-bo died animals) (Spin y-skin ne d animals)
Grades of

o
Organ system Organ system Organ system
organization

lio m
Symmetry Bilateral Radial (Bilateral in larva) Bilateral
Germ layers Triploblastic Triploblastic Triploblastic
Coelom Coelomate Coelomate Coelomate
Habit and Aquatic.
Exclusively marine. Marine
habitat Few are terrestrial.

b
Digestive Complete.

o
Complete Complete

f
system Ventral mouth and dorsal anus.
Respiratory Gills in aq. forms and pulmonary Dermal branchiae (s kin gills  or

c
Gills

o
system sac in terrestrial forms. papulae) and tube fe et.  

.
Circulatory
Open type Reduced and open type. Open type

k y
system
Dioecious.
Dioecious. Dioecious.

n g
External fertilization.
Reproduction Oviparous. External fertilization.
Development is indirect.
Development is indirect. Development is indirect.
Ciliated free-s wimming larva.

a l o
Body has head, visceral mass Body is covered with spines  for
Worm-like cylindrical body
(visceral hump)  & muscular foot.    protection. Head absent.

b rbi
composed of an anterior

o
Head has sens ory tentacles.  Calcareous endoskeleton (ossicles)  
Unique proboscis, a collar and a long
Univalve  or bivalve calcareous  present.
features trunk.
shell. Feather-like gills for Water vascular system  present.
Excretion by Proboscis
respiration & excretion. Excretory system absent.
gland. 
Mantle & radula are seen. Shows autotomy & regeneration. 
Pila (Apple Snail),   Pinctada  Asterias (Starfish),  
(Pearl Oyster),  Sepia (Cuttlefish),  Echinus (Sea Urchin),  

o
 Loligo (Squid), Octopus (Devil  Echinocardium,  Balanoglossus (Tongue worm), 
Examples
fish),  Aplysia (Sea Hare),    Antedon (Sea Lily),   Saccoglossus

k
 Dentalium (Tusk shell),   Cucumaria (Sea Cucumber) ,

ra
Chaetopleura (Chiton)   Ophiura (Brittle Star)  

1.  Mollusca  is the second largest phylum.

2.  Radula:  File-like rasping organ present in the mouth of molluscs . It is used for feeding.
3.  Mantle (Pallium): The membrane which covers visceral mass. Space between the hump and mantle is called  mantle cavity. 
4.  Water vascular (ambulacral) system:  In this system, sea water enters through a porous plate called madreporite and reaches

@
the radiating canals and tube feet (podia). Its functions are locomotion, respiration, food capture & transport.

PHYLUM CHORDATA
It includes animals with notochord, dors al tubular nerve cord and pharyngeal gill slits. Notochord is a flexible rod located in
the mid dorsal line between the alimentary canal and the nerve cord in the embryo.
Differences between Chordata and Non-Chordata

Chordata Non-Chordata
1.    Notochord is found in the embryonic stage Absent
2.   Central nervous sys tem is dorsal, hollow and single Ventral, solid and double
3.   Pharyngeal gill slits present Absent
4.   Ventral heart Dorsal heart (if present)
5.   A post-anal part (tail) is present Absent
NervecordNotochord

Chordatacharacteristics
(Bodyplan) 000000
\Gillslits

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Phylum Chordata is classified into 3 subphyla: Urochordata, Cephalochordata & Vertebrata  

PROTOCHORDATA (ACRANIATA)  
VERTEBRATA (CRANIATA)  
Urochordata (Tunicata)  Cephalochordata 
•   Notochord present only in •   Notochord from head to tail region •   Possess notochord during the
larval tail. and is persistent throughout the life. embryonic period.
•   Body is covered by test made up •   Fish-like body. •   Notochord is replaced by a cartilaginous
of tunicin. •   Exclusively marine. or bony vertebral  column  in the adult.
•   Exclusively marine.   •   Sexes are separate. •   Ventral muscular heart.  
•   Hermaphrodite.  •   E.g. Branchiostoma (Amphioxus or •   Kidneys  for excretion & osmoregulation
•   E.g. Ascidia, Salpa, Doliolum.   Lancelet).   •   Paired appendages  (fins or limbs).

CLASSIFICATION OF VERTEBRATA
Divisions Classes  

Agnatha
Cyclostomata
(Jawless)
Super class Chondrichthyes
VERTEBRATA Pisces
(bear fins) Osteichthyes
Gnathostomata
Amphibia
(bears jaws)
Super class Reptilia
Tetrapoda
(bear limbs) Aves
lo

Mammalia

CLASS CYCLOSTOMATA
io

•   All are ectoparasites on some fishes. •   Circulation is closed   type.

•   Elongated body w ithout scales and paired fins. •   Marine, but migrate for spawning to fresh water. After
•   6-15 pairs of gill slits for respiration. spawning, they die. Their larvae, after metamorphosis,
  Sucking and circular mouth without jaws. 
fb

• return to ocean.
•   Cartilaginous cranium and vertebral column.  •   E.g. Petromyzon (Lamprey) and  Myxine (Hagfish).

SUPERCL ASS PISCES (FISHES)

Class Chondricthyes  Class Osteichthyes 
ns

Marine. Stream-lined body. Predaceous.   Marine & fresh water. Stream-lined body.  
Cartilaginous e ndosk eleton.
Bony endoskeleton.
Notochord is persistent throughout life.  
Ventral mouth.   Terminal mouth.
ba

Gill slits  without operculum. Powerful jaws. 4 pairs of gills covered by operculum on each side.
Skin with placoid scales. Teeth are modified placoid
Scales are Cycloid, ctenoid etc.  
scales which are backwardly directed.  
No air bladder. So, they have to sw im constantly to
Air bladder for buoyancy.  
avoid sinking.
Poikilotherms (cold-blooded).   Poikilotherms (cold-blooded).  
Two-chambered heart (one auricle and one ventricle).   Two-chambered heart (one auricle and one ventricle).  
Sexes are separate. In males, pelvic fins bear claspers.   Sexes are separate. Fertilisation external. Mostly oviparous. 
Internal fertilization. Many of them viviparous. Development is direct.  
Examples Examples
Scoliodon (Dogfish), Pristis (Saw fish), Carcharodon   Marine:  Exocoetus (flying fish), Hippocampus (seahorse)  
(Great white shark), Trygon  (Sting ray- has poison sting), Fresh water: Labeo (Rohu), Catla (Katla), Clarias (Magur).
Torpedo (Electric ray- has electric  organ).  Aquarium: Betta  (Fighting fish), Pterophyllum (Angel fish).  

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SUPERCLASS TETRAPODA
Class Amphibia Class Reptilia Class Aves (Birds) Class Mamm alia
They live in aquatic & Presence of feathers and beak.  Presence of mammary
Dry & cornified skin,
terrestrial habitats and Forelimbs are modified into  glands (milk producing
epidermal  scales or scutes.
need water for breeding. wings.  glands).
Dry skin without glands except
Body has head & trunk. Snakes and lizards shed the oil gland  at the base of the Skin with hair.
Some have tail. their scales as skin cast. tail. Hind limbs have scales and 2 pairs of limbs for walking,
 Moist skin without scales.  Limbs- 2 pairs (if present). are modified for walking, running, climbing,
Most have 2 pairs of Crawling mode of sw imming or c lasping tree  burrowing, sw imming or
limbs.  locomotion.  branches. flying. 
Long, hollow, pneumatic bones.
Tympanum represents
Tympanum represents ear. Tympanum represents ear. External ear (Pinnae). 
ear.
 3-chambered  heart (but a
 3-chambered  heart septum partially separates
 4-chambered  heart.  4-chambered  heart.
(2 auricles + 1 ventricle). ventricle). Heart is 4-
 chambered in crocodiles.  
 Poikilotherms Poikilotherms Homoiotherms   Homoiotherms 
Alimentary canal, Well-developed alimentary
urinary & reproductive Well-developed alimentary Digestive tract has additional canal.
tracts open into a Cloaca  canal. chambers, the crop & gizzard . Dentition is Heterodont,
which opens to exterior.   thecodont & diphyodont. 
Respiration is by gills (in Double respiration.
Respiration by lungs.  Respiration by lungs. 
larva), lungs & skin   Air sacs connected to lungs.
Sexes are separate.
Sexes are separate.
Internal fertilisation.  Internal fertilisation. Internal fertilisation.
External fertilisation.
Oviparous.  Oviparous. Viviparous  (except Echidna
Oviparous.
Development is direct.   Development is direct. and Platypus).
Development is indirect.
Development is direct. 
Examples Examples Examples Examples
 Bufo  (Toad), Chelone  (Turtle), Testudo   Corvus  (Crow), Ornithorhynchus (Platypus),
 Rana (Frog), (Tortoise), Chameleon (Tree Columba (Pigeon),  Macropus  (Kangaroo),
 Hyla  (Tree frog), lizard), Calotes (Garden Psittacula  (Parrot), Pteropus  (flying fox),
Salamandra (Salamander), lizard), Crocodilus  Struthio  (Ostrich), Camelus  (Camel),
 Ichthyophis  (Limbles s (Crocodile),  Allig ato r , Pavo  (Peacock),  Maca ca  (Monkey),
amphibia)   Hemidact ylus (Wall lizard). Gullus (Fowl),  Rattus (Rat), Canis (dog),
Poisonous snakes :  Bubo (Owl) , Felis (Cat),  Elephas  
 Naja (Cobra),  Bangaru s   Apten odytes  (Penguin), (Elephant),  Equus (Horse),
(Krait), Vipera  (Viper) etc.  Neop hron  (Vulture) etc.   Delphinu s (Common dolphin),
Non-poisonous snakes:  Bala enoptera  (blue whale),
Python etc.  Panthera tigris  (Tiger),
Panthera leo  (lion) 

•   Poikilotherms (Cold-blooded animals): Animals that lack the capac ity to regulate their body temperature.
•   Homoiotherms (warm-blooded animals): Animals having ability to maintain a constant body temperature.

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MODEL QUESTIONS
1.  Observe the diagram showing the water canal sy stem of sponges and complete the given flow chart.

Surrounding sea water  A B C Surrounding sea water

2.  Observe the diagram and answer the following questions:

a.  Identify the two forms.

b.  Name the phylum in which this phenomenon is seen.
c.   Mention any two differences between them.
d.  Of these, which is more advanced? Give reason.

3.  Note the relation between first two words and suggest a suitable word for the fourth place
a.  Annelida : Nephridia Platyhelminthes : …………………….  
b.  Platyhelminthes : Acoelomates Pseudocoelomate : ………………….  
c.   Fish : Gills Insects : …………………….  
4.  Odd man out and give reason
a.   Ascaris, Wuchereria, Ancylostoma, Limulus
b.  Earthworm, hookworm, roundworm, filarial worm
c.   Flying fish, Sea horse, Hag fish, Angel fish
5.  Match the following related things from B and C with column A
 A B C
Jelly fish Sepia Annelida
Cuttlefish Hirudinaria Echinodermata
Sea urchin Aurelia Moll usca
Leech Echinus Cnidaria
6.  Find out the corresponding phy lum with an example from the following general characters
a.  They are m ulticellul ar with a tissue grade of organisation, all are aquatic, radially symmetrical, diplobl astic and
mouth is encircled by finger like tentacles with stinging cells.
b.  They are bilaterally symmetrical, vermiform animals, triploblastic, exhibit true metamerism.
c.   They are exclusively marine, triploblastic, spines on the skin and radially symmetrical in the adult and bilaterally
symmetrical in the larval stage.
7.  Observe the following diagram.

a.  Identify the diagram.

b.  Copy the diagram and label A, B, C & D.

8.  Give reasons for the following statements

a.  All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates.
b.  Shark has to swim continuously, otherwise it will sink down.
9.  Study the following facts by connecting with the features of tetrapoda and answer the fol lowing
  Aq. larval life & terr. adult life
•   Mammary glands •   Poikilotherms •

  Bear limbs
•   Presence of feathers•   Oviparous •

•   Heterodont dentition •   Caudal fin •   Skin with hair

•   Heart is 4-chambered •   Bony endoskeleton •   Dry and cornified skin
•   Pneumatic bone •   Operculum •   Notochord present

a.  Select the common features of all tetrapods.

b.  Select the unique features of different tetrapods.
c.   Mention the features which are not suitable for tetrapods.
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