Testing The Metric-Affine Gravity Using Particle Dynamics and Photon Motion

Testing the Metric-Affine Gravity Using Particle Dynamics and Photon Motion
Allah Ditta,1, ∗ Xia Tiecheng,1, † Saadia Mumtaz,2, ‡ Farruh Atamurotov,3, 4, 5, §

G. Mustafa,6, ¶ and Ahmadjon Abdujabbarov7, 5, 8, 9, ∗∗
1
Department of Mathematics, Shanghai University,
Shanghai, 200444, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China.
2
Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology,
University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore-54590, Pakistan
3
Inha University in Tashkent, Ziyolilar 9, Tashkent 100170, Uzbekistan
4
Akfa University, Milliy Bog’ Street 264, Tashkent 111221, Uzbekistan
5
National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan
6
Department of Physics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, People’s Republic of China
7
Ulugh Beg Astronomical Institute, Astronomy St 33, Tashkent 100052, Uzbekistan
8
Institute of Nuclear Physics, Tashkent 100214, Uzbekistan
9
Tashkent State Technical University, Tashkent 100095, Uzbekistan
arXiv:2303.05438v1 [gr-qc] 9 Mar 2023
(Dated: March 10, 2023)

This work mainly focuses to unveil the optical features of a black hole. For this objective, we
utilize the metric-affine black hole geometry with the inclusion of dilation, spin, and shear charge.
The Lagrangian coefficients f1 and d1 are the main parameters, where f1 < 0, which differentiate
the solutions by d1 = 8f1 , d1 = −8f1 , & d1 = ±8f1 . Based on these parameters, we carry out
this work in two cases, i.e., d1 = 8f1 , & d1 = −8f1 . We forecast the detailed impact of dilation,
spin, and shear charges on the optical properties of black hole in both cases. To unreveal the optical
features, we calculate horizon radius, inner stable circular orbit, photon sphere radius, BH shadows,
quasi-periodic oscillations, the red-blue shift of photon particles, effective force, weak gravitational
lensing, and image magnification by using metric-affine gravity black hole geometry.
I. INTRODUCTION
The observations of the shadow of the supermasive black hole (SMBH) M87 and Sgr A* by the Event Horizon
Telescope (EHT) collaboration [1–7] have led scientists to probe the modified theories of gravity using optical features
of spacetime. On the other hand the gravitational field of galaxy clusters and BHs has the capability to lens the
nearby passing light emitted from the distant source. The process of gravitational lensing originates from the bending
and magnification of photons in the domain of gravitational perturbations of dark matter and BHs. This particular
phenomenon has been used to guarantee the presence of BHs and comprehend the geometrical composition of our
Universe. Different techniques have been explored in the literature to study the lensing process in BH vicinity [8–11].
Gravitational lensing in plasma is a fascinating phenomenon in which light rays propagate through an inhomoge-
neous medium, causing the motion of photons to be observed along curved trajectories. The nature of this phenomenon
may be explained by the dispersive property of the plasma medium. In this process, the deflection will be caused
due to both gravity and non-homogeneity of the plasma medium. While the first effect is neutral, the second effect
depends on the frequency of photons in a dispersive medium and approaches zero in a homogeneous medium. Based
on the general theory of geometrical optics in curved spacetime [8], a gravitational lensing model in a plasma field
was developed by various authors [12, 13]. At the same time, due to nonlinear processes the deflection angle also
depends on the frequency of photons in a homogeneous plasma [14]. This deflection angle differs significantly from the
vacuum case. Several authors have studied the impact of different plasma topologies and works on light propagation,
providing deep insight into this fascinating area of research [15–30]. Understanding gravitational lensing in plasma
has significant implications for our understanding of the universe and the behavior of light in different environments.
In the pioneering work of Synge [31] it has been proposed possibility of observing the black spot as a result of
photons captured by a black hole. When photons fall into the black hole located between the bright source and
∗ Electronic address: mradshahid01@gmail.com

† Electronic address: xiatc@shu.edu.cn (Corresponding Authors)
‡ Electronic address: saadia.icet@pu.edu.pk
§ Electronic address: atamurotov@yahoo.com
¶ Electronic address: gmustafa3828@gmail.com(Corresponding Authors)
∗∗ Electronic address: ahmadjon@astrin.uz
2
observer, a dark region will be generated in the source image which is referred as the BH shadow. Extensive studies in
the literature [32–34] suggest that BH shadow can be effectively produced by means of gravitational lensing [35–45].
BH shadow has been widely discussed in the works of various authors [46–80]. The boundary of the BH shadow is
determined by the structure of the black hole. The presence of a plasma field in the black hole domain may also alter
the equation of motion of photons. Consequently, the form and size of shadow is sensitive to the plasma medium
surrounding the black hole (see, e.g. [81–88]).
The dynamical survey of test particles appears as a strong tool to examine the presence of BH solution in a strong
gravitational field regime around the gravitating compact objects. Benchmark BH solutions like Schwarzschild and
Kerr BH have been tested in a successful way in both the strong [89–92] and weak-field [83, 94] regimes. However, the
margin to test the other theories of gravity still exists with the dilaton scalar field including the cosmological constant.
Specifically, alternative and modified theories of gravity have been tested by using the x-ray observation data from
astrophysical compact objects [95–97]. The circular orbits of the test particle, particularly, the inner stable circular
orbits (ISCOs) have gained remarkable attention in the current arena of research. Estimation and constraints on
parameters of BH may be obtained utilizing the observation of accretion disc [98–101]. Specifically, the magnetic field
surrounding the BH alters the network of charged particle motion [102–105]. One can consult some of the studies for
more details about spacetime structure and particle dynamics around BHs [106–112].
It is believed that the quasi-periodic oscillations (QP Os) established around the self-gravitating compact objects
are amongst the privileged tools to probe the phenomena emerging in the strong gravitational field of BH noticed
as x-ray micro-quasars. Amidst this type of structural formalism to portray the observational phenomena are the
epicyclic frequencies governed by the motion of a neutral test particle orbiting around the BH [113–116], and the
charged particle motion [117, 118]. In the low-mass X-ray binary systems like a neutron star (N S) or a BH, (QP Os)
are perceived in their power spectra. Generally, QP Os are categorized by low-frequency (LF ) or high-frequency
(HF ) QP Os. Frequencies that are commonly generated in the form of pairs are named twin peak HF QP Os. The
HF QP Os possess information about matter falling and/or moving in the strong gravitational field surrounding
the compact body. On the other hand, LF QP Os are strong, steady, and tend to shift in the frequency domain,
whereas HF QP Os yield a weak and transparent behavior but do not illustrate significant drift in their frequencies
[119, 120]. Both LF and HF QP Os come up together in the case of some X-ray binaries. By grasping the accessible
astrophysical knowledge, one can argue that HF and LF QP Os are induced in distinct parts of the accretion disk.
QP Os have already been explored for various models in literature [121–127].
The phenomenological movement of the photon away from the gravitational well is explained by gravitational
redshift in General Relativity (GR). During this process, the photon loses energy which results in a decrease in
frequency and an increase in wavelength. The respective phenomenon is known as frequency red-shift. Contrarily,
if the photon moves towards the gravitational well, it results in a gain of energy. This gain of energy results in an
increase in the frequency of the ongoing photon, consequently its wavelength decreases, and the phenomenon is famed
as gravitational blue-shift. The phenomenon of gravitational red blue shifts of photons moving in ISCO around BH
is a genuine cause of attraction for physicists [128–132].
In this manuscript, our prime focus is to test the Metric-Affine Gravity (MAG) using particle dynamics and photon
motion. In short, MAG is the intuitive extension of GR. Indeed, our current perception of the gravitational interaction
depends upon the physical relation between the space-time curvature and the energy-momentum tensor of matter,
as used in Einstein’s field equations (EFEs) [133]. In this context, the structure of MAG comprises the notions of
torsion and nonmetricity in a supplemented space-time geometry [134]. Specifically, the spin angular momentum of
matter acts as a source of torsion [135–138], whereas the dilation and shear charges of matter turn out to be sources
of nonmetricity [139–141]. The insufficient insights or evidence for these physical entities lead us to the concept of
new MAG models incorporating exact solutions with torsion and nonmetricity beyond GR.
We proceed with our study according to the following format. In section II, we discuss the necessary preliminary
setup for MAG. In section III, we study the ISCO and photon radius related to the particle dynamics. Section
IV is reserved for the BH shadows. In section V, we discuss the QP Os of massive particles while section VI deals
with the red-blue shift of the photon released by the particle. Section VII contains the details about effective force.
Section VIII corresponds to the discussion about plasma lensing, i.e., uniform plasma, non-uniform (SIS) plasma,
and isothermal sphere N SIS plasma. Similarly, section IX comprises formalism about image magnification further
categorized into two subsections (subsection IX A for uniform plasma and subsection IX B for SIS plasma). In the
last section, we conclude our research in a short summary.
3
II. METRIC-AFFINE GRAVITY: REISSNER-NORDSTRÖM-LIKE GEOMETRY WITH SPIN,

DILATION AND SHEAR CHARGES
The study of a non-holonomic connection wµ ∈ g[(4, R) certifies the dilation, spin and shear charges of matter, and
can be justified through the vector isomorphism, or a coframe field eaµ . The fundamental relation of an affine-connected
metric spacetime is given as follows [134, 139]:
wa bµ = ea λ eb ρ Γ̃λρµ + ea λ ∂µ eb λ , (1)
which is fully accessorized by the torsion and nonmetricity tensors [143].
λ
Tµν = 2Γ̃λ[µν] , ˜
Qλµν = ∇λgµν.
Let us start our discussion with a quadratic parity preserving action that provides geometrical corrections to GR3
in the form of dynamical nonmetricity tensor [134]
√
Z i
1 h
S = d4 x −g Lm + −R + 2f1 R̃(λρ)µν R̃(λρ)µν + 2f2 R̃(µν) − R̂(µν) R̃(µν) − R̂(µν) , (2)
16π
where Lm defines the matter Lagrangian. The nonmetricity field reported in the action propagates by the means of
symmetric part of the curvature tensor and its contraction [134]
˜ [ν Qµ] λρ + 1 Tµν
R̃(λρ) µν = ∇ σ
Qλρ
σ ,
2 (3)
R̃(µν) − R̂(µν) = ∇˜ (µ Qλ − ∇ ˜ λ Q(µν) λ − Qλρ λ Q(µν)ρ + Qλρ(µ Qν) λρ + Tλρ(µ Qλρ
νρ ,
ν)λ
which consequently tend to abandon the third Bianchi of GR. Varying the action (2) with respect to the coframe field
as well as the anholonomic connection, one can derive the following set of equations (see appendix in ref. [134] for
detailed explanations).
Y 1νµ = 8πθµ ν , (4)
λµν λµν
Y2 = 4π∆ , (5)
where Y 1µ ν and Y 2λµν correspond to the tensor quantities. Also, θµ ν is the canonical energy-momentum tensor and
∆λµν represents the hypermomentum density tensor of the matter as
√
ea µ δ (Lm −g)
θµ ν = √ ,
−g δea ν
√ (6)
eaλ eb µ δ (Lm −g)
∆λµν = √ .
−g δwa bν
Thus, both matter currents serve as the source of developing the extended gravitational field. For metric-affine geome-
tries, the anholonomic connection (1) in the Lie algebra of the linear group GL(4, R) decomposes into hypermomentum
showing its formal decay into spin, dilation, and shear currents [139]. Specifically, the essential appearance of shears
gives rise to dynamical traceless nonmetricity tensor[142] as per the interior composition of the special linear group
SL(4, R) ⊂ GL(4, R).
Furthermore, the effective gravitational action of the model expressed in terms of these quantities acquires the
following form [134]:
√ h
Z
1
S= d4 x −g −4R − 6d1 R̄λ[ρµν] R̄λ[ρµν] − 9d1 R̄λ[ρµν] R̄µ[λνρ] + 8d1 R̄[µν] R̄[µν] + 4e1 R̃λ λµν R̃ρ ρ µν
64π

+ 8f1 R̃(λρ)µν R̃(λρ)µν − 2f1 R̃(µν) − R̂(µν) R̃(µν) − R̂(µν) + 18d1 R̄µ[λρν] R̃(µν)λρ − 6d1 R̄[µν] R̄µν (7)

9
−3d1 R̃(λρ)µν R̃(λρ)µν + 6d1 R̃(λρ)µν R̃(λµ)ρν + d1 R̃µν R̃µν + 3 (1 − 2a2 ) T[λµν] T [λµν] ,
2
which lead to the following independent field equations (see appendix in ref. [134] for detailed explanations):
X1νµ = 0, (8)
λµν
X2 = 0, (9)
4
where X1νµ and X2λµν denote the tensor quantities [134]. As a consequence, the tetrad field equations (8-9) for any
value of the Lagrangian coefficients enable to compute the metric function Ψ(r) in the form of Reissner-Nordstrom-like
geometry with spin, dilation and shear charges [134]
2m d1 κ2s − 4c1 κ2d − 2f1 κ2sh
Ψ(r) = 1 − + (10)
r r2
where d1 and f1 represent the Lagrangian coefficients, c1 is a constant whereas ks2 , kd2 and ksh 2
are the spin, dilation
and shear charges, respectively. In this scenario, one can generate three kinds of solutions, i.e., (i) d1 = 8f1 , (ii)
d1 = −8f1 and (iii) d1 6= 8f1 for which f1 ≤ 0 sets the geometry as the one described by the standard Reissner-
Nordstrom solution of GR, which is induced by a traceless nonmetricity field in the current case rather than assuming
an electromagnetic part. In order to discuss the optical properties of BHs, we just consider two cases of solutions,
i.e., d1 = 8f1 and d1 = −8f1 . The horizon radii for the respective metric function (10) can be determined as
q q
rh = M − 4c1 kd2 − d1 ks2 + 2f1 ksh
2 + M 2, & r = M +
h 4c1 kd2 − d1 ks2 + 2f1 ksh
2 + M 2. (11)
p
We plot M + 4c1 kd2 − d1 ks2 + 2f1 ksh
2 + M 2 by varying the values of f , k , k , k
1 s d sh alongwith c1 for both cases
d1 = ±8f1 as shown in Fig. (1). It is significant to note that f1 , ks , & ksh reverse the impact in both cases. If the
radius is increasing with an increase in parameters for d1 = 8f1 then it tends to decrease from the same point by
increasing the parameters for the case d1 = −8f1 whereas kd only changes the horizon radius with similar behavior.
III. ISCO AND PHOTON SPHERE RADIUS
Here, we start with the Lagrangian for the test particle of mass m given by
0 1 dxµ
L = gµν uµ uν , uµ = , (12)
2 dτ
where τ , xµ and uµ correspond to the affine parameter, coordinate, and the four-velocity of the test particle, respec-
tively. The angular momentum L and energy E appear as the key source causing motion of the test particle whose
mathematical expressions yield
0
∂L dT
E= = −Ψ(r) ,
∂ut dτ
0
∂L dφ
L= = r2 sin2 θ . (13)
∂uφ dτ
Using the normalization condition gµν uµ uν = − in Eq.(13), we get the dynamical equation for test particle in the
equatorial plane as
s
L2

dr
= E 2 − Ψ(r) + 2 , (14)
dτ r
dφ L2
= 2 2 , (15)
dτ r sin θ
dt E
= , (16)
dτ Ψ(r)
with parameter has the form

1,
 for timelike geodesics
= 0, for null geodesics (17)

−1, for spacelike geodesics.
The geodesics equation of massive particle depending on the radial coordinate, thus we have
2
L2

dr 2 2
= E − Vef f (r) = E − Ψ(r) 1 + 2 , (18)
dτ r
5
{d1 =8 f1 (M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 (M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)}
3.0
2.5
2.8
2.6
2.0
rh 2.4 f1 =0.0 rh f1 =0.0
f1 =-0.1 f1 =-0.1
2.2 1.5
f1 =-0.2 f1 =-0.2
2.0
f1 =-0.3 f1 =-0.3
1.8 1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
c1 c1
{d1 =8 f1 (M=1, f1 =-0.2,kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 (M=1, f1 =-0.2,kd =ksh =0.7)}
3.0
2.8 2.5
2.6
ks =0.0
rh 2.4 ks =0.0 rh 2.0
ks =0.3
2.2 ks =0.3
1.5 ks =0.5
2.0 ks =0.5
ks =0.7
ks =0.7
1.8
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
c1 c1
{d1 =8 f1 (M=1, f1 =-0.2,ks =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 (M=1, f1 =-0.2,ks =ksh =0.7)}
3.0 kd =0.0
kd =0.0
2.5 kd =0.3
2.8 kd =0.3
kd =0.5
kd =0.5 2.0
rh 2.6 rh kd =0.7
kd =0.7
2.4 1.5
2.2 1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
c1 c1
{d1 =8 f1 (M=1, f1 =-0.2,kd =ks =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 (M=1, f1 =-0.2,kd =ks =0.7)}
3.0 2.6
2.4
2.8 2.2
ksh =0.0
2.0 ksh =0.0
rh 2.6 rh
1.8 ksh =0.3
ksh =0.3
2.4 1.6 ksh =0.5
ksh =0.5
1.4
ksh =0.7 ksh =0.7
2.2 1.2
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
c1 c1
FIG. 1: Horizon radius rh for the cases d1 = 8f1 (Left panel) and d1 = −8f1 (Right panel) along with c1 taking different values
of f1 , ks , kd , & ksh .
6
9.0 9
8.5 8
7
8.0
6
rISCO 7.5 f1 =0.0 rISCO 5 f1 =0.0
7.0 f1 =-0.1 4 f1 =-0.1
6.5 f1 =-0.2 3 f1 =-0.2
6.0 f1 =-0.3 2 f1 =-0.3
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
c1 c1
9.0 9
8.5 8
8.0
7
rISCO 7.5 ks =0.0 rISCO ks =0.0
6
7.0 ks =0.3 ks =0.3
6.5 ks =0.5
5 ks =0.5
6.0 ks =0.7 4 ks =0.7
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
c1 c1
9.0 9
kd =0.0
kd =0.0
8.5 kd =0.3 8
kd =0.3
8.0 kd =0.5 7 kd =0.5
rISCO kd =0.7 rISCO
6 kd =0.7
7.5
5
7.0
4
6.5
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
c1 c1
9.0 8
8.5
7
8.0 ksh =0.0 ksh =0.0
rISCO rISCO 6
7.5 ksh =0.3 ksh =0.3
ksh =0.5 5 ksh =0.5
7.0
ksh =0.7 ksh =0.7
6.5 4
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
c1 c1
FIG. 2: ISCO radius rISCO for the cases d1 = 8f1 (Left panel) and d1 = −8f1 (Right panel) along with c1 taking different
values of f1 , ks , kd , & ksh .
7
4.0
4.0 3.5
3.0
rph f1 =0.0 rph f1 =0.0
3.5 2.5
f1 =-0.1 f1 =-0.1
2.0
f1 =-0.2 f1 =-0.2
3.0 1.5
f1 =-0.3 f1 =-0.3
1.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
c1 c1
4.0
4.0
3.5
rph 3.5 ks =0.0 ks =0.0

rph 3.0
ks =0.3 ks =0.3
ks =0.5 2.5 ks =0.5

3.0
ks =0.7 ks =0.7
2.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
c1 c1
4.4 kd =0.0 kd =0.0
3.5
4.2 kd =0.3 kd =0.3
4.0 kd =0.5 kd =0.5
3.0
rph 3.8 kd =0.7 rph kd =0.7
3.6
2.5
3.4
3.2
2.0
3.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
c1 c1
4.0
4.2
4.0 3.5
ksh =0.0
rph 3.8 ksh =0.0
rph 3.0
ksh =0.3
ksh =0.3
3.6 ksh =0.5 2.5 ksh =0.5
3.4 ksh =0.7
ksh =0.7
2.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
c1 c1
FIG. 3: Photon radius rph for the cases d1 = 8f1 (Left panel) and d1 = −8f1 (Right panel) along with c1 taking different values
of f1 , ks , kd , & ksh .
8
for which
L2

Vef f (r) = Ψ(r) 1 + 2 . (19)
r
Here Vef f (r) & L represent the effective potential for test particle in radial motion, geodesic motion and angular
momentum, respectively. Next, we intend to study the stability conditions for the inner circular orbit rISCO . In the
ISCO formalism, one can incorporate the following conditions
( 0
Vef f = 0,
00 (20)
Vef f = 0.
This system can be applied to calculate the ISCO radius for MAGBH geometry given by
√
12c1 kd2 M 2 − 3d1 ks2 M 2 + 6f1 ksh
2
M 2 + 4M 4 + 2M 2 3 r1 + r2 + (r1 + r2 ) 2/3
rISCO = √ , (21)
M 3 r1 + r2
where
h h 2 4
2 2
M 4 4c1 kd2 − d1 ks2 + 2f1 ksh 64c1 kd + 4c1 kd2 −8d1 ks2 + 16f1 ksh
2
+ 9M 2 + 4d21 ks4

r1 =
ii 12
2
8d1 ks2 − 9M 2 − 9d1 ks2 M 2 + 16f12 ksh
4
+ 5M 4

− 2f1 ksh ,
= 32c21 kd4 M 2 + 4c1 kd2 M 2 −4d1 ks2 + 8f1 ksh
2
+ 9M 2 + 2d21 ks4 M 2 − 8d1 f1 ksh
2 2
ks M 2

r2
− 9d1 ks2 M 4 + 8f12 ksh
4
M 2 + 18f1 ksh
2
M 4 + 8M 6 .
We plot rISCO in Fig. 2 taking c1 for different values of f1 , kd , ks , ksh . Though the trending behavior of rISCO is
similar to rh , we can observe rISCO > rh .
The equation of photon motion around BH through Eq.(17) with = 0 in the equatorial plane can be expressed as
L2
ṙ2 = E 2 − Ψ(r) , (22)
r2
L
φ̇ = , (23)
r2
E
ṫ = . (24)
Ψ(r)
Equation (22) leads to an effective potential Vef f for the photon’s motion around the BH radius which has the form
L2
Vef f = Ψ(r) . (25)
r2
Photon’s circular orbit radius rph around the BH can be calculated by applying the given below conditions:
0
Vef f = 0, (26)
The orbit radius of photon for MAGBH geometry is given by

1 1
q q
rph = 2 2 2
3M + 32c1 kd − 8d1 ks + 16f1 ksh + 9M 2 & rph = 2 2 2 2
3M − 32c1 kd − 8d1 ks + 16f1 ksh + 9M .(27)
2 2
We provide a graphical illustration of the radius rph in Fig. 3. We can observe an identical trend in the propagation
of rph to ISCO and horizon radius, but rh < rph < rISCO authentically seems accurate in this case study.
IV. BLACK HOLE SHADOWS
In this section, we study shadows of MAGBH. The angular radius of the BH shadow yields [143, 144]
Y (rph )2
sin2 αsh = , (28)
Y (robs )2
9
where
g22 r2
Y (r)2 = = , (29)
g00 Ψ(r)
where αsh is the notation for angular radius of BH shadow, robs shows the observed distance observed while rp
expresses the radius for photon sphere. The combination of Eqs.(28 and 29) gives the following expression
2
rph Ψ(robs )
sin2 αsh = 2 . (30)
Ψ(rph ) robs
Using Eq.(30), it is convenient to explore radius of the BH shadow from an observer at a far distance [144]
rph
Rsh ' robs sin αsh ' p . (31)
Ψ(rph )
The non-rotating case of BH shadow is expressed in Eq. (31) whose graphical analysis shows the radius variations
as given in Figs. 4 and 5. The propagation of the shadow’s radius also follows a similar trend like the horizon radius
for both cases. The shadow’s radius for d1 = 8f1 is more than d1 = −8f1 .
V. OSCILLATIONS OF MASSIVE PARTICLES NEAR THE CIRCULAR ORBIT
In this section, we discuss the epicyclic frequencies related to the QPOs of test particle in the effective region of
ISCO radius. The detailed formulation of these frequencies can be obtained from [95]. Three forms of fundamental
frequencies (i) the Keplerian frequency or orbital frequency vφ = wφ /2π, (ii) the radial epicyclic frequency vr = wr /2π
which is the the radial oscillations frequency in the surrounding of the mean orbit and (iii) the vertical epicyclic
frequency vθ = wθ /2π which is the vertical oscillations frequency around the mean orbit, characterize the time like
equatorial circular orbits. We have:
r 2
∂gtφ ∂gtφ ∂gH ∂gφφ
− ± −
dφ ∂r ∂r ∂r ∂r
wφ = = ∂gφφ
, (32)
dt
∂r
1 ∂ 2 Vef f
wr2 = − , (33)
2i2 grr ∂r2
1 ∂ 2 Vef f
wθ2 = − 2 . (34)
2t gθθ ∂θ2
From the metric space given in Eq. (10) give the following form of fundamental frequencies of the massive particles
around the circular orbits
√ h
v1r 4c1 kd2 − d1 ks2 + 2f1 ksh
2
+ 2M r − r2
r2 4c1 kd2 − d1 ks2 + 2f1 ksh
2
+ 2M r − r2

vr = , ⇒ v1r = 3
2π r6 (8c1 kd2 − 2d1 ks2 + 4f1 ksh2 + 3M r − r 2 )
h
32c21 kd4 + 4c1 kd2 −4d1 ks2 + 8f1 ksh
2
+ 3 M 2 − M r + r2 + 2d21 ks4 + 2f1 ksh 2

i
3 M 2 − M r + r2 − 4d1 ks2 − 3d1 ks2 M 2 + 3d1 ks2 M r − 3d1 ks2 r2 + 8f12 ksh 4
+ M r3

+ 2r 4c1 kd2 − d1 ks2 + 2f1 ksh2

+ M r −8c1 kd2 + 2d1 ks2 − 4f1 ksh 2
− 3M r + r2

h
−4c1 kd2 (M − 2r) + d1 ks2 M − 2d1 ks2 r − 2f1 ksh 2
(M − 2r) + M r2 − 12c1 kd2 − 3d1 ks2
i h
2
+ 6f1 ksh + 2M r 4c1 kd2 − d1 ks2 + 2f1 ksh
2
+ 2M r − r2 − 8c1 kd2 + 2d1 ks2 − 4f1 ksh 2
i2 i
− 3M r + r2 , (35)
p
4c1 kd2 − d1 ks2 + 2f1 ksh
2 + Mr
vφ = vθ = 2
. (36)
2πr
These frequencies depend upon the spacetime parameters f1 , d1 , c1 , dilation, spin and sharecharges kd , ks , & ksh .
We plot these frequencies in Fig. 6. Overall values of these frequencies are more for d1 = 8f1 than d1 = −8f1 .
10
{d1 =8 f1 (M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7 )} {d1 =-8 f1 (M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7 )}
7.0 7.0
f1 =0.0 f1 =0.0
6.5
f1 =-0.1 f1 =-0.1
6.5
f1 =-0.2 6.0 f1 =-0.2
Rsh f1 =-0.3 Rsh 5.5 f1 =-0.3

6.0
5.0
5.5 4.5
4.0
0.01 0.05 0.10 0.50 1 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.50 1
c1 c1
{d1 =8 f1 (M=1, f1 =-0.2,ks =ksh =0.7 )} {d1 =-8 f1 (M=1, f1 =-0.2,ks =ksh =0.7 )}
6.2
6.8
6.0
kd =0.0 kd =0.0
6.6
5.8
kd =0.3 kd =0.3
6.4
5.6
kd =0.5 kd =0.5
Rsh 6.2 Rsh
5.4
kd =0.7 kd =0.7
6.0 5.2
5.0
5.8
4.8
5.6
0.01 0.05 0.10 0.50 1 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.50 1
c1 c1
{d1 =8 f1 (M=1, f1 =-0.2,kd =ksh =0.7 )} {d1 =-8 f1 (M=1, f1 =-0.2,kd =ksh =0.7 )}
ks =0.0
ks =0.0
6.5
ks =0.3 6.0 ks =0.3
ks =0.5
6.0 ks =0.5
Rsh ks =0.7 Rsh
5.5 ks =0.7
5.5
5.0
5.0
0.01 0.05 0.10 0.50 1 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.50 1
c1 c1
{d1 =8 f1 (M=1, f1 =-0.2,kd =ks =0.7 )} {d1 =-8 f1 (M=1, f1 =-0.2,kd =ks =0.7 )}
6.8
ksh =0.0 ksh =0.0
6.0
6.6 ksh =0.3 ksh =0.3
6.4 ksh =0.5 ksh =0.5
Rsh Rsh 5.5
6.2 ksh =0.7 ksh =0.7
6.0
5.8 5.0
0.01 0.05 0.10 0.50 1 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.50 1

c1 c1
FIG. 4: Black hole shadow’s radius rh for cases d1 = 8f1 (Left panel) and for d1 = −8f1 (Right panel) alongwith c1 taking
different values of f1 , ks , kd , & ksh
11
{d1 =8 f1 (M=1, kd =ks =ksh =0.7 )} {d1 =-8 f1 (M=1, kd =ks =ksh =0.7 )}
6
6
4 4
2 f1 =0.0 2 f1 =0.0
f1 =-0.1 f1 =-0.1
y 0 y 0
f1 =-0.2 f1 =-0.2
-2 f1 =-0.3 -2 f1 =-0.3
-4 -4
-6
-6
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
x x
{d1 =8 f1 (M=1, f1 =-0.2, ks =ksh =0.7 )} {d1 =-8 f1 (M=1, f1 =-0.2, ks =ksh =0.7 )}
6
6
4
4
2 kd=0.0 2 kd=0.0
kd=0.3 kd=0.3
y 0 y 0
kd=0.5 kd=0.5
-2 kd=0.7 kd=0.7
-2
-4
-4
-6
-6
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
x x
{d1 =8 f1 (M=1, f1 =-0.2, kd =ksh =0.7 )} {d1 =-8 f1 (M=1, f1 =-0.2, kd =ksh =0.7 )}
6
6
4 4
2 ks =0.0 2 ks =0.0
ks =0.3 ks =0.3
y 0 y 0
ks =0.5 ks =0.5
-2 ks =0.7 -2 ks =0.7
-4 -4
-6
-6
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
x x
{d1 =8 f1 (M=1, f1 =-0.2, kd =ks =0.7 )} {d1 =-8 f1 (M=1, f1 =-0.2, kd =ks =0.7 )}
6
6
4
4
2 ksh =0.0 2 ksh =0.0

ksh =0.3 ksh =0.3
y 0 y 0
ksh =0.5 ksh =0.5
-2 ksh =0.7 -2 ksh =0.7
-4
-4
-6
-6
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
x x
FIG. 5: Black hole shadow’s radius rh for cases d1 = 8f1 (Left panel) and d1 = −8f1 (Right panel) along c1 taking different
values of f1 , ks , kd , & ksh
12
Specifically one can note that, values of vr , vθ increase and decrease with increase in c1 , kd , ksh , values of vr , vθ
increase and decrease with increase in f1 , ks for d1 = 8f1 but decrease and increase in d1 = −8f1 .
In this portion of the manuscript we account for the possible frequencies of twin peak QPOs [145] surrounding the
M AGBHs (metric affine gravity black holes).
• The standard relativistic procession (RP) model [146] identifies the upper and lower frequencies based on the
upper and lower frequencies respectively as vU = vφ and vL = vφ − vr . In modified RP1 model frequencies
are represented as vU = vθ , vL = vφ − vr , and in modified RP2 model frequencies are represented as vU =
vφ , vL = vθ − vr . The graphical formation of RP model with increasing and decreasing behaviours with change
in MAGBHs parameters in both d1 = 8f1 & d1 = −8f1 are plotted in Fig. 7.
• The three epicyclic resonance models are represented by ER2, ER2, ER3 [147]. ER models hypothesis the
amassing disks to be thick, and the resonance of regularly radiation particles along geodesics orbits produce
the QPOs. The upper and lower frequencies of orbital and epicyclic oscillations for ER models are defined as:
for ER2 model vU = 2vθ − vr , & vL = vr , for ER3 model vU = vθ + vr , & vL = vθ , and for ER4 model
vU = vθ + vr , & vL = vθ − vr . We plot the ER models (ER2, ER3, ER4) with all the effects of MAGBH
geometry parameters (c1 , f1 , d1 , kd , ks , & ksh ) in both d1 = 8f1 & d1 = −8f1 in Figs. 8, 9, 10.
VI. RED-BLUE SHIFTS OF THE PHOTONS EMITTED BY THE PARTICLES
This section of the article is concerned to the red-blue shift of the light rays advancing from moving the test particles
in the domain of MAGBH. By the virtue of being angular momentum and energy conserved quantities, one can obtain
the photon’s impact parameter b as:
1
L gφφ 2
b= ± − (37)
E gtt
The frequency shift z in the context of photons emission and detection with circular geodesics (‫ג‬r = 0) in equatorial
motion ‫ג‬θ = 0 can be calculated by the formula:
‫ג‬te − be ‫ג‬φe
1+z = . (38)
‫ג‬td − bd ‫ג‬φd
The kinematic frequency shift form of observational red shift is: zk = z − zc , where zc notions the shift at b = 0 as
given below
‫ג‬te
1 + zc = . (39)
‫ג‬td
The expression realizing the kinematic frequency shift is as follows
‫ג‬te ‫ג‬φd bd − ‫ג‬td ‫ג‬φe be

zkin = . (40)
‫ג‬td ‫ג‬td − bd ‫ג‬φd
Since the location of detector far away from the BH, so

r
φ
gφφ L kAφ
z = ‫ג‬e b+ r = −
− . (41)
c gtt gφφ gφφ rc
The redshift z, calculated for the light emitted from the test particles in a stable circular orbit in the equatorial plane
for MAGBH geometry is as given below:
v
u M 2 (12c1 k 2 − 3d1 ks2 + 6f1 k 2 + 4M 2 ) + 2M 2 √

u
3 z + z
2/3 2
4c1 kd2 − d1 ks2 + 2f1 ksh
2

d sh 2 2 + M z4
z = −u (42)
u
8c1 kd2 − 2d1 ks2 + 4f1 ksh
2 + 3M z − z 2
 
u
2 +d k 2 −2f k 2
√
3 √ 4 4
2/3 −4c k 3
3 z2
+ 1 2 − 2M
u 1 d
t M 2 z2  r 1 s 1 sh +
3 z3 M z4
M z2 +2
13
0.007
c1 =0.0 0.006 c1 =0.0
0.006
c1 =0.3 0.005 c1 =0.3
0.005
c1 =0.5 c1 =0.5
0.004
vr & vθ =vϕ
vr & vθ =vϕ
0.004
c1 =1.0 c1 =1.0
0.003 0.003
0.002 0.002
0.001 0.001
0.000 0.000
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
0.006
f1 =0.0 f1 =0.0
0.005
0.005 f1 =-0.1
f1 =-0.1
0.004 0.004
f1 =-0.2 f1 =-0.2
vr & vθ =vϕ
vr & vθ =vϕ
0.003 f1 =-0.3 0.003 f1 =-0.3
0.002 0.002
0.001 0.001
0.000 0.000
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
ks =0.0 ks =0.0
0.005 0.005
ks =0.3 ks =0.3
0.004 0.004
ks =0.5 ks =0.5
vr & vθ =vϕ
vr & vθ =vϕ
0.003 ks =0.7 0.003 ks =0.7
0.002 0.002
0.001 0.001
0.000 0.000
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
0.007
kd =0.0 0.006 kd =0.0
0.006
kd =0.3 0.005 kd =0.3
0.005
kd =0.5 kd =0.5
0.004
vr & vθ =vϕ
vr & vθ =vϕ
0.004
kd =0.7 kd =0.7
0.003 0.003
0.002 0.002
0.001 0.001
0.000 0.000
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
ksh =0.0 0.0040 ksh =0.0

0.004
ksh =0.3 0.0035 ksh =0.3
0.003 ksh =0.5 0.0030 ksh =0.5
vr & vθ =vϕ
vr & vθ =vϕ
ksh =0.7 0.0025

ksh =0.7
0.002
0.0020
0.0015
0.001
0.0010
0.000 0.0005
20 30 40 50 20 30 40 50
r r
FIG. 6: Radial and tangential frequencies vr & vθ = vφ for case d1 = 8f1 (Left panel) and for case d1 = −8f1 (Right panel)
along c1 for different values of f1 , ks , kd , & ksh . Here we consider the choice for fix values M = 1, c1 = 1, f1 = −0.2, ks =
ksh = kd = 0.7.
14
0.007
c1 =0.0 0.006 c1 =0.0
0.006
c1 =0.3 0.005 c1 =0.3
0.005
c1 =0.5 c1 =0.5
0.004
0.004
vu & vL
vu & vL
c1 =1.0 c1 =1.0
0.003 0.003
0.002 0.002
0.001 0.001
0.000 0.000
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
0.006
f1 =0.0 f1 =0.0
0.005
0.005 f1 =-0.1
f1 =-0.1
0.004 0.004
f1 =-0.2 f1 =-0.2
vu & vL
vu & vL
0.003 f1 =-0.3 0.003 f1 =-0.3
0.002 0.002
0.001 0.001
0.000 0.000
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
ks =0.0 ks =0.0
0.005 0.005
ks =0.3 ks =0.3
0.004 0.004
ks =0.5 ks =0.5
vu & vL
vu & vL
0.003 ks =0.7 0.003 ks =0.7
0.002 0.002
0.001 0.001
0.000 0.000
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
0.007
kd =0.0 0.006 kd =0.0
0.006
kd =0.3 0.005 kd =0.3
0.005
kd =0.5 kd =0.5
0.004
0.004
vu & vL
vu & vL
kd =0.7 kd =0.7
0.003 0.003
0.002 0.002
0.001 0.001
0.000 0.000
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
ksh =0.0 0.004 ksh =0.0

0.004
ksh =0.3 ksh =0.3
0.003
0.003 ksh =0.5 ksh =0.5
vu & vL
vu & vL
ksh =0.7 0.002

ksh =0.7
0.002
0.001 0.001
0.000 0.000
20 30 40 50 20 30 40 50
r r
FIG. 7: RP Model: Upper vu and lower vL frequencies for case d1 = 8f1 (Left panel) and for case d1 = −8f1 (Right panel)
ksh = kd = 0.7.
15
0.012 c1 =0.0 c1 =0.0

0.010
0.010 c1 =0.3 c1 =0.3
0.008
0.008 c1 =0.5 c1 =0.5
vu & vL
vu & vL
c1 =1.0 0.006 c1 =1.0
0.006
0.004 0.004
0.002 0.002
0.000 0.000
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
f1 =0.0 0.010 f1 =0.0

0.008
f1 =-0.1 0.008 f1 =-0.1
0.006 f1 =-0.2 f1 =-0.2

0.006
vu & vL
vu & vL
f1 =-0.3 f1 =-0.3
0.004 0.004
0.002 0.002
0.000 0.000
20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
ks =0.0 0.010 ks =0.0

0.008 ks =0.3 ks =0.3
0.008
ks =0.5 ks =0.5
0.006
0.006
vu & vL
vu & vL
ks =0.7 ks =0.7
0.004 0.004
0.002 0.002
0.000 0.000
20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
0.012 kd =0.0 kd =0.0
0.010
0.010 kd =0.3 kd =0.3
0.008
0.008 kd =0.5 kd =0.5
vu & vL
vu & vL
kd =0.7 0.006 kd =0.7

0.006
0.004 0.004
0.002 0.002
0.000 0.000
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
ksh =0.0 0.010

ksh =0.0
0.008
ksh =0.3 ksh =0.3
0.008
0.006 ksh =0.5 ksh =0.5
0.006
vu & vL
vu & vL
ksh =0.7 ksh =0.7

0.004
0.004
0.002
0.002
0.000 0.000
20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
FIG. 8: ER2 Model: Upper vu and lower vL frequencies for case d1 = 8f1 (Left panel) and for case d1 = −8f1 (Right panel)
ksh = kd = 0.7.
16
0.012 c1 =0.0 c1 =0.0

0.010 c1 =0.3 0.008 c1 =0.3
0.008 c1 =0.5 c1 =0.5

0.006
vu & vL
vu & vL
0.006 c1 =1.0 c1 =1.0
0.004
0.004
0.002
0.002
0.000 0.000
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
f1 =0.0 f1 =0.0
0.008
f1 =-0.1 0.006 f1 =-0.1
0.006 f1 =-0.2 f1 =-0.2

vu & vL
vu & vL
f1 =-0.3 0.004 f1 =-0.3
0.004
0.002
0.002
0.000 0.000
20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
ks =0.0 ks =0.0
0.006
0.008 ks =0.3 ks =0.3
0.005
ks =0.5 ks =0.5
0.006 0.004
vu & vL
vu & vL
ks =0.7 ks =0.7
0.003
0.004
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.000 0.000
20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
0.012 kd =0.0 kd =0.0
0.010 kd =0.3 0.008 kd =0.3
0.008 kd =0.5 kd =0.5

0.006
vu & vL
vu & vL
0.006 kd =0.7 kd =0.7

0.004
0.004
0.002
0.002
0.000 0.000
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
ksh =0.0 ksh =0.0

0.008 0.006
ksh =0.3 ksh =0.3
0.005
0.006 ksh =0.5 ksh =0.5
0.004
vu & vL
vu & vL
ksh =0.7 ksh =0.7

0.004 0.003
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.000 0.000
20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
ksh = kd = 0.7.
17
0.007 c1 =0.0 c1 =0.0

0.012
0.006 c1 =0.3 c1 =0.3
0.010
0.005 c1 =0.5 c1 =0.5
0.008
vu & vL
vu & vL
0.004 c1 =1.0 c1 =1.0
0.003 0.006
0.002 0.004
0.001 0.002
0.000 0.000
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 50
r r
f1 =0.0 f1 =0.0
0.005
f1 =-0.1 0.006 f1 =-0.1
0.004
f1 =-0.2 f1 =-0.2
vu & vL
vu & vL
0.003 f1 =-0.3 0.004 f1 =-0.3
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.000 0.000
20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
ks =0.0 ks =0.0
0.006
0.005
ks =0.3 ks =0.3
0.005
0.004 ks =0.5 ks =0.5
0.004
vu & vL
vu & vL
0.003 ks =0.7 ks =0.7

0.003
0.002
0.002
0.001 0.001
0.000 0.000
20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
0.007 kd =0.0 kd =0.0

0.012
0.006 kd =0.3 kd =0.3
0.010
0.005 kd =0.5 kd =0.5
0.008
vu & vL
vu & vL
0.004 kd =0.7 kd =0.7

0.003 0.006
0.002 0.004
0.001 0.002
0.000 0.000
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 50
r r
0.005 ksh =0.0 ksh =0.0
0.006
ksh =0.3 ksh =0.3
0.004 0.005
ksh =0.5 ksh =0.5
0.003 0.004
vu & vL
vu & vL
ksh =0.7 ksh =0.7

0.003
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.000 0.000
20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
ksh = kd = 0.7.
18
where
q
z1 = 2 (8d k 2 − 9M 2 ) − 9d M 2 k 2 + 4d2 k 4 + 16f 2 k 4 + 5M 4 ),
M 4 z5 (4c1 kd2 z6 + 64c21 kd4 − 2f1 ksh 1 s 1 s 1 s 1 sh
= 4c1 M kd −4d1 ks + 8f1 ksh + 9M + 32c1 M kd − 8d1 f1 M 2 ks2 ksh

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2
− 9d1 M 4 ks2 + 2d21 M 2 ks4

z2
+ 18f1 M 4 ksh
2
+ 8f12 M 2 ksh
4
+ 8M 6 + z1 , z3 = 12c1 kd2 − 3d1 ks2 + 6f1 ksh
2
+ 4M 2 ,
√3 z
2 M z3
+ 2M, z5 = 4c1 kd2 − d1 ks2 + 2f1 ksh2 2
, z6 = −8d1 ks2 + 16f1 ksh 2
+ 9M 2 .

z4 = + √
M 3 z
2
Plots in Fig. 11 show that values of z along c1 increase with increase in f1 , kd , ks , ksh in case of d1 = 8f1 while
decrease in case of d1 = −8f1 . Thus the observer may experience with the change of the horizons depending upon
the values of f1 , kd , ks , & ksh .
VII. EFFECTIVE FORCE
One may guess whether the movement of test particle is away or towards the central source from the behaviour of
effective force. Effective force a test particle may experience in the field of gravitating source [148] can be determined
as given below:
1 ∂ Vef f (r)
F =− . (43)
2 ∂r
The expression of effective force calculated in case of MAGBH geometry is as:

2
4c1 kd2 − d1 ks2 + 2f1 ksh + 2M r − r2 h
2 4 2 2 2

F = − 2 64c1 kd + 4c1 kd −8d1 ks + 16f1 ksh + 9M r
3 2 2 2
2r (−8c1 kd + 2d1 ks − 4f1 ksh − 3M r + r ) 2
i
+ 4d21 ks4 − 2f1 ksh
2
8d1 ks2 − 9M r − 9d1 ks2 M r + 16f12 ksh
4
+ 6M 2 r2 − M r3 .

(44)
The impact of effective force can be better interpreted from the graphical analysis as provided in Fig. 12. One can
see the fluctuating behavior of effective force from attractive to repulsive and ultimately attractive along the radial
motion. In case of d1 = 8f1 , the force becomes more attractive by increasing c1 , f1 , kd , ks whereas its repulsion
tends to increase with increase in ksh . Secondly, in case of d1 = −8f1 , attraction increases positively with c1 , & kd
while repulsion increases for f1 , ks & ksh . But the overall movement of the test particle falls inward along the radial
direction.
VIII. WEAK GRAVITATIONAL LENSING IN METRIC AFFINE GRAVITY BLACK HOLE
Weak gravitational lensing has been one of the remarkable optical features in the study of BHs. Currently, we
intend to discuss gravitational lensing in the context of the plasma field. The metric tensor governing the weak field
approximation is given as follows [149]
gαβ = ηαβ + hαβ (45)
where ηαβ and hαβ represent the Minkowski spacetime and perturbation gravity field, respectively. These terms must
satisfy the following properties:
ηαβ = diag(−1, 1, 1, 1) ,
hαβ 1, hαβ → 0 under xα → ∞ ,
g αβ = η αβ − hαβ , hαβ = hαβ . (46)
The angle of deflection around MAGBH can be obtained by varying the above basic equations given by
1 ∞ b dh33
Z
1 dh00 Ke dN
α̂b = + − dz , (47)
2 −∞ r dr 1 − we2 /w dr w2 − we2 dr
19
2.50 f1 =0.0 2.75 f1 =0.0

f1 =-0.1 2.70 f1 =-0.1
2.49
f1 =-0.2 f1 =-0.2
2.65
2.48
f1 =-0.3 f1 =-0.3
z 2.47 z 2.60
2.55
2.46
2.50
2.45
2.45
2.44
0.01 0.05 0.10 0.50 1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
c1 c1
2.49 kd =0.0 2.65

kd =0.3
2.48 2.60
kd =0.5
kd =0.0
2.47 kd =0.7
z z 2.55 kd =0.3
2.46 kd =0.5
2.50
kd =0.7
2.45
2.45
0.01 0.05 0.10 0.50 1 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.50 1
c1 c1
2.49 ks =0.0 ks =0.0

ks =0.3 2.60 ks =0.3
2.48
ks =0.5 ks =0.5
2.47 ks =0.7 2.55 ks =0.7
z z
2.46
2.50
2.45
2.45
0.01 0.05 0.10 0.50 1 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.50 1
c1 c1
2.50 ksh =0.0
ksh =0.0
2.49 ksh =0.3 2.60 ksh =0.3
2.48 ksh =0.5 ksh =0.5

ksh =0.7 2.55 ksh =0.7
z 2.47 z
2.46 2.50
2.45
2.45
0.01 0.05 0.10 0.50 1 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.50 1
c1 c1
FIG. 11: Blue redshift z for case d1 = 8f1 (Left panel) and for case d1 = −8f1 (Right panel) along c1 for different values of
f1 , ks , kd , & ksh . Here we consider the choice for fix values M = 1, c1 = 1, f1 = −0.2, ks = ksh = kd = 0.7.
20
0.000
c1 =0.0
-0.0005 c1 =0.3
-0.001
-0.0010 c1 =0.0 c1 =0.5
-0.002
F -0.0015 c1 =0.3 F c1 =1.0
-0.0020 c1 =0.5 -0.003

-0.0025 c1 =1.0
-0.004
-0.0030
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
-0.0005
-0.0005
-0.0010
f1 =0.0 f1 =0.0
-0.0010
F F -0.0015 f1 =-0.1
f1 =-0.1
-0.0020
-0.0015 f1 =-0.2 f1 =-0.2
f1 =-0.3
-0.0025 f1 =-0.3
-0.0020 -0.0030
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
-0.0005 -0.0005
-0.0010 ks =0.0
-0.0010 ks =0.0
F F -0.0015 ks =0.3
ks =0.3
-0.0015 ks =0.5
ks =0.5 -0.0020
ks =0.7
-0.0020 ks =0.7 -0.0025
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
0.000
-0.0005
-0.001
-0.0010 kd =0.0
kd =0.0 -0.002
F -0.0015 F kd =0.3
kd =0.3
-0.0020 -0.003 kd =0.5
kd =0.5
-0.0025 kd =0.7
kd =0.7 -0.004
-0.0030
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
-0.0005
-0.0005
-0.0010 ksh =0.0
ksh =0.0
F -0.0010 F -0.0015 ksh =0.3
ksh =0.3
ksh =0.5
ksh =0.5 -0.0020
-0.0015 ksh =0.7
ksh =0.7
-0.0025
10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50
r r
FIG. 12: Effective force F for the cases d1 = 8f1 (Left panel) and d1 = −8f1 (Right panel) along c1 taking different values of
f1 , ks , kd , & ksh . Here we consider the choice for fix values M = 1, c1 = 1, f1 = −0.2, ks = ksh = kd = 0.7.
21
where w and we subsequently stand for the photon and plasma frequencies. We rewrite the line element in terms of
MAGBH geometry as
8c1 d1 kd2 ks2

h 16c2 k 4 16c1 f1 kd2 ksh
2
8c1 kd2 Rs 4c1 kd2 d21 ks4 2 2
4d1 f1 ksh ks 2d1 ks2 Rs
1 d
ds2 = ds20 + − + + + + − −
r4 r4 r4 r3 r2 r4 r4 r3
2 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2
d1 ks 4f k 4f1 ksh Rs 2f1 ksh Rs i h 16c1 kd 8c1 d1 kd ks 16c1 f1 kd ksh 8c1 kd2 Rs
− 2
+ 1 4 sh + 3
+ 2
+ dt2 + 4
− 4
+ 4
+
r r r r r r r r r3
2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2
4c1 kd d k 4d1 f1 ksh ks 2d1 ks Rs d1 k 4f k 4f1 ksh Rs 2f1 ksh Rs −1 i
+ + 14s − − − 2 s + 1 4 sh + + + ) dr2 , (48)
r2 r r4 r3 r r r3 r2 r
where ds20 = −dt2 + dr2 + r2 (dθ2 + sin2 θdφ2 ). The components hαβ in the form of Cartesian coordinates yield
16c21 kd4 8c1 d1 kd2 ks2 16c1 f1 kd2 ksh

2
8c1 kd2 Rs 4c1 kd2 d2 k 4 2 2
4d1 f1 ksh ks 2d1 ks2 Rs
h00 = 4
− 4
+ 4
+ 3
+ 2
+ 14s − 4
−
r r r r r r r r3
2 2 4 2 2
d1 ks 4f k 4f1 ksh Rs 2f1 ksh Rs
− 2
+ 1 4 sh + 3
+ 2
+ , (49)
r r r r r
h 16c2 k 4 8c1 d1 kd2 ks2 16c1 f1 kd2 ksh2
8c1 kd2 Rs 4c1 kd2 d2 k 4 4d1 f1 ksh2 2
ks 2d1 ks2 Rs
1 d
hik = 4
− 4
+ 4
+ 3
+ 2
+ 14s − 4
−
r r r r r r r r3
2 2 4 2 2
d1 ks 4f k 4f1 ksh Rs 2f1 ksh Rs i
− + 1 4 sh + + + ni nk , (50)
r2 r r3 r2 r
h 16c2 k 4 8c1 d1 kd2 ks2 16c1 f1 kd2 ksh2
8c1 kd2 Rs 4c1 kd2 d2 k 4 4d1 f1 ksh2 2
ks 2d1 ks2 Rs
1 d
h33 = 4
− 4
+ 4
+ 3
+ 2
+ 14s − 4
−
r r r r r r r r3
2 2 4 2 2
d1 ks 4f k 4f1 ksh Rs 2f1 ksh Rs i
− + 1 4 sh + + + cos2 χ, (51)
r2 r r3 r2 r
The deflection angle can be expressed by the following relation [150]
α̂b = α̂1 + α̂2 + α̂3 , (52)
where
1 ∞
Z
b dh33
α̂1 = dz ,
2 −∞ r dr
1 ∞
Z
b 1 dh00
α̂2 = 2
dz ,
2 −∞ r 1 − we /w dr
1 ∞
Z
b Ke dN
α̂3 = − 2 dz . (53)
2 −∞ r w − we2 dr
Furthermore, we compute the deflection angle for both uniform and non-uniform plasma density distributions.
It may be of worth noting that in our further discussions, we used w instead of w(∞) and w0 instead of we (∞)
[13, 151].
A. Uniform plasma
The deflection angle for uniform plasma around the MAGBH turns out to be [150]
α̂uni = α̂uni1 + α̂uni2 + α̂uni3 . (54)

22
Solving Eqs.(51), (52) and (53), we find the deflection angle in the uniform plasma given by
q q q
16c1 kd2 Rs 4d1 ks2 Rs 2
8f1 ksh Rs π b12 c1 kd2 π b12 d1 ks2 π b12 f1 ksh
2
1 h 16c1 kd2 Rs
α̂uni = − + + − + − w2
−
3b3 3b3 3b3 b 4b 2b 1 − w02 b3
q q q q q
4d1 ks2 Rs 2
8f1 ksh Rs 2π b12 c1 kd2 π b12 d1 ks2 π b12 f1 ksh
2
12π b12 c21 kd4 6π b12 c1 d1 kd2 ks2
+ 3
− − + − − +
bq b3 q b q 2b bq b3 q b3
1 2 2 1 2 4 1 2 2 1 2 4 1 2 4
12π b2 c1 f1 kd ksh 3π b2 d1 ks 3π b2 d1 f1 ksh ks 3π b2 f1 ksh Rs i 3π b2 c1 kd
− − + − − +
q b3 q 4b3 b3
q q b3 b q b3
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 4 1 2 2 1 2 4
3π b2 c1 d1 kd ks 3π b2 c1 f1 kd ksh 3π b2 d1 ks 3π b2 d1 f1 ksh ks 3π b2 f1 ksh Rs
− + + − + + . (55)
2b3 b3 16b3 4b3 4b3 b
We also provide a graphical illustration of the deflection angle in Figs. 13 and 14. It is worthwhile to mention the
following consequences:
• (i) In case of d1 = 8f1 , an increase in α̂uni along b by increasing f1 , c1 , kd , ks , & w02 /w2 and a decrease with
increase in ksh , (ii) also an increase in α̂uni along b with a rise in c1 , kd , & w02 /w2 and a fall with rise in
f1 , ks , ksh in case of d1 = −8f1
• (i) an increase in α̂uni along c1 with an increase in f1 , kd , ks , & w02 /w2 and a decrease with an increase in
b, & ksh in case of d1 = 8f1 , and (ii) an increase in α̂uni along c1 with an increase in kd , & w02 /w2 and a
decrease with rising values of f1 , b, ks , ksh in case of d1 = −8f1 .
• (i) α̂uni along w02 /w2 increases with the increasing values of f1 , c1 , kd , ks and decreases with increasing values
of b & ksh in case of d1 = 8f1 , (ii) and α̂uni along w02 /w2 increases with the rising values of c1 , & kd and falls
with rise in f1 , ks , ksh & b in case of d1 = −8f1
B. Non uniform plasma
The non-uniform distribution for the plasma field is given by [149]
σν2
ρ(r) = , (56)
2πr2
where σν2 defines the uni-dimensional velocity dispersion. We can write the non-uniform concentration of plasma field
as [149]
ρ(r)
N (r) = , (57)
kmp
where mp and k denote the mass and dimensionless dark matter coefficient, respectively. The plasma frequency yields
Ke σν2
we2 = Ke N (r) = . (58)
2πkmp r2
Here we are interested to explore the influence of non-uniform plasma (SIS) on the deflection angle around the MAGBH
geometry. In this scenario, the deflection angle has a mathematical expression of the form [150]
α̂SIS = α̂SIS1 + α̂SIS2 + α̂SIS3 . (59)

23
Using Eqs.(51), (53) and (59), one can write the deflection angel for SIS plasma as
64c1 kd2 wc2 Rs3 16d1 ks2 wc2 Rs3 2

32f1 ksh wc2 Rs3 2wc2 Rs3 64c1 kd2 Rs 16d1 ks2 Rs 2
32f1 ksh Rs
α̂SIS = 5 2
− 5 2
+ 5 2
+ 3 2
+ 3
− 3
+ 3
5πb
q w 5πb w
q q5πb w 3πb
q w 3b q 3b 3b
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 4 2 2 1 2 2 2 2
3π b2 c1 kd 3π b2 d1 ks 3π b2 f1 ksh 10 b2 c1 kd wc Rs 5 b2 c1 d1 kd ks wc Rs
+ − + + 5 2
− 5 2
qb 4b q 2b q b w qb w
10 b12 c1 f1 kd2 ksh
2
wc2 Rs2 5 b12 d21 ks4 wc2 Rs2 5 b12 d1 f1 ksh2 2 2 2
ks wc Rs 5 b12 f12 ksh
4
wc2 Rs2
+ + − +
q b5 w2 q 8b5 w2 q 2b5 w2 q 2b5qw2
1 1 1 1 2 4
2 2 2
3 b2 c1 kd wc Rs 2 2 2
3 b2 d1 ks wc Rs 2 2 2
3 b2 f1 ksh wc Rs 15π b2 c1 kd 15π b12 c1 d1 kd2 ks2
+ − + + −
q 2b3 w2 8bq 3 w2
q4b w
3 2
qb3 2b3
15π b12 c1 f1 kd2 ksh2
15π b12 d21 ks4 15π b12 d1 f1 ksh 2 2
ks 15π b12 f12 ksh4
2Rs
+ 3
+ 3
− 3
+ 3
+ . (60)
b 16b 4b 4b b
The analytic form of plasma constant wc2 gives [151]
Ke σν2
wc2 = . (61)
2πkmp RS2
We plot α̂SIS in Figs. 15 and 16. It is found that the behavior of SIS plasma deflection angel is quite similar to the
uniform case. It should also be noted that α̂SIS < α̂uni .
C. Non-Singular Isothermal gas sphere
We proceed with our discussion to study photon motion in a non-singular isothermal sphere (NSIS) plasma field,
which is an appropriate approximation for the setup of physical analysis. Contrary to SIS plasma, the singularity
restricted by the definite core comes up as the origin of gas cloud sphere whose density distribution can be elaborated
as [152, 153]:
σv2 ρ0 σv2
ρ(r) = = 2 , ρ 0 = , (62)
2π(r2 + rc2 ) (1 + rr2 ) 2πrc2
c
where rc notions the core radius. Using Eq.(56), the concentration of plasma for NSIS results in the following form:
σv2
N (r) = . (63)
2πkmp (r2 + rc2 )
Using Eqs.(57), (62) and (63), the plasma frequency we yields
Ke σv2
we2 = . (64)
2πkmp (r2 + rc2 )
24
{d1 =8 f1 (w20 /w2 =0.5,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 (w20 /w2 =0.5,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w20 /w2 =0.5,c1 =1,M=1,kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w20 /w2 =0.5,c1 =1,M=1,kd =ksh =0.7)}
1.0 0.90
f1 =0.0 0.9 f1 =0.0 ks =0.0 ks =0.0
f1 =-0.1 f1 =-0.1 0.9 ks =0.3 0.85
ks =0.3
0.9
f1 =-0.2 0.8 f1 =-0.2 ks =0.5 0.80
ks =0.5
f1 =-0.3 f1 =-0.3 0.8 ks =0.7 0.75
0.8 ks =0.7
αuni
αuni
αuni
αuni
0.7 0.70
0.7 0.65
0.7
0.6
0.60
0.6 0.6
0.55
0.5
9 10 11 12 9 10 11 12 9 10 11 12 9 10 11 12
b b b b
{d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w20 /w2 =0.5,c1 =1,M=1,ks =ksh =0.7) } {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w20 /w2 =0.5,c1 =1,M=1,ks =ksh =0.7) } {d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w20 /w2 =0.5,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =0.7) } {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w02 /w2 =0.5,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =0.7)}
1.0 kd =0.0 kd =0.0 1.0 ksh =0.0 0.85 ksh =0.0
0.8
kd =0.3 kd =0.3 ksh =0.3 0.80 ksh =0.3
0.9
0.9
kd =0.5 kd =0.5 ksh =0.5 0.75 ksh =0.5
0.7
0.8 kd =0.7 kd =0.7 ksh =0.7 ksh =0.7
αuni
αuni
αuni
0.70
αuni
0.8
0.7 0.6 0.65
0.7
0.6 0.60
0.5
0.6 0.55
0.5
9 10 11 12 9 10 11 12 9 10 11 12 9 10 11 12
b b b b
{d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w20 /w2 =0.5,M=1,ks =kd = ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w20 /w2 =0.5,M=1,ks =kd = ksh =0.7)} {d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)}
1.0 1.1
c1 =0.0 c1 =0.0 w02 /w2 =0.0
w02 /w2 =0.0
0.8 1.0
c1 =0.3 c1 =0.3 w02 /w2 =0.3
0.9 1.0 w02 /w2 =0.3
w02 /w2 =0.5 0.9
c1 =0.5 c1 =0.5 w02 /w2 =0.5
0.7 w02 /w2 =0.6
0.8 c1 =1.0 c1 =1.0 0.8 w02 /w2 =0.6
0.8
αuni
αuni
αuni
αuni
0.7
0.7 0.6
0.6 0.6
0.6 0.5
0.5
0.4 0.4
0.5
9 10 11 12 9 10 11 12 9 10 11 12 9 10 11 12
b b b b
{d1 =8 f1 (w20 /w2 =0.5,b=8,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7) } {d1 =-8 f1 (w20 /w2 =0.5,b=8,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7) } {d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w20 /w2 =0.5,b=8,M=1,kd =ksh =0.7) } {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w20 /w2 =0.5,b=8,M=1,kd =ksh =0.7) }
1.05 0.95
f1 =0.0 f1 =0.0 1.00 ks =0.0 ks =0.0
1.00 0.90
f1 =-0.1 0.90
f1 =-0.1 0.95 ks =0.3 ks =0.3
0.95 f1 =-0.2 0.85 0.85
f1 =-0.2 ks =0.5 ks =0.5
0.90
0.80
αuni
f1 =-0.3 0.80
αuni
αuni
αuni
0.90 f1 =-0.3 ks =0.7 ks =0.7
0.75 0.85
0.85 0.75
0.70 0.80
0.80 0.70
0.65
0.75
0.75 0.60 0.65
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1 0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1 0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1 0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1
c1 c1 c1 c1
{d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w20 /w2 =0.5,b=8,M=1,ks =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w20 /w2 =0.5,b=8,M=1,ks =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w20 /w2 =0.5,b=8,M=1,ks =kd =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w20 /w2 =0.5,b=8,M=1,ks =kd =0.7)}
0.85
1.00 ksh =0.0 ksh =0.0
0.85
kd =0.0 kd =0.0 1.00
0.80
ksh =0.3 ksh =0.3
0.95 kd =0.3 kd =0.3 0.80
0.95 ksh =0.5 ksh =0.5
kd =0.5 kd =0.5
αuni
αuni
αuni
αuni
0.75 ksh =0.7 ksh =0.7
0.90 0.75
kd =0.7 kd =0.7 0.90
0.85 0.70 0.70

0.85
0.80 0.65 0.80 0.65

0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1 0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1 0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1 0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1
c1 c1 c1 c1
{d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w02 /w2 =0.5,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w02 /w2 =0.5,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)}
1.0 1.2 1.2
1.2 b=7.0 b=7.0 w02 /w2 =0.0 w02 /w2 =0.0
1.1
b=8.0 b=8.0 1.1 w02 /w2 =0.3 w02 /w2 =0.3
1.1 0.9 1.0
b=9.0 b=9.0 1.0 w02 /w2 =0.5 w02 /w2 =0.5
1.0 0.9
b=10 0.8 b=10 0.9 w02 /w2 =0.6 w02 /w2 =0.6
αuni
αuni
αuni
αuni
0.9 0.8
0.8
0.7 0.7
0.8 0.7
0.6
0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5
0.5 0.4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1 0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1 0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1 0.001 0.010 0.100 1
c1 c1 c1 c1
FIG. 13: The deflection angle α̂uni in uniform plasma for d1 = 8f1 (Left panel) and d1 = −8f1 (Right panel) along c1 taking
different values of f1 , ks , kd , & ksh .
25
{d1 =8 f1 (C1=1,b=8,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 (C1=1,b=8,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,c1 =1,b=8,M=1,kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,c1 =1,b=8,M=1,kd =ksh =0.7)}
f1 =0.0 f1 =0.0 1.0 ks =0.0 ks =0.0

1.0 0.9
0.9
f1 =-0.1 f1 =-0.1 ks =0.3 ks =0.3
0.9
0.9 f1 =-0.2 0.8 f1 =-0.2 ks =0.5 0.8 ks =0.5
αuni
αuni
αuni
αuni
f1 =-0.3 f1 =-0.3 ks =0.7 ks =0.7
0.8
0.8 0.7 0.7
0.7
0.7 0.6
0.6
0.6 0.6
5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500
w20 /w2 w20 /w2 w20 /w2 w20 /w2
{d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,c1 =1,b=8,M=1,ks =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,c1 =1,b=8,M=1,ks =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,c1 =1,b=8,M=1,ks =kd =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,c1 =1,b=8,M=1,ks =kd =0.7)}
1.0
1.0 ksh =0.0 0.85 ksh =0.0
0.8
kd =0.0 kd =0.0
0.9 ksh =0.3 0.80 ksh =0.3
kd =0.3 kd =0.3 0.9
0.7 ksh =0.5 0.75 ksh =0.5
0.8 kd =0.5 kd =0.5
αuni
αuni
αuni
αuni
ksh =0.7 ksh =0.7
0.70
kd =0.7 0.6 kd =0.7 0.8
0.7
0.65
0.6 0.5 0.7 0.60
0.55
5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500
w02 /w2 w02 /w2 w02 /w2 w02 /w2
{d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,b=8,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,b=8,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)}
1.2 b=7.0 1.0 b=7.0 1.0 c1 =0.0 c1 =0.0
b=8.0 b=8.0 c1 =0.3 0.8 c1 =0.3

0.9
0.9
1.0 b=9.0 b=9.0 c1 =0.5 c1 =0.5
0.8 0.7
b=10 b=10 0.8 c1 =1.0 c1 =1.0
αuni
αuni
αuni
αuni
0.7
0.8
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5
5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500
w20 /w2 w20 /w2 w20 /w2 w20 /w2
FIG. 14: The deflection angle α̂uni in uniform plasma field for d1 = 8f1 (Left panel) and d1 = −8f1 (Right panel) along c1
taking different values of f1 , ks , kd , & ksh .
The deviation of photons in NSIS plasma gravitational lensing field produces a deflection angle, which possesses all
of its characteristics and can be computed for MAGBH as follows
1 h
− 9 4c1 kd2 + 2f1 ksh
2
− d1 ks2 4b2 + 20c1 kd2 + 10f1 ksh
2
− 5d1 ks2

α̂N SIS = 3/2
48b3 πrc6 (b2 + rc2 ) w2
r
1 2 3/2 3/2
π 2 rc6 w2 b + rc2 − 32 3b2 + 32c1 kd2 + 16f1 ksh 2
− 8d1 ks2 πrc6 w2 Rs b2 + rc2

2
− 24rc
b
!
h
2 2 2 2 rc h i
+ 1 b4 + − 24c1 kd2 − 12f1 ksh 2
+ 6d1 ks2 + rc2

24c1 kd + 12f1 ksh − 6d1 ks − rc log p
b2 + rc2
!
rc h
b4 + 2rc −24c1 kd2 − 12f1 ksh 2
+ 6d1 ks2 + rc2 b2 + 4 4c1 kd2 + 2f1 ksh 2
− d1 ks2

log 1 − p
b2 + rc2
r
2
ip i
3 2 2 2 1 h h
π 4 − 32c21 kd4 + 4c1 −8f1 ksh 2
+ 4d1 ks2 + rc2 kd2 − 8f12 ksh 4

rc 2 2
b + rc Rs wc b + rc − 12
b 2
r s hr 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
i 1 1 p 2 8 6
h
4c1 kd2 + 2f1 ksh
2

− d1 ks 2d1 ks + rc + 2f1 ksh 4d1 ks + rc b + r 2 b + 2 r + 2
c
b2 b2 + rc2 b2 c
s s
ir 1 1 p p h r1 1
d1 ks2 b2 + rc2 rc4 − 2 4c1 kd2 + 2f1 ksh 2
− d1 ks2 k2

− b2 + rc2 8c1
b2 b2 + rc2 b2 b2 + rc2 d
r s r s
1 2 1 2 1 1 i
2 2 2 2 2
p i
2 + r 2 b6
− 2 d k
1 s + 4f k
1 sh + 1 rc + 4 4c k
1 d + 2f k
1 sh − d k
1 s b c
b2 b2 + rc2 b2 b2 + rc2
2rc2 32c21 kd4 + 4c1 8f1 ksh 2
− 4d1 ks2 − rc2 kd2 + 8f12 ksh 4
+ d1 ks2 2d1 ks2 + rc2 − 2f1 ksh 2
4d1 ks2 + rc2

+
p h
b2 + rc2 b4 + rc4 − 16c21 kd4 + 8c1 −2f1 ksh 2
+ d1 ks2 + rc2 kd2 − 4f12 ksh 4 2
d1 ks2 + rc2

+ 4f1 ksh
ip 2 p i i
− d1 ks2 d1 ks2 + 2rc2 b2 + rc2 b2 + 3 4c1 kd2 + 2f1 ksh 2
− d1 ks2 rc6 b2 + rc2 Rs2 wc2 . (65)
26
{d1 =8 f1 (w2c /w2 =0.5,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 (wc2 /w2 =0.5,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,wc2 /w2 =0.5,c1 =1,M=1,kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,wc2 /w2 =0.5,c1 =1,M=1,kd =ksh =0.7)}
f1 =0.0 f1 =0.0 0.65 ks =0.0 ks =0.0
1.0 0.60
0.60
f1 =-0.1 f1 =-0.1 ks =0.3 ks =0.3
0.60 0.55
0.9 f1 =-0.2 0.55
f1 =-0.2 ks =0.5 ks =0.5
0.55
f1 =-0.3 0.50 f1 =-0.3 ks =0.7 0.50 ks =0.7
αSIS
αSIS
αSIS
αSIS
0.8
0.50
0.45 0.45
0.7 0.45
0.40 0.40
0.6 0.40
0.35
0.35
8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 11 12
b b b b
{d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w2c /w2 =0.5,c1 =1,M=1,ks =ksh =0.7) } {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w2c /w2 =0.5,c1 =1,M=1,ks =ksh =0.7) } {d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w2c /w2 =0.5,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =0.7) } {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w2c /w2 =0.5,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =0.7) }
0.65 kd =0.0 0.55 kd =0.0 ksh =0.0 ksh =0.0
0.65
0.55
0.60 kd =0.3 kd =0.3 ksh =0.3 ksh =0.3
0.50 0.60
kd =0.5 kd =0.5 ksh =0.5 0.50 ksh =0.5
0.55
kd =0.7 0.45 kd =0.7 0.55 ksh =0.7 ksh =0.7
αSIS
αSIS
αSIS
αSIS
0.50
0.45
0.50
0.45 0.40
0.45 0.40
0.40 0.35
0.35 0.40
0.30 0.35
8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 11 12
b b b b
{d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,wc2 /w2 =0.5,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,wc2 /w2 =0.5,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)}
0.65 c1 =0.0 0.55 c1 =0.0 0.65 wc2 /w2 =0.0 wc2 /w2 =0.0
0.55
c1 =0.3 c1 =0.3 wc2 /w2 =0.3 wc2 /w2 =0.3
0.60 0.60
0.50 wc2 /w2 =0.5 wc2 /w2 =0.5
c1 =0.5 c1 =0.5 0.50
0.55
0.55 wc2 /w2 =0.6 wc2 /w2 =0.6
c1 =1.0 0.45 c1 =1.0
αSIS
αSIS
αSIS
αSIS
0.50 0.45
0.50
0.45 0.40
0.45 0.40
0.40 0.35
0.35 0.40
0.30 0.35
8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 11 12
b b b b
{d1 =8 f1 (wc2 /w2 =0.5,b=8,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 (wc2 /w2 =0.5,b=8,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,wc2 /w2 =0.5,b=8,M=1,kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,wc2 /w2 =0.5,b=8,M=1,kd =ksh =0.7)}
1.05
f1 =0.0 f1 =0.0 0.65 ks =0.0 0.60 ks =0.0
0.60
1.00
f1 =-0.1 f1 =-0.1 ks =0.3 ks =0.3
0.95 f1 =-0.2 f1 =-0.2 0.60 ks =0.5 ks =0.5
0.55 0.55
αSIS
αSIS
αSIS
αSIS
0.90 f1 =-0.3 f1 =-0.3 ks =0.7 ks =0.7
0.50
0.85 0.55 0.50
0.80 0.45
0.50 0.45
0.75
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1 0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1 0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1 0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1
c1 c1 c1 c1
{d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w2c /w2 =0.5,b=8,M=1,ks =ksh =0.7) } {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,wc2 /w2 =0.5,b=8,M=1,ks =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,wc2 /w2 =0.5,b=8,M=1,ks =kd =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,wc2 /w2 =0.5,b=8,M=1,ks =kd =0.7)}
0.66
0.56
0.66 ksh =0.0 ksh =0.0
0.64 0.56
kd =0.0 0.54 kd =0.0
0.64 ksh =0.3 ksh =0.3
0.54
0.62 kd =0.3 kd =0.3
0.52 0.62 ksh =0.5 ksh =0.5
0.52
0.60 kd =0.5 kd =0.5
αSIS
αSIS
αSIS
αSIS
0.50 0.60 ksh =0.7 ksh =0.7
kd =0.7 kd =0.7 0.50
0.58
0.48 0.58
0.48
0.56 0.56
0.46 0.46
0.54 0.54
0.44 0.44
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1 0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1 0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1 0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1
c1 c1 c1 c1
{d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w2c /w2 =0.5,M=1,ks =kd = ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,wc2 /w2 =0.5,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)}
0.8 b=7.0 0.66
0.65 b=7.0 wc2 /w2 =0.0 0.56
b=8.0 0.64 wc2 /w2 =0.0
b=8.0 wc2 /w2 =0.3
0.60 0.54
0.7 b=9.0 wc2 /w2 =0.3
b=9.0 0.62 wc2 /w2 =0.5
0.55 0.52 wc2 /w2 =0.5
b=10 wc2 /w2 =0.6
b=10 0.60
αSIS
αSIS
αSIS
αSIS
0.6 0.50 wc2 /w2 =0.6

0.50
0.58
0.45 0.48
0.5 0.56
0.40 0.46
0.54
0.44
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1 0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1 0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1 0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1
c1 c1 c1 c1
FIG. 15: The deflection angle α̂SIS in SIS plasma for d1 = 8f1 (Left panel) and d1 = −8f1 (Right panel) along c1 taking
The deflection angle α̂N SIS for NSIS plasma is illustrated graphically in Figs. 16 and 17. Observing the varying
behavior of the deflection angle in the N SIS w.r.t SIS and U N I plasma fields seems difficult. It is also worthwhile
to analyze that α̂uni > α̂SIS > α̂N SIS which has been plotted in Fig. 19.
27
0.90 0.80 0.90 0.80
f1 =0.0 f1 =0.0 ks =0.0 ks =0.0
0.85 0.75 0.85 0.75
f1 =-0.1 f1 =-0.1 ks =0.3 ks =0.3
0.80 0.80
f1 =-0.2 0.70 f1 =-0.2 ks =0.5 0.70 ks =0.5
0.75 0.75
αSIS
αSIS
αSIS
αSIS
f1 =-0.3 0.65 f1 =-0.3 ks =0.7 0.65 ks =0.7
0.70 0.70
0.60 0.60
0.65 0.65
0.60 0.55 0.60 0.55
0.55 0.50 0.55 0.50

5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500
wc2 /w2 wc2 /w2 wc2 /w2 wc2 /w2
0.9 0.8 0.70 0.60
kd =0.0 kd =0.0 ksh =0.0 ksh =0.0
0.69 0.59
0.8 kd =0.3 0.7 kd =0.3 ksh =0.3 ksh =0.3
0.68
kd =0.5 kd =0.5 ksh =0.5 0.58 ksh =0.5
αSIS
αSIS
αSIS
αSIS
0.7 kd =0.7 0.6 kd =0.7 0.67 ksh =0.7 ksh =0.7
0.57
0.66
0.6 0.5
0.65 0.56
0.5 0.4 0.64 0.55

5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500
w2c /w2 w2c /w2 w2c /w2 w2c /w2
1.0 0.85 0.8
b=7.0 b=7.0 c1 =0.0 c1 =0.0
1.2
b=8.0 0.9 b=8.0 0.80 c1 =0.3
c1 =0.3
0.7
b=9.0 b=9.0 0.75 c1 =0.5 c1 =0.5
1.0 0.8
b=10 b=10 0.70 c1 =1.0 c1 =1.0
αSIS
αSIS
αSIS
αSIS
0.7 0.6
0.8 0.65
0.6
0.60 0.5
0.6
0.5 0.55
0.4 0.4 0.50 0.4

5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500
wc2 /w2 wc2 /w2 wc2 /w2 wc2 /w2
FIG. 16: The deflection angle α̂SIS in SIS plasma for d1 = 8f1 (Left panel) and d1 = −8f1 (Right panel) along c1 taking
IX. MAGNIFICATION OF GRAVITATIONALLY LENSED IMAGE
In this section, we are interested to study the image magnification and brightness of the image source in both
uniform and non-uniform SIS plasma fields. Here Ds , Dd , & Dds denote the distances of the source to observer,
lens to observer, and source to lens, respectively. Also, β & θ represent the angular posture of the source and image.
Consequently, one can obtain the angular position (gravitational lensing) through the following formula [151, 154, 155]
θDs = βDs + α̂Dds , (66)
which can also be written in terms of β as
Dds ξ(θ) 1
β =θ− , (67)
Ds Dd θ
where ξ(θ) = |α̂b |b and b = Dd θ [151]. The radius of Einstein’s ring Rs = Dd θE refers to the radius of circular form
of image. The Einstein’s angle θE between the source and the images in a vacuum is given by [156]
r
Dds
θE = 2Rs . (68)
Dd Ds
The magnification of brightness can be mathematically expressed as [149, 156]
X Itot X θk dθk
µ= = , k = 1, 2, ....., j, (69)
I∗ β dβ
K
where I∗ , & Itot correspond to the notions of non-lensed brightness of the source and the total brightness of all the
images, respectively. Magnification of the source is defined by [146]
√ !
pl 1 x x2 + 4
µ+ = √ + +2 , (70)
4 x2 + 4 x
√ !
pl 1 x x2 + 4
µ− = √ + −2 , (71)
4 x2 + 4 x
28
{d1 =8 f1 (w2c /w2 =0.5,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 (w2c /w2 =0.5,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w2c /w2 =0.5,c1 =1,M=1,kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w2c /w2 =0.5,c1 =1,M=1,kd =ksh =0.7)}
f1 =0.0 f1 =0.0 0.65 ks =0.0 0.60 ks =0.0
0.65 0.60
f1 =-0.1 f1 =-0.1 0.60
ks =0.3 ks =0.3
0.60 0.55 0.55
f1 =-0.2 f1 =-0.2 ks =0.5 ks =0.5
0.55
0.55 0.50 0.50
αNSIS
αNSIS
αNSIS
αNSIS
f1 =-0.3 f1 =-0.3 ks =0.7 ks =0.7
0.50
0.50 0.45 0.45
0.45 0.45
0.40 0.40
0.40 0.40
0.35
0.35
8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 11 12
b b b b
{d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,wc2 /w2 =0.5,c1 =1,M=1,ks =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,wc2 /w2 =0.5,c1 =1,M=1,ks =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,wc2 /w2 =0.5,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,wc2 /w2 =0.5,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =0.7)}
0.65 kd =0.0 0.55 kd =0.0 ksh =0.0 ksh =0.0

0.65
0.55
0.60 kd =0.3 kd =0.3 ksh =0.3 ksh =0.3
0.50 0.60
kd =0.5 kd =0.5 ksh =0.5 0.50 ksh =0.5
0.55
0.55
αNSIS
αNSIS
αNSIS
αNSIS
kd =0.7 0.45 kd =0.7 ksh =0.7 ksh =0.7
0.50
0.45
0.50
0.45 0.40
0.45 0.40
0.40 0.35
0.35 0.40
0.30 0.35
8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 11 12
b b b b
{d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,wc2 /w2 =0.5,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,wc2 /w2 =0.5,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)}
0.65 c1 =0.0 0.55 c1 =0.0 0.65

wc2 /w2 =0.0 0.55 wc2 /w2 =0.0
0.60 c1 =0.3 c1 =0.3
0.60 wc2 /w2 =0.3 wc2 /w2 =0.3
0.50
c1 =0.5 c1 =0.5 wc2 /w2 =0.5 0.50 wc2 /w2 =0.5
0.55
0.55
αNSIS
αNSIS
αNSIS
αNSIS
c1 =1.0 0.45 c1 =1.0 wc2 /w2 =0.9 wc2 /w2 =0.9
0.50
0.45
0.50
0.45 0.40
0.45 0.40
0.40 0.35
0.35 0.40
0.30 0.35
8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 11 12
b b b b
{d1 =8 f1 (w2c /w2 =0.5,b=8,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7) } {d1 =-8 f1 (w2c /w2 =0.5,b=8,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7) } {d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w2c /w2 =0.5,b=8,M=1,kd =ksh =0.7) } {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w2c /w2 =0.5,b=8,M=1,kd =ksh =0.7) }
f1 =0.0 f1 =0.0 0.65 ks =0.0 0.60 ks =0.0
0.60
0.65
f1 =-0.1 f1 =-0.1 ks =0.3 ks =0.3
f1 =-0.2 0.55 f1 =-0.2 0.60 ks =0.5 0.55 ks =0.5
0.60
αNSIS
αNSIS
αNSIS
αNSIS
f1 =-0.3 f1 =-0.3 ks =0.7 ks =0.7
0.50
0.55 0.50
0.55
0.45
0.50 0.45
0.50
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1 0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1 0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1 0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1
c1 c1 c1 c1
{d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,wc2 /w2 =0.5,b=8,M=1,ks =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w2c /w2 =0.5,b=8,M=1,ks =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w2c /w2 =0.5,b=8,M=1,ks =kd =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w2c /w2 =0.5,b=8,M=1,ks =kd =0.7)}
0.66
0.56
0.66 ksh =0.0 ksh =0.0
0.64 0.56
kd =0.0 0.54 kd =0.0
0.64 ksh =0.3 ksh =0.3
0.54
0.62 kd =0.3 kd =0.3
0.52 0.62 ksh =0.5 ksh =0.5
0.52
αNSIS
αNSIS
αNSIS
αNSIS
0.60 kd =0.5 kd =0.5

0.50 0.60 ksh =0.7 ksh =0.7
kd =0.7 kd =0.7 0.50
0.58 0.58
0.48 0.48
0.56 0.56
0.46 0.46
0.54 0.54
0.44 0.44
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1 0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1 0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1 0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1
c1 c1 c1 c1
{d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,wc2 /w2 =0.5,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,w2c /w2 =0.5,M=1,ks =kd = ksh =0.7)} {d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)}
0.8 0.66
b=7.0 0.65 b=7.0 0.56
wc2 /w2 =0.0 wc2 /w2 =0.0
b=8.0 b=8.0 0.64
0.60 wc2 /w2 =0.3 0.54 wc2 /w2 =0.3
0.7
b=9.0 b=9.0 0.62
0.55 wc2 /w2 =0.5 0.52 wc2 /w2 =0.5
b=10 b=10
αNSIS
αNSIS
αNSIS
αNSIS
0.60 wc2 /w2 =0.6 wc2 /w2 =0.6

0.6 0.50
0.50
0.58
0.45 0.48
0.5 0.56
0.40 0.46
0.54
0.44
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1 0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1 0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1 0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1
c1 c1 c1 c1
FIG. 17: The deflection angle α̂N SIS in N SIS plasma for d1 = 8f1 (Left panel) and d1 = −8f1 (Right panel) along c1 taking
where x = β/θ0 is a dimensionless entity [151] and µpl pl

+ and µ− correspond to the images in plasma field. We can
derive an expression for the total magnification through Eqs.(79) and (80) as
x2 + 2
µpl pl pl
tot = µ+ + µ− = √ 2 . (72)
x x +4
We intend to explore brightness of the source and the image magnification in the plasma field of MAGBH. To this
end, we consider variation in density distribution of plasma field, i.e., (i) uniform plasma and (ii) non-uniform plasma.
29
0.90 0.80 0.90 0.80
f1 =0.0 f1 =0.0 ks =0.0 ks =0.0
0.85 0.75 0.85
0.75
f1 =-0.1 f1 =-0.1 ks =0.3 ks =0.3
0.80 0.80
f1 =-0.2 0.70 f1 =-0.2 ks =0.5 0.70 ks =0.5
0.75 0.75
αNSIS
αNSIS
αNSIS
αNSIS
f1 =-0.3 0.65 f1 =-0.3 ks =0.7 ks =0.7
0.65
0.70 0.70
0.60
0.65 0.65 0.60
0.60 0.55 0.60

0.55
0.55 0.50 0.55
5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500
wc2 /w2 wc2 /w2 wc2 /w2 wc2 /w2
0.9 0.8 0.70 0.60
kd =0.0 kd =0.0 ksh =0.0 ksh =0.0
0.69 0.59
0.8 kd =0.3 0.7 kd =0.3 ksh =0.3 ksh =0.3
kd =0.5 0.68
kd =0.5 ksh =0.5 0.58 ksh =0.5
αNSIS
αNSIS
αNSIS
αNSIS
0.7 0.6 kd =0.7 0.67 ksh =0.7 ksh =0.7
kd =0.7
0.57
0.66
0.6 0.5
0.65 0.56
0.5 0.4 0.64 0.55

5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500
w2c /w2 w2c /w2 w2c /w2 w2c /w2
1.0 0.85 0.75
b=7.0 b=7.0 c1 =0.0 c1 =0.0
1.2
b=8.0 0.9 b=8.0 0.80 0.70
c1 =0.3 c1 =0.3
b=9.0 b=9.0 0.75 c1 =0.5 0.65 c1 =0.5

1.0 0.8
0.70 0.60
αNSIS
αNSIS
b=10 b=10
αNSIS
αNSIS
c1 =1.0 c1 =1.0
0.7
0.8 0.65 0.55
0.6
0.60 0.50
0.6
0.5
0.55 0.45
0.4 0.4 0.50 0.40

5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500
wc2 /w2 wc2 /w2 wc2 /w2 wc2 /w2
FIG. 18: The deflection angle α̂N SIS for d1 = 8f1 (Left panel) and d1 = −8f1 (Right panel) along c1 taking different values of
f1 , ks , kd , & ksh .
A. Uniform Plasma
Here we apply the MAGBH geometry to unveil the influence of uniform plasma on the image magnification. The
total magnification (µpl pl
tot and total deflection angel θuni ) can be calculated by the formula
x2uni + 2
µpl pl pl
tot = µ+ + µ− = p , (73)
xuni x2uni + 4
with
p
1 h xuni x2uni + 4 i
µpl
+ = p + + 2 , (74)
uni 4 x2uni + 4 x
p
1 h xuni x2uni + 4 i
µpl
− = p + − 2 , (75)
uni 4 x2uni + 4 xuni
r
β pl bαb
xuni = , θuni = θE , (76)
pl
θE 2Rs
uni
30
{d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,c1 =1,b=8,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,c1 =1,b=8,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)}
0.660 0.66
 uni
α 0.55750  uni
α
0.64 0.55745  SIS
0.658  SIS
α 0.55740
0.55735
α
0.55730  NSIS
 NSIS
α 0.62 0.55725 α
0.656 0.55720
αb
αb
0.60 0.005
0.010 0.050
0.100
0.654
0.58
0.652
0.56
0.650
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 1
w2c /w2 w2c /w2
2 2 2 2
{d1 =8 f 1 ( f1 =-0.2,c1 =1,w0 /w =wc /w =0.5,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7) } {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,c1 =1,w20 /w2 =w2c /w2 =0.5,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)}
 uni
α  uni
0.8
α
 SIS 0.7
α  SIS
α
0.5604  NSIS
α 0.4892  NSIS
0.7 0.5602
0.5600 0.6 0.4890
0.4888
α
0.5598 0.4886
αb
0.5596
αb
0.5594 0.4884
0.6 0.5592 0.4882
0.5590 0.4880
9.000 9.005 9.010 9.015 0.5 9.000 9.005 9.010 9.015
0.5
0.4
0.4
9 10 11 12 9 10 11 12
b b
{d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,b=8,w20 /w2 =w2c /w2 =0.5,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,b=8,w20 /w2 =w2c /w2 =0.5,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)}
0.75
0.9
0.70
0.8 0.65
 uni
α  uni
α
0.60
αb
αb
0.7  SIS
α  SIS
α
0.55
 NSIS
α  NSIS
α
0.6 0.50
0.45
5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500 5. ×10-4
0.001 0.0050.010 0.0500.100 0.500
c1 c1
FIG. 19: Comparison of deflection angles α̂uni > α̂SIS > α̂N SIS in uniform, SIS and N SIS plasma for d1 = 8f1 (Left panel)
and d1 = −8f1 (Right panel) along c1 taking different values of f1 , ks , kd , & ksh .
31
{d1 =8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)} {d1 =-8 f1 ( f1 =-0.2,c1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7)}
25 25
w02 /w2 =0.0 w02 /w2 =0.0
24
24 w02 /w2 =0.1 w02 /w2 =0.1
23
23 w02 /w2 =0.2 w02 /w2 =0.2
tot,uni
tot,uni
22
w02 /w2 =0.3 w02 /w2 =0.3
μpl
μpl
22 21
21 20
19
20
18
8 9 10 11 12 8 9 10 11 12
b b
30 26
b=7 b=7
25
28
b=8 b=8
24
26 b=9 b=9
23
tot,uni
tot,uni
b=10 b=10
22
μpl
24 μpl
21
22
20
20 19
0.001 0.005 0.010 0.050 0.100 0.500 0.001 0.005 0.010 0.050 0.100 0.500
w20 /w2 w20 /w2
FIG. 20: Total Magnification of α̂uni for the cases d1 = 8f1 (Left panel) and d1 = −8f1 (Right panel) along c1 taking different
and
q q q q q
h b h π b12 c1 kd2 3π b12 c21 kd4 π b12 f1 ksh2
3π b12 c1 f1 kd2 ksh
2
3π b12 f12 ksh
4
xuni = x0 + + + +
2R b b3 2b b3 4b3
q s q q q
π b12 d1 ks2 3π b12 c1 d1 kd2 ks2 3π b12 d1 f1 ksh
2 2
ks 3π b12 d21 ks4 R 16c1 kd2 R
− − − + + +
4b 2b3 4b3 16b3 bq 3b3
1 2
2
8f1 ksh R 4d1 ks2 R 1 h 16c1 kd2 R 4d1 ks2 R 8f1 ksh 2
R 2π b2 c1 kd
+ − − w2
− + − −
3b3 3b3 1 − w02 b3 b3 b3 b
q q q q q
π b12 d1 ks2 π b12 f1 ksh
2
12π b12 c21 kd4 6π b12 c1 d1 kd2 ks2 12π b12 c1 f1 kd2 ksh
2
+ − − + −
q2b qb b3 q b3 b3
3π b12 d21 ks4 3π b12 d1 f1 ksh
2 2
ks 3π b12 f12 ksh
4
R iii− 12
− 3
+ 3
− 3
− , (77)
4b b b b
where x0 = β/θE . We provide a graphical analysis for the total magnification of uniform plasma as shown in Fig.
(20. Magnification of the image source in uni-plasma field is also plotted in the middle panel of Fig. (22). It can be
observed that magnification significantly rises with more concentration of plasma field.
32
19.3
20.8 wc2 /w2 =0.0 wc2 /w2 =0.0
wc2 /w2 =0.2 19.2 wc2 /w2 =0.2

20.6
wc2 /w2 =0.4 wc2 /w2 =0.4
tot,SIS
tot,SIS
20.4 19.1
wc2 /w2 =0.6 wc2 /w2 =0.6
μpl
μpl
20.2 19.0
20.0 18.9
8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0
b b
24 20.5
b=7 b=7
23 b=8 b=8
20.0
b=9 b=9
tot,SIS
tot,SIS
22 b=10 b=10
19.5
μpl
μpl
21
19.0
20
0.001 0.005 0.010 0.050 0.100 0.500 0.001 0.005 0.010 0.050 0.100 0.500
w2c /w2 w2c /w2
FIG. 21: Total Magnification of α̂SIS for the cases d1 = 8f1 (Left panel) and d1 = −8f1 (Right panel) along c1 taking different
B. Non-uniform plasma
Following the same procedure as mentioned above, one can explore the effects of SIS plasma on the image magni-
fication. We find the total magnification µpl pl
tot and total deflection angle θSIS for SIS plasma field by the formula
x2SIS + 2
µpl pl pl
tot = µ+ + µ− = p , (78)
xSIS x2SIS + 4
with
p
1 h xSIS x2SIS + 4 i
µpl
+ = p + + 2 , (79)
SIS 4 x2SIS + 4 x
p
1 h xSIS x2SIS + 4 i
µpl
− = p + − 2 , (80)
SIS 4 x2SIS + 4 xSIS
r
β pl bαb
xSIS = , θuni = θE , (81)
pl
θE 2Rs
SIS
33
{d1 =8f1 (f1 =-0.2,c 1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7,Rs =2)} {d1 =-8f1 (f1 =-0.2,c 1 =1,M=1,ks =kd =ksh =0.7,Rs =2)}
4 4
3
3 Uniform
Uniform
SIS
μ+pl /μ+ ,μ-pl /μ-

SIS
μ+pl /μ+ ,μ-pl /μ-
2 2
1 1
0.01 0.10 1 10 100 1000 0.01 0.10 1 10 100 1000
x0 x0
50
μ+,uni  μ+,uni , μ-,uni  μ-,uni

50
μ+,uni  μ+,uni , μ-,uni  μ-,uni
ω2 2
0 /ω =0.5
ω2 2
0 /ω =0.5
ω2 2
0 /ω =0.9
ω2 2
pl
pl
10 10 0 /ω =0.9
5 pl 5
pl
1 1
0.01 0.10 1 10 100 1000 0.01 0.10 1 10 100 1000
x0 x0
μ+,SIS  μ+,SIS , μ-,SIS  μ-,SIS
μ+,SIS  μ+,SIS , μ-,SIS  μ-,SIS
1.3 1.3
ω2 2
c /ω =0.5
ω2 2
c /ω =0.5
ω2 2
c /ω =0.9
1.2 1.2 ω2 2
c /ω =0.9
pl
pl
1.1 1.1
pl
pl
1.0 1.0
0.01 0.10 1 10 100 1000 0.01 0.10 1 10 100 1000
x0 x0
FIG. 22: Brightness of source image for d1 = 8f1 (Left panel) and d1 = −8f1 (Right panel) along c1 taking different values of
f1 , ks , kd , & ksh .
34
and
h b h 1 hr 1 h 2R2 wc2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2
xSIS = x0 45πb 4c k
1 d − d k
1 s + 2f k
1 sh + 20πc k
1 d − 5πd k
1 s + 10πf k
1 sh
2Rs 240πb5 b2 w2
q q q
100π b12 c1 kd2 − 25π b12 d1 ks2 + 50π b12 f1 ksh

6R2 wc2 4c1 kd2 − d1 ks2 + 2f1 ksh 2 2
+ 128R
+ q
1 2
b2 w
q
h 8 b12 R3 wc2
r r ! r
1 6 4 2 1 1
+ 480π 2
b R + 20b 2
+ 4πc1 kd 64 2
R + 9π − 64π d1 ks2 R + 2πf1 ksh
2
b w b b2
r !
1 iiiii− 12
2 2
64 R + 9π − 9π d1 k s , (82)
b2
where x0 = β/θE . We plot the total image magnification in SIS plasma in Fig. 21 and in the lower panel of Fig. 22.
We find that magnification increases in a higher concentration of SIS plasma field. It is interesting to notice that the
image magnification in uniform plasma is much higher as compared to the SIS plasma field (see the upper panel of
Fig. 22).
X. CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY
The study in this article is equipped with the optical characteristics of BH in the paradigm of MAGBH geometry.
This geometry is supplemented by the shear charge ksh , spin charge ks , dilation charge kd , constant parameter c1
and Lagrangian coefficients d1 & f1 . We attempted to unveil the comprehensive impacts of these parameters on the
optical features of MAGBH. We have computed horizon radius, inner stable circular orbit, photon sphere radius, BH
shadows, quasi-periodic oscillations, the red-blue shift of photon particles, effective force, weak gravitational lensing,
and image magnification. The results can be summarized as follows:
• Figs. 1, 2 and 3 represent the horizon radius rh , inner stable circular orbit rISCO and photo orbit rph , respectively.
One can examine the rising radial behavior along c1 by increasing f1 , ks , kd which declines with an increase in
ksh for d1 = 8f1 . On the other hand, a similar trend can be observed in the radial propagation by increasing kd
and f1 , ks , ksh for d1 = −8f1 . It is important to note that rISCO > rph > rh .
• We have also plotted the shadows radius Rsh as shown in Figs. 4 and 5. It can apparently be seen that an
increase in shadow radius occurs along c1 by increasing f1 , kd , & ks . The respective radius tends to decrease
by increasing ksh and f1 , ks , ksh for the cases d1 = 8f1 and d1 = −8f1 , respectively.
• We plot the radial and tangential frequencies (Fig. 6). In Fig. 7, we plot the upper and lower frequencies of
RP model while ER model frequencies are given in Figs. 8, 9, and 10. These graphical illustrations indicate
variations in the frequencies by varying the parameters f1 , c1 , d1 , kd , ks , ksh .
• The red-blue shift for both d1 = 8f1 & d1 = −8f1 cases is plotted in Fig. 11 for which an observer may find
different horizons for the parameters f1 , d1 , kd , ks , ksh along c1 .
• We have plotted the attractive behavior of the test particle through the effective force in Fig. 12 along the BH
radius in MAG.
• The deflection angle α̂b is also graphically illustrated for three plasma states, i.e., uniform plasma, SIS plasma,
and N SIS (Figs. 13-19) whose outcomes yield
– The deflection angle α̂b along b: (i) increases by increasing f1 , c1 , kd , ks , & w02 /w2 while it decreases
with increase in ksh for d1 = 8f1 , and (ii) rises with an increase in c1 , kd , & w02 /w2 and falls with
f1 , ks , ksh for the case d1 = −8f1 .
– The deflection angle α̂b along c1 : also has a direct relation with f1 , kd , ks , & w02 /w2 and kd , & w02 /w2
for the cases d1 = 8f1 and d1 = −8f1 but an inverse impact appears through b, & ksh and f1 , b, ks , ksh
for both cases.
– Furthermore, the deflection angle α̂b along w02 /w2 (uniform case), wc2 /w2 (SIS & N SIS): in-
creases with f1 , c1 , kd , ks while it decreases with increasing values of b & ksh in the case d1 = 8f1 . Similar
is the behavior for the case d1 = −8f1 .
35
It is necessary to emphasize that α̂uni > α̂SIS > α̂N SIS .

• From lens equation the observed quantity of the Einstein angle and magnifications of images are also obtained
in the Metfic-Affine gravity. We plot magnification of the image through deflection angle (for the uniform and
non-uniform plasma cases) of the light rays in Figs. 20-22.
Acknowledgement
The paper was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China 11975145. This research is partly
supported by Research Grant F-FA-2021-510 of the Uzbekistan Ministry for Innovative Development.
Data Availability Statement
This manuscript has no associated data, or the data will not be deposited. (There is no observational data related
to this article. The necessary calculations and graphic discussion can be made available on request.)
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Testing The Metric-Affine Gravity Using Particle Dynamics and Photon Motion

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Testing The Metric-Affine Gravity Using Particle Dynamics and Photon Motion

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Testing the Metric-Affine Gravity Using Particle Dynamics and Photon Motion

Allah Ditta,1, ∗ Xia Tiecheng,1, † Saadia Mumtaz,2, ‡ Farruh Atamurotov,3, 4, 5, §

(Dated: March 10, 2023)

∗ Electronic address: mradshahid01@gmail.com

II. METRIC-AFFINE GRAVITY: REISSNER-NORDSTRÖM-LIKE GEOMETRY WITH SPIN,

III. ISCO AND PHOTON SPHERE RADIUS

rph 3.5 ks =0.0 ks =0.0

ks =0.5 2.5 ks =0.5

The orbit radius of photon for MAGBH geometry is given by

IV. BLACK HOLE SHADOWS

V. OSCILLATIONS OF MASSIVE PARTICLES NEAR THE CIRCULAR ORBIT

+ 2r 4c1 kd2 − d1 ks2 + 2f1 ksh2

Rsh f1 =-0.3 Rsh 5.5 f1 =-0.3

0.01 0.05 0.10 0.50 1 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.50 1

2 ksh =0.0 2 ksh =0.0

VI. RED-BLUE SHIFTS OF THE PHOTONS EMITTED BY THE PARTICLES

The expression realizing the kinematic frequency shift is as follows

‫ג‬te ‫ג‬φd bd − ‫ג‬td ‫ג‬φe be

Since the location of detector far away from the BH, so

0.003 f1 =-0.3 0.003 f1 =-0.3

0.003 ks =0.7 0.003 ks =0.7

ksh =0.0 0.0040 ksh =0.0

ksh =0.7 0.0025

0.003 f1 =-0.3 0.003 f1 =-0.3

0.003 ks =0.7 0.003 ks =0.7

ksh =0.0 0.004 ksh =0.0

ksh =0.7 0.002

0.012 c1 =0.0 c1 =0.0

f1 =0.0 0.010 f1 =0.0

0.006 f1 =-0.2 f1 =-0.2

ks =0.0 0.010 ks =0.0

kd =0.7 0.006 kd =0.7

ksh =0.0 0.010

ksh =0.7 ksh =0.7

0.012 c1 =0.0 c1 =0.0

0.008 c1 =0.5 c1 =0.5

0.006 f1 =-0.2 f1 =-0.2

0.008 kd =0.5 kd =0.5

0.006 kd =0.7 kd =0.7

ksh =0.0 ksh =0.0

ksh =0.7 ksh =0.7

0.007 c1 =0.0 c1 =0.0

0.003 ks =0.7 ks =0.7

0.007 kd =0.0 kd =0.0

0.004 kd =0.7 kd =0.7

ksh =0.7 ksh =0.7

= 4c1 M kd −4d1 ks + 8f1 ksh + 9M + 32c1 M kd − 8d1 f1 M 2 ks2 ksh

VII. EFFECTIVE FORCE

VIII. WEAK GRAVITATIONAL LENSING IN METRIC AFFINE GRAVITY BLACK HOLE

gαβ = ηαβ + hαβ (45)

2.50 f1 =0.0 2.75 f1 =0.0

2.49 kd =0.0 2.65

2.49 ks =0.0 ks =0.0

2.48 ksh =0.5 ksh =0.5

-0.0020 c1 =0.5 -0.003

8c1 d1 kd2 ks2

16c21 kd4 8c1 d1 kd2 ks2 16c1 f1 kd2 ksh

α̂b = α̂1 + α̂2 + α̂3 , (52)

α̂uni = α̂uni1 + α̂uni2 + α̂uni3 . (54)

B. Non uniform plasma

The non-uniform distribution for the plasma field is given by [149]

α̂SIS = α̂SIS1 + α̂SIS2 + α̂SIS3 . (59)