FLUID DYNAMICS

OBJECTIVES

1. Discuss dif ferent types of fluid flows

2. Explain discharge

3. Explain the three principles for fluid dynamics

Fluid Dynamics(Fluid Flow)
-branch of mechanics that studies fluids in motion.

It is based on the following principles:

a) Conservation of Mass
b) Energy Principle (kinetic and potential
energies)
c) The principle of momentum
TYPES OF FLUID
FLOW
 Conservation of Mass
Continuous Flow
- It occurs when the discharge Q at every
section of the stream is the same.
Discharge (Flow Rate)
The amount of fluid passing a section of a stream per unit of time.
It can be expressed as:
• Mass rate of flow
M = 𝜌Q
𝜌=mass density in kg/m3 or slugs/ft3
𝑄= discharge in m3/s or ft3/s

• Volume rate of flow

Q = A𝑣
𝐴=cross sectional area of flow in m2 or ft2
𝑣 = mean velocity of flow in m/s or ft/s

• Weight flow rate

W = 𝛾Q
Where:
𝑄= discharge in m3/s or ft3/s
𝛾 = weight density in N/m3 or lb/ft3
Continuous Flow
- It occurs when the discharge Q at every
section of the stream is the same.

Q1 = Q2 = Q3= constant
For incompressible fluid, ρ1 = ρ2
Q=A1V1 = A2V2= constant

For compressible fluids:

Q= 𝜌1A1V1 = 𝜌2A2V2 = constant
 Benzene (s=0.88) flows through a 75 mm diameter pipe at a velocity of 3 m/sec.

Compute the Volume flow rate

Q = AV
π
= 4 (0.075)2(3)
Q = 0.0132 m3/s

Compute the Mass flow rate

M= 𝜌benzene Q
= 0.88 (1000)(0.0132)
M = 11.66 kg/s

Compute the Weight flow rate

W= 𝛾 benzeneQ
= 0.88(9810)(0.0132)
W=114.42 N/s
A pipe line consists of successive lengths of 380-mm, 300-mm, and 250-mm pipe.
With a continuous flow through the line of 250 Lit/sec of water, compute the mean
velocity in each size of pipe.

Given:
𝑑1 = 380 𝑚𝑚 = 0.38 𝑚
𝑑2 = 300 𝑚𝑚 = 0.30 𝑚
𝑑3 = 250 𝑚𝑚 = 0.25 𝑚
𝐿 𝑚3
𝑄= 250 𝑠
= 0.25 𝑠
Required:
Mean velocity for each size of pipe,𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3
Solution:
𝑄 = 𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = 𝑄3 =constant
𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 = 𝐴3 𝑣3
𝑄1 = 𝐴1 𝑣1
𝑚3 𝜋 2
0.25 = 0.38𝑚 𝑣1
𝑠 4
𝑚
𝑣1 = 2.20 𝑠
𝑄2 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
𝑚3 𝜋 2
0.25 = 0.30𝑚 𝑣2
𝑠 4
𝒎
𝒗𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟒
𝒔

𝑄3 = 𝐴3 𝑣3
𝑚3 𝜋 2
0.25 = 0.25𝑚 𝑣3
𝑠 4
𝐦
𝐯𝟑 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟗
𝐬
A 100 mm diameter plunger is being pushed at 60 mm/sec
into a tank filled with oil having sp.gr. of 0.82. If the fluid is
incompressible, how many N/s of oil is being forced out at a
30 mm diameter hole?

Q1 = 𝑄2 W = 𝛾Q
Q1 =A1V1 = (9810 𝑥 0.82)(0.00047)
𝜋
= 4 0.1 2 (0.06) W = 3.78 N/s
Q1 = 0.00047 𝑚3 /𝑠
Q2 = 0.00047 𝑚3 /𝑠
 Energy Principle (Kinetic And Potential
Energies)
Kinetic Energy
-the ability of a mass to do work by virtue of its velocity.

1
K.E. = 𝑚 v22
Where:
v = mean velocity of flow
1𝑊
K.E. = v2 𝑚2
2 𝑔 K.E = kg ( 2 ) = Joule
𝑠

Kinetic or Velocity Head – intensity of the kinetic energy. It is also the

amount of energy per pound or Newton of fluid.
𝐾.𝐸 Circular Pipes
velocity head =
𝑊 𝑣2 8𝑄 2
=
𝑣2 2𝑔 𝜋 2 𝑔𝐷 4
velocity head = velocity head = m
2𝑔
Potential Energy

• Elevation Energy

-energy possessed by the fluid by virtue of its position or elevation with

respect to a datum plane.
Where:
Elevation Energy = Wz z = position of the fluid

Elevation Energy = Mgz

Elevation Head – intensity of the potential energy. It is also the amount of

energy per pound or Newton of fluid.

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
Elevation Head = =Z
𝑊
• Pressure Energy

𝑊𝑝
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 =
𝛾

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 = =
𝑊 𝛾

Where:
𝑝 = fluid pressure
Total Energy of Flow

The total energy or head in a fluid is the sum of kinetic and potential
energies.

Total Energy = Kinetic Energy + Potential Energies

Total Energy = Kinetic Energy + Elevation Energy + Pressure Energy

𝑣2 𝜌
Total Head, E = +𝛾+z
2𝑔
Power and Efficiency

Power is the rate of doing work per unit of time.

Where:
E = total head
Note:
1 horsepower (hp) = 746 Watts
1 horsepower (hp) = 550 ft-lb/sec
1 Watt = 1 N-m/sec = 1 Joule/sec
A standpipe 5 m in diameter and 10 m high is filled with water. Calculate the
potential energy of the water if the elevation datum is take 2m below the base
of the standpipe.

Elevation Energy = Wz Elevation Energy = 1926.2 x 7

W = 𝜸𝑽
𝝅 Elevation Energy = 13,483.32 kN-m
𝟐
= (𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒙 𝟒
𝟓 (𝟏𝟎)
W = 1926.2 kN
 𝑚3
Determine the kinetic energy flux of 0.02 of oil (sp. Gr =0.85) discharging
𝑠
through a 50 mm diameter nozzle.

kinetic energy flux = Kinetic energy per second = Power

Power = Q𝛾𝐸 10.1862

E=
2(9.81)
𝑣2
E=
2𝑔 E= 5.288 m
𝑄
𝑣=𝐴
Power = 0.02 9810 𝑥 0.85 (5.288)
0.02
=𝜋 2 Power = 882 watts
(0.05)
4
𝑣 = 10.186 m/s