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    S1 - Earth Our Home 1 Chapter-8

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    Nway Linn latt phyo

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    Chapter 8 Red Alert! One of the worst nat occurred is the a volcano located in the Sunda between the islands of Sumatr Indonesia, on 27 August 1883. The could be heard more than 4 000 kilometres away. Tsunami waves reaching a height of 40 metres hit and washed away 165 coastal villages, and killed about 36 000 people. In December 1927, a small voleanie cone was discovered where the original Krakatau used fo be. The new voleanic island was named Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau), Krakatau, Indonesia Anak Krakatau pars aftr 1883, to ies the sineran types of land fo extn hows (rotors age result of intemal forces of cru: ‘movements Zz to draw an annotated diag of the cross-section of a volcano to describe how landforms are modified by external forces about how landforms affect people to evaluate the benefits andi of living in the volcanic a Indonesia Landforms & ‘ onthe Earth The Earth's Surface Many people have described the Earth as a big blue marble floating in space, This may be a pretty description, but it is inaccurate. First, the Barth’s surface is not flat and smooth like that of a marble, Over millions Of years, it has been shaped into features of different sizes and heig Second, the Earth is not one solid mass of rock, Is, When we look at most of the physical features on the Barth’s surfac we are looking at landforms, Landforms make up the shape of the land, Landforms on the Earth's surface are ofall shapes and sizes. For exaniple the peak of Mount Everest in Nepal is the highest point on land, at 8 850 metres high. In contrast, the Dead Sea in Israel is the lowest point on land, at 400 metres deep ing the Sunset on Mount Eres, he highest mountain inthe word is byeathtaking exporonce for many mountainears ‘who ave salad the mountain, How o yourhink the mountain has rsa to sh a get height? Fig W eee) Some common landforms are shown in Fig 8.2. We will be studying about them in this chapter. Fig 2. Verio landforms makeup the ‘rust, the outermost ayer ofthe Earth Mountain A mountain is an area of high ground, usually more than 600 metres high. It often has steep slopes and a narrow top or peak. Where a few mountains are located close together, they form a mountain range. Hill Ahill is an area of high ground, usually less than 600 metres high, It is typically rounded in shape and has gentle slopes. Valley A valley is a low area of land between hills or mountains Plain A plain is a broad, flat and low area on the Earth’s surface. Plateau A plateau is generally a raised area of land with a fairly flat, broad top and steep slopes. 80 Chapters The Internal Structure of the Earth To understand how landforms are created on the Barth’s surface, we must first know what is beneath the Earth’s surface, Scientists have discovered that the Barth is actually made up of three basic layers: the core, mantle and crust. Layers of the Earth ‘The core is at the centre of the Earth. Temperatures here can be as high as 5 000 degrees Celsius. Interestingly, although the temperatures are high, the innermost part of the core is solid. Can you guess why? It ‘According to scientists, the is because of the great pressure and weight exerted on the core by plates originally formed ‘one gigantic piece of land, or supercontinent, called Pangaea. Over millions of ‘The next layer is the mantle, This layer is almost 2 900 kilometres Sviafa Slabs parted thick and makes up nearly 80 percent of the Earth's total volume, and moved to become the ‘The temperatures in this layer reach more than 2.000 degrees Celsius 28 of land that we see and the upper part of this layer is often in a semi-molten or semi-liquid today. Find out more at oa | Intp:/www. pb. ora/wgbivaso! the outer layers of the Barth, tryitRectonios (lest accessed ‘ont June 2008). ‘The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth, It is solid and varies in thickness from 6 to 70 kilometres, The Earth’s crust is not a continuous layer but is made up of many separate pieces called plates. The plates float on the semi-molten mantle beneath them, ‘They are of different sizes and they seem to fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. ze What are the three layers which make up the internal structure of the Earth? Mantle Core Landforms on the Earth 81 Internal Forces that Create Landforms ‘The plates which make up the Earth’s crust are always moving, We call this movement of plates crustal movement. However, we do not feel the movements because the plates move very slowly — between 1 t0 5 centimetres per yea. ‘As the plates move, they may slide past, pull apart from or push towards each other. Many landforms, such as mountains and voleanoes, are created by processes occurring within the Earth and on the Barth's surface, We will study in detail two of these processes: folding and vulcanicity. ze What is crustal movement? How do plates move? Fig83_Amap showing the rnajor plates othe word Fig84_ Some plates slide past each athe Pacife Pate | Pootc Plate LEGEND Plate boundary Pate movement Fig BS. Some plates pall apart fram each other. Fig 86 Some pistes push towards each ater. 82 Chaptor8 Folding ‘When two plates collide with each other, some of the layers of rock which make up the Barth's crust buckle and form folds, This process is known as folding, To visualise this process better, try pushing one end of a stack of paper towards the other. What happens? The paper ‘folds’, forming a bell shape or an inverted “U’ ‘The amount of folding that takes place can be so small that it is hardly noticeable, or it can be so large that mountains are formed asa result, These mountains are called fold mountains. An example of an area with fold mountains is the Himalayas in Nepal. Some of the world’s highest mountains, such as Mount Everest, are located in the Himalayas. Although the Himalayas were first formed around 40 to 50. ion years ago, they are still growing today. Can you guess why”? Where are fold mountains located? There are many fold mountains in the world, Apart from the Himalayas, other major fold mountain ranges include the Appalachian Mountains in North America, the Andes in South America and the Alps in Europe. Fg 87 Whon you push one ondaf a stack af paper towards the other, te pressure from bth ends causes the stack a bend upwards LEGEND Fald mountain ranges a How does folding occur? Fig8 Thismap shows the location of some majr fold mountain anges inthe wot. Can you identify the other fold mountains on this map? Landforms on the Earth 83 Vulcanicity Remember we learnt that the interior of the the temperature beneath the Earth’s crust is so great that it causes parts of the mantle to melt, Molten mantle is called magma, This magma pushes its way into the crust of the Earth and reaches the Earth's surface through cracks which are often found along boundaries of plates. When ee rz reaches th a's sre eal lev, Main ad ae What i the main 4 Gcace ieee are therefore the same substance, This process by which magma and magma and lava? other ma Earth is very hot? Sometimes crials reach the When magma reaches the Earth’s surface, it flows out onto the surrounding areas. This outpouring of the lava is called an eruption, Think of a can of soft drink being opened after it has been shaken vigorously — an ‘explosion’ takes place as the soft drink spews out of the can! This happens due to a release of built-up pressure. Likewise, the build-up of pressure caused by gases below the Earth’s surface results in a yoleanic eruption. ‘The magma may flow out onto the Earth's surface quietly, or it may be accompanied by a series of violent eruptions. At the Earth’s surface, the lava h: Jens as the temperature is cooler than the temperature in the mantle, When magma escapes to the Earth's surface through a single hole, the hardened lava built up from many eruptions results in a cone-shaped mountain called a volcano. yi ere Basic structure of a volcano A volcano consists of a vent, pipe, crater and cone. The vent is an opening in the Earth's surface, while the pipe is a channel which allows the magma to rise to the top of the volcano during an eruption. At the top of the volcano is a bowl-shaped opening called the crater, where voleanie materials like ash and lava are released. The cone simply refers to the shape of the volcano, ‘The cone is built up by ash and lava released from a number of eruptions. "'S/E: Workshoot 8.1 | NA:Worksheet 8.1 Pome, Utes Caihed This satellite image shows the sharp cone of the steeply sloping Mount Mayon. The brown patches ‘round its crater ere hardened Java from previous eruptions. View more spectacular satelite images at hitpilvisibleearth nasa gov (last accessed on 1 June 2005). Tua The built-up pressure forces magma up the Earth's crust tothe surface, Ash and lava are released through the crater into the at. Layers of hardened lava make up the cone of the volearo. Fig B10. Thecross-section of a volcano Landforms on the Earth 85 ‘Mauna Loa in Hawaii the USA, is the worlds largest active volcano, Learn about this volcano and many others at http:ivuleanwrusgs.gov (last accessed on 1 June 2008). LEGEND Plate boundary — Plate movernent > Active vlean * Fig 811 The Pacific ing of Fie refers tothe ara around the Pacific (coan. Why are there so may ‘kcanoos along this area? Fig 8.12. Mount St Helens erupted violently in May 1900, It continues a erupt fom tne totime today, 86 Chapte Where are volcanoes found? ‘We have learnt that the Earth’s crust is not one solid mass, but is made up of many separate pieces called plates. Voleanoes most commonly occur at the boundaries of plates. These areas are where the impact of the plate movements is the greatest, In the map below, we wi see that a large number of the world’s volcanoes lie in a belt around the Pacific Ocean. This area is widely krown as the Pacific Ring of Fire. ‘Types of volcanoes Some volcanoes erupt fairly regularly; others have not erupted for centuries, Volcanoes are broadly classified into three types according to how frequently they have erupted. The three types of volcanoes are active, dormant and extinet. Active volcanoes An aetive volcano is one which has erupted from time to time and is likely to do so again in the future. An example of an active volcano is Mount St Helens in the United States of America, Dormant volcanoes Adormant volcano literally means ‘sleeping voleano’ Th to describe a volcano which is presently inactive but which may erupt again, An example is Mount Rainier in the United States of America. termis used Extinct volcanoes An extinct volcano is one which scientists consider unlikely to erupt again, An example is Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, which is the hi in Affica at 5 895 metres high, However, we can never be too sure if a voleano is truly extinet hest mountain Fig 8.13. People are ess vary about living neer fi ‘dormant voleanoas, such fount Rainiot Noto the foamed around 750060 ye yiBACK What are the three different types o volcanoes? 14. Mount Klimanjro, an extinct volcano Sele inmonte Asbo grant tiiceiciopeh vernua for tokng and mountain chinbing Other than volcanoes, plateaux are another type of landform associated with vuleanicity. A plateau is formed when a large quantity of magma escapes from a long crack or fault in the Earth’s crust and spreads over a very large area. This lava then solidifies on the Earth's surface, and afler numerous eruptions, these layers of hardened lava result in a plateau, Plateaux formed as a result of vulcanicity can be found in Plateaux Iceland and Greenland, Fig8.15.The Columbia Pa the US isan example of a Form tough wuleancty, Landforms on the Earth EO Indonesia lies along the Pacific Ring of Fire, and is the country with the most number of active vol in the world. There are over 130 volcanoes in Indonesia, of which about 76 are active ones. After Japan, Indonesia is the second country in the world that experiences the most number of eruptions joe: WY

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