Differential Equation

MATHEMATICS
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
CRASH COURSE
 Differential Equation

Introduction :
(a) Ordinary Differential Equation :
for example
3
dy dz dy dy dy
+ = y + z, + xy = sin x , 3  2 + y = ex ,
dx dx dx dx dx
3/2
dy2  2
 dy   dy  2
 dy  
k 2 =  
1   , y=x + k 1    
dx   dx   dx   dx  
 Differential Equation

Order and Degree of a Differential Equation:

1. Order : Order is the highest differential appearing in a differential equation.
2. Degree : It is determined by the degree of the highest order derivative
present in it after the differential equation
is cleared of radicals and fractions so far as the derivatives are concerned.
n1 n2 nk
 dmy   dm1y   dy 
f1 (x, y)  m + f2 (x, y)  m1  + ........+ fk(x, y)  =0
 dx   dx   dx 
The above differential equation has the order m and degree n1.
 Question
Find the order & degree of following differential equations.
 dy d2 y 
sin 
dx

dx 2  =y
 

(A) Order = 2, degree = 1

(B) Order = 1, degree = 1

(C) Order = 2, degree = 2

(D) Order = 1, degree = 2

 Differential Equation
Formation of Differential Equation:
Differential equation corresponding to a family of curve will have :
(a) Order exactly same as number of essential arbitrary constants in the
equation of curve.
(b) no arbitrary constant present in it.
The differential equation corresponding to a family of curve can be obtained
by using the following steps:
(a) Identify the number of essential arbitrary constants in equation of curve.
 Differential Equation
NOTE :

If arbitrary constants appear in addition, subtraction, multiplication or division,

then we can club them to reduce into one new arbitrary constant.

(b) Differentiate the equation of curve till the required order.

(c) Eliminate the arbitrary constant from the equation of curve and additional

equation obtained in step (b) above.

 Question
Form a differential equation of family of straight lines passing
through origin.

dy  x
(A)
dx y
dy  y
(B)
dx x
dy  y2
(C) dx x

dy  y
(D)
dx x2
 Question
Form a differential equation of family of circles touching x-axis at
the origin ?

(A) dy  2xy
dx x2  y2
dy 2xy2
(B) 
dx x2 y2
dy  2xy
(C)
dx x2 y2

dy 2x2y2
(D) 
dx x2 y2
 Differential Equation
Elementary Types of First Order and First Degree Differential Equations :

Variables separable :
If the differential equation can be put in the form,
f(x) dx = f (y) dy
we say that variables are separable and solution can be obtained by
integrating each side separately.
 Differential Equation

A general solution of this will be  f(x) dx = (y) dy + c, where c is an

arbitrary constant
 Question
dy
Solve : y – x = a  y2  dy 
dx  dx 

(A) cy = (x + a) (1 – ay)

(B) cy = (x - a) (1 – ay)

(C) cy = (x - a) (1 + ay)

(D) cy = (x + a) (1 + ay)

Where ‘c’ is an arbitrary constant

Question
 Differential Equation
Note:
Sometimes transformation to the polar co-ordinates facilitates
separation of variables.
(a)If x = r cos q ; y = r sin q then,
(i) x dx + y dy = r dr
(ii) dx2 + dy2 = dr2 + r2dq2
(iii) x dy – y dx = r2dq
(b) If x = r sec q & y = r tan q then
(i) x dx – y dy = r dr
(ii) x dy – y dx = r2 secq dq.
 Question
Solve the differential equation xdx + ydy = x (xdy – ydx)

(A) (y + 1)2 = c(x2 + y2)

(B) (y - 1)2 = c(x2 + y2)

(C) (x + 1)2 = c(x2 + y2)

(D) (x - 1)2 = c(x2 + y2)

Where ‘c’ is an arbitrary constant

 Differential Equation

Equations Reducible to the Variables Separable form :

dy
The form is = f(ax + by + c) a, b  0. To solve this,
dx
put ax + by + c = t.
 Question
The solution of the differential equation, dy   x  y 2 , when y(1) = 1, is :
dx
(A) loge 2 x  x y
2y

(B) loge 1 x  y  2  x 1

1 x  y
1 x  y
(C) loge 1 x  y  x  y  2

(D) log 2  y  2  y 1

e 2x  
 Question
 dy 
Solve sin-1  dx  = x + y
 


(A) tan 

 x  y  xc 0


4 2 





(B) tan 

x  y 
 xc 0
 

4 2 





(C) cot 

 x  y  xc 0


4 2 





(D) cot 

 x  y  xc 0


4 2 



 Differential Equation
Homogeneous Differential Equations :

f(x, y)
A differential equation of the form dy = where f and g are
dx g(x, y)
homogeneous function of x and y, and of the same degree, is called

homogeneous differential equation and can be solved easily by

putting y = vx.
 Question

Solve : (x2 – y2) dx + 2xydy = 0 given that y = 1 when x = 1

(A) 2x2 + y2 = 2x

(B) x2 + 2y2 = 2x

(C) x2 + y2 = 2x

(D) x2 - y2 = 2x
 Differential Equation

Equations Reducible to the Homogeneous form

 Question
Solve the differential equation dy  x  2y  5
dx 2x  y  4

(A) x + y – 3 = c(x – y + 1)3

(B) x - y + 3 = c(x – y + 1)3

(C) x - y – 3 = c(x – y + 1)3

(D) x + y – 3 = c(x + y + 1)3

Question
 Differential Equation
Special case : dy = ax+by+c
dx Ax+By+C
 Question
2x  3 y 1
If solution of dy = 4x  6 y 5 is ax by  9ln14x  21y 13   c , then a + b is …
dx 7  
Question
 Differential Equation

Note :
dy ax+by+c
In = if b + A = 0, then by a simple cross multiplication
dx Ax+By+C

and form an exact differential equation.

 Question
dy x  2y  5
If solution of  is x2  axy  y2 bx 2y  c , then a + b is..
dx 2x  y  1
 Differential Equation

Note:
If the homogeneous equation is of the form :
yf(xy) dx + xg(xy)dy = 0, the variables can be separated by the
substitution xy = v.
 Differential Equation

Exact Differential Equation :

dy
The differential equation M + N = 0 .....(1)
dx
Where M and N are functions of x and y is said to be exact if it can
be derived by direct differentiation (without any subsequent
multiplication, elimination etc.) of an equation of the form
f(x, y) = c
dx
e.g. y2 dy + x dx + = 0 is an exact differential equation.
x
 Differential Equation

NOTE :

exact differentials must be remembered :

(a) xdy + y dx = d(xy)

xdy  ydx y
(b) 2
 d 
x x
(c) 2(x dx + y dy) = d (x2 + y2)
 Differential Equation

xdy  ydx  y
(d)  d  ln 
xy  x
xdy  ydx  1 y 
(e)  d  tan
2
x y 2
 x 

(f) xdy  ydx  d ln xy 

xy

xdy  ydx  1 
(g) 2 2
 d  
xy  xy 
 Question
xdy  ydx
Solve : y dx + x dy =
x2  y2
(A) xy = tan-1 y/x + c

(B) x2y = tan-1 x/y + c

(C) x2y2 = tan-1 y/x + c

(D) xy2 = tan-1 y/x + c

 Differential Equation

Linear Differential Equation :

The mth order linear differential equation is of the form.

dmy dm 1y dy
P0(x) m + P1(x) m 1 + ............. + Pm–1(x) + Pm (x) y = f(x),
dx dx dx
where P0(x), P1(x) ..................Pm(x) are called the coefficients of

the differential equation.

Note :
dy
+ y2 sinx = lnx is not a Linear differential equation.
dx
 Differential Equation

Linear differential equations of first order :

dy
The differential equation + Py = Q , is linear in y.
dx
where P and Q are functions of x.

Integrating Factor (I.F.) : - I.F = e  Pdx (constant of integration will

not be considered)
Solution is y.e Pdx =  Q.e  Pdx
C.
 Differential Equation

Note :

Some times differential equation becomes linear if x is taken as the

dependent variable and y as independent variable. The differential

equation has then the following form :

dx
+ P1 x = Q1.
dy
where P1 and Q1 are functions of y.

The I.F. now is e  P1 dy

 Question
If y = y(x) is the solutions of the differential equation, x dy  2y  x2
dx
1
satisfying y (1) = 1, then y  2  is equal to :
 

13
(A) 16

1
(B) 4

7
(C) 64

49
(D) 16
 Question
dy  3 y 1    
 
 4 
x ,  and y   = , then y    equals :
   
If dx = ,   

cos2 x cos2 x  3 3 4 3 

 4 
1
(A) 3

1  e6
(B) 3

1  e3
(C) 3

 4
(D) 3
 Question
Let y = y(x) be the solution of the differential equation, x dy + y
dx

= xlogex, (x > 1). If 2y(2) = loge4 – 1, then y(e) is equal to :

e
(A) 4

e
(B) 2

e2
(C)
2
e2
(D)
4
Question
 Question
2
Let y = y(x) be the solution of the differential equation (x +1)2 dy  2
 
 2x  x 1 y 1
dx 




, such that y(0) = 0. If ay 1=  , then the value of 'a' is :

  32
(A) 1
1
(B)
4
1
(C) 16
1
(D) 2
 Differential Equation

Equations reducible to linear form

By change of variable.
 Question
dy
Solve : y sinx = cos x (sinx – y2)
dx
(A) y2 sinx  2sin3 x  c
3

(B) ysin2 x  2sin3 x  c

3

ysinx  2sin3 x  c
(C)
3

(D) y2 sin2 x  2sin3 x  c

3
 Differential Equation

Bernoulli’s equation :
dy
Equations of the form + Py = Q. yn, n  0 and n  1
dx
where P and Q are functions of x, is called Bernoulli’s equation and
can be made linear in v by dividing by yn and putting y –n+1 = v. Now
its solution can be obtained as in (v).
dy
e.g. : 2 sin x – y cos x = xy3 ex .
dx
 Question
2
dy y y
Solution of :   2 is x
y
 alnx  c , then a is ….
dx x x
(Bernoulli's equation)
 Differential Equation

Orthogonal Trajectory :

An orthogonal trajectory of a given system of curves is defined to be

a curve which cuts every member of a given family of curve at right

angle.
 Question

Find the orthogonal trajectory of family of straight lines passing

through the origin.

(A) x2 + y2 = 2c

(B) x + y2 = 2c

(C) x + y = 2c

(D) x2 + y = 2c
 Question

Find the orthogonal trajectory of y2 = 4ax (a being the parameter).

(A) 2x2 + y2 = 2c

(B) 2x + y2 = 2c

(C) 2x2 + y = 2c

(D) 2x + y = 2c
 Differential Equation

Geometrical application of differential equation :

 Question
Find the curves for which the portion of the tangent included

between the co-ordinate axes is bisected at the point of contact.

(A) xy = c

(B) x2y2 = c

(C) x2y = c

(D) xy2 = c
 Question
Let f:[0, 1]  R be such that f(xy) = f(x).f(y), for all x, y [0, 1],

and f(0)  0. If y = y(x) satisfies the differential equation dy  f(x)

dx
   
with y(0) = 1, then y    y   is equal to:
 1 3

 4  4

(A) 4

(B) 3

(C) 5

(D) 2
 Question
dy   2x 1  y
If y(x) is the solution of the differential equation dx  x 
 

= e–2x, x > 0, where y(1) = 1 e2 , then :

2
1
 
,1 
(A) y(x) is decreasing in  2 


loge2
(B) y(loge2) =
4
(C) y(loge2) = loge4

(D) y(x) is decreaing in (0,1)