CONTENTS

FOREWORD
RATIONALISATION OF CONTENT IN THE TEXTBOOKS

CHAPTER ONE
ELECTRIc CHARGES AND FIELDS
1.1 Introduction
p a u s i g n d e

1.2 Electric Charge

1.3 Conductors and Insulators
1.4 Basic Properties of Electric Charge 4
1.5 Coulomb's Law 6
E R T
1.6 Forces between Multiple Charges 11
1.7 Electric Fleld 14
1.8 Electric Fleld Lines 19
1.9 Electric Flux 21
1.10 Electric Dipole 23

1.11 Dipole in a Uniform External Fleld 27

1.12 Continuous Charge Distribution 28
1.13 Gauss's Law 29
1.14 Applications of Gauss's Law 33

CHAPTER TWO
ELECTROSTATIC PoTENTIAL AND CAPACTANCE
2.1 Introduction 45
2.2 Electrostatic Potential 47
2.3 Potentlal due to a Point Charge 48
2.4 Potential due to an Electric Dipole 49
2.5 Potential due to a System of Charges 51
2.6 Equipotential Surfaces 54
2.7 Potential Energy of a System of Charges 55
2.8 Potential Energy in an External Field 58
2.9 Electrostatics of Conductors 61
2.10 Dielectrics and Polarisation 65

2.11 Capacitors and Capacitance 67

2.12 The Parallel Plate Capacitor 68
2.13 Efect of Dielectric on Capacitance 69
2.14 Combination of Capacitors 71
2.15 Energy Stored in a Capacitor 73

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CHAPTER THREE
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
3.1 Introduction 81
3.2 Electric Current 81
3.3 Electric Currents in Conductors 82
3.4 Ohm's law 83
3.5 Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity 85
3.6 Limitations of Ohm's Law 89
3.7 Resistivity of Various Materials 89
3.8 Temperature Dependence of Resistivity 90
3.9 Electrical Energy. Power 92
3.10 Cells, emf, Internal Resistance 93
3.11 Cells in Series and in Parallel 95
3.12 Kirchhoffs Rules CERT
97
3.13 Wheatstone Bridge 100

CHAPTER FOUR
MovING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM
4.1 Introduction 107
4.2 Magnetlc Force 108
4.3 Motion a Magnetic Field 112
4.4 Magnetic Field due to a Current Element, Biot-Savart Law 113
4.5 Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop 115
4.6 Ampere's Circuital Law 117
4.7 The Solenold 121
4.8 Force between Two Parallel Currents, the Ampere 122
4.9 Torque on Current Loop, Magnetic Dipole 124
4.10 The Moving Coil Galvanometer 129

CHAPTER FIVE
MAGNETiSM AND MATTER
5.1 Introduction 136
5.2 The Bar Magnet 137
5.3 Magnetism and Gauss's Law 142
5.4 Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity 145
5.5 Magnetic Properties of Materials 147

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CHAPTER SIX
ELECTROMAGNETc INDUCTION
6.1 Introduction 154
6.2 The Experiments of Faraday and Henry 155
6.3 Magnetic Flux 156
6.4 Faraday's Law of Induction 157
6.5 Lenz's Law and Conservation of Energy 160
6.6 Motional Electromotive Force 162
6.7 Inductance 165
6.8 AC Generator 170
e p u o l i s h e d

CHAPTER SEVEN
ALTERNATING CURRENT
7.1 Introduction 177
7.2 AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor 178
7.3 Representation of AC Current and Voltage by
Rotating Vectors - Phasors 181
7.4 AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor 181
7.5 AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor 184
7.6 AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit 186
7.7 Power in AC Circuit: The Power Factor 190
7.8 Transformers 194

CHAPTER EIGHT
ELECTROMAGNETIc WAVES
8.1 Introduction 201
8.2 Displacement Current 202
8.3 Electromagnetic Waves 205
8.4 Electromagnetic Spectrum 208

ANSWERS 215

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 CONTENTS

FOREWORD
RATIONALISATION OF CONTENT IN THE TEXTBOOK
PREPACE

CHAPTER NINE l i s h e d

RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

9.1 Introduction 221
9.2 Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors 222
9.3 Refraction 228
9.4 Total Internal Reflection 229
9.5 Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses 232
r e p u

9.6 Refraction through a Prism 239

9.7 Optical Instruments 240

CHAPTER TEN
WAVE OPTICS
10.1 Introduction e 255
10.2 Huygens Principle 257
10.3 Refraction and Reflection of Plane Waves using Huygens Principle 258
10.4 Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves 262
10.5 Interference of Light Waves and Young's Experiment 265
10.6 Diffraction 266
10.7 Polarisation 269

CHAPTER ELEVEN

DUAL NATURE Or RADIATiON AND MATTER

11.1 Introduction 274
11.2 Electron Emission 275

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11.3 Photoelectric Effect 276
277
11.4 Experimental Study of Photoelectric Efect
11.5 Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light 280

11.6 Einstein's Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation 281

11.7 Particle Nature of Light: The Photon 283

11.8 Wave Nature of Matter 284

CHAPTER TWELVE
ATOMs
12.1 Introduction 290
12.2 Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford's Nuclear Model of Atom 291

12.3 Atomic Spectra 296

12.4 Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom 297

12.5 The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom 300

12.6 DE Broglie's Explanation of Bohr's Second Postulate of Quantisatlon 301

CHAPTER THIRTEEN
NUCLEI

13.1 Introduction 306

13.2 Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus 306

13.3 Size of the Nucleus 309

13.4 Mass-Energy and Nuclear Binding Energy 310

13.5 Nuclear Force 313

13.6 Radioactivity 314

13.7 Nuclear Energy 314

CHAPTER FOURTEEN
SEMICONDUCTOR ELEcTRONCS: MATERIALS, DEVICES AND SIMPLE CRCUITS
14.1 Introduction 323
14.2 Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors 324
14.3 Intrinsic Semiconductor 327
14.4 Extrinsic Semiconductor 329

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14.5 p-n Junction 333
14.6 Semiconductor Diode 334
14.7 Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier 338

APPENDICES 344

ANSWERS 346

BIBLIOGRAPHY 353

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N C E R T

n otto

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