“Reexamining Cultural Resource Management:

The Preservation, Conservation, and Restoration Plans of the Selected

Heritage Sites During Colonial Period in the City of Manila”

Alibio, Christine C.​1,2,3​ Amplayo, Mae Angela M.​1,2,3​ Arrogante, Edgar Paul B.​1,2,3
Carillo, Daniel Rio C.​1,2,3​Cebreros, Angel B.​1,2,3, ​Prof. Marie Grace Pamela G. Faylona, PhD​1,2,3,4

1​
Bachelor in Social Science Education II-8

2​
Group Research on ​2S-SOC06 Socio-Cultural Anthropology and Multicultural Studies

3​
Philippine Normal University

4​
Faculty - Research Adviser

March 2021

Abstract: ​Cultural Resource Management is a practice that involves the management of

multitudinous components of cultural resources and cultural heritage. Part of this process was
evaluating and inventorying the recorded historic buildings/sites, archaeological sites which
greatly contributed to the rich history of a certain place or country. Also, it encompasses the
restoration, preservation, and conservation of the urban and traditional culture of the people.
Manila, as one of the historical areas in the Philippines, has its heritage and structures in the past
decades after periods of colonization. Preservation of these heritages is immensely significant to
provide meanings to history that became part of people’s culture and Manila’s identity as a place.
This study sought to identify various preservation, conservation, and restoration plans of some
cultural particulars in the city of Manila using the secondary data analysis method. The data are
used and analyzed to determine if the local government units' (LGU) efforts are effective and
practical to maintain cultural heritage and cultural structures, despite some challenges such as
urbanization and modernization. Also, effects on the people and the locality in general brought
by the preservation and other operations are included. Moreover, the findings presented may be
useful to current and future local government units for the execution of the researchers’
recommended plans and actions from the cited studies in continuously protecting heritage sites.

Keywords:​ Cultural Resource Management, Heritage Sites, Preservation, Conservation,

Restoration
 INTRODUCTION

The term cultural resources in the Philippines refers to salient objects, sites, and key
places that have a special mandate for the protection of the government and the local people. The
historical importance of a place, things, and other objects can be achieved if the people will put
an effort to protect it. In order to protect and conserve these resources, quality management is
needed. Globalization really challenged the memoirs of the past. The changing needs had dared
all components of the past. The story of a certain building that endures the drastic effect of
World War, the native culture that is summoned by modernity, the religious traditions that are
put into the debate with science explanations, the traditional objects that were dared by the
innovative inventions. All were needed to protect and manage in order to survive and to
introduce to the next generation. That is why cultural resource management arises

As stated by King (2011), Cultural Resource Management is a practice that involves the
management of multitudinous components of cultural resources and cultural heritage. Part of this
process was evaluating and inventorying the recorded historic buildings/sites, archaeological
sites which greatly contributed to the rich history of a certain place or country., managing
cultural resources in retroaction of the government’s mandate, legal policies, and guidelines.
Also, it encompasses the restoration, preservation, and conservation of the urban and traditional
culture of the people. A cultural resource may have been a typical plant-gathering field or an
instance of Colonial buildings. The CRM includes locations and artifacts: archeological sites
from even the most primitive historical sites of all eras to the ruins of the forced labor camps of
the mid-1940s; buildings spanning from Minor Basilica of the Black Nazarene or the Quiapo
Church to Bahay Nakpil on the other highway, the vernacular cabin; systems, such as sewerages
and rail lines in Meycauayan, Bulacan and other places that are significant to continuous growth,
from historic warfare to areas of religious or cultural importance to native communities.

According to Andrews & Buggey(2012), regardless of their variety of types, all cultural
resources share two attributes: they are valued by a component of modern culture (whether it is a
community of neighbors, a Native clan, or skilled archaeologists), and that they are deserving of
preservation and conservation as a result of this interest. The objective of Cultural Resource
Management is to maintain valuable cultural objects for the benefit of the public. This is done by
the implementation of law and practice. Because each country has its remarkable history and
cultures, some of them have formed their own laws at the state, provincial, and perhaps even
community level that regulate how cultural resources should really be handled.

In the wider sense of sustainable development or ecological stewardship, cultural

resource management is gradually being practiced as heritage conservation. It is very important
in preserving cultural heritage. Effective resource management, including management of our
tangible and intangible cultural resources, is needed for good environmental stewardship.

There are also government laws and policies that are being implemented and mandated to
take up necessary action in effective preservation, conservation, and restoration of the heritage
sites in the Philippines.
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Heritage

The term heritage has been variously defined, not until the adoption of the Venice
Charter, wherein guidelines were specified to characterize the said term. The first definition of
this concept was expressed as "Imbued with a message from the past, the historic monuments of
generations of people remain to the present day as existing witnesses of their culture and history"
(Venice Charter, 1964). Heritage buildings are linked to those aged and hold an important value
both in architecture and history (Chien, 1992). These are excellent information sources especially
in terms of culture and history. Heritage places can also ignite people to do community action
since they share common appreciation and understanding towards their place’s identity (Heritage
Perth). Meanwhile, both UNESCO and the International Council on Monuments and Sites
(ICOMOS) affirmed a particular idea that the ‘heritage’ should encompass both natural and
cultural heritage (UNESCO). Although the said terminology became more constructed over time,
it is still not standardized, hence no uniformity among countries (Economic Commission for
Africa, 2002). Regardless of the concrete explication of it, it is apparently an essential part of the
sense of the character of itself and the people continuously beholding its existence. Therefore,
preserving, conserving, and restoring it are an utmost action (Norwalk, 2019).

Preservation, Conservation and Restoration

The words preservation, conservation, and restoration often get interchangeably used
especially in the aspect of cultural property. According to American Institute for Conservation of
Historic and Artistic Works (AIC), they define preservation as a protection of a cultural property
avoiding the damage and loss of information through activities that minimize both chemical and
physical deterioration while the conservation as a profession devoted to cultural property
preservation for the future. Some conservation activities that were implemented are examination,
documentation, treatment and preventive care which are supported by research and education.
Lastly, restoration as a treatment procedure that aims to return a certain cultural property to a
known or assumed state with the addition of non-original material. In the study of Del Monte
(2013), she defined conservation as a process of understanding and caring for the place in which
it respects the original fabric, meaning, association, and use of the place to safeguard its cultural
heritage value while the preservation as a process that ensures the stabilization and maintenance
of the remains in their present state and delaying its deterioration which involves only minimal
interventions.

City of Manila

The city of Manila is known as the capital of the Philippines with an area of 42.88 km2
(16.56 sq mi) and a total population of 1, 780, 148 (Philippine Statistics Authority). The
environment of Manila in the 13th century consisted of a fortified settlement and trading centers
near the Pasig River (Munarriz, Perez, & Caguimabl, 2014). Historically, Manila was also the
capital of the Spanish East Indies. It was established ​in ​1571 with the order of Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi, a Spanish conquistador during the Spanish occupation in the Philippines. Intramuros, in
particular, became the symbolic center of the city as a space for government institutions,
commerce, trades, and for religious practices while outside the walled city Parian can be found
where the Chinese merchants settle and trade their goods (Leibsohn, 2014) Thus, the
establishments of government buildings, plazas, and churches such as San Agustin Church and
Manila Cathedral. With the city’s historical past, it is no longer surprising that there are a lot of
heritage sites located in the city of Manila.

​ ity of Manila Map in the present time ​

Figure 1: C Figure 2: ​ Map of Manila during Spanish colonial period.

Laws and Policies

To be able to protect the cultural legacies and structures in the Philippines, in the 1974
Ferdinand Marcos signed the Presidential Decree No. 374 or known as the Cultural Properties
Preservation and Protection Act, is the policy mandated to protect and preserve the National
Cultural Treasures and cultural properties of the country. Also, to safeguard its instrict value.

Another example was the Republic Act No. 10066 also known as "National Cultural
Heritage Act of 2009" which is the act providing for the protection and conservation of the
National Cultural Heritage, strengthening the National Commission for Culture and the Arts
(NCCA) and its affiliated cultural agencies, and for other purposes. In the pursuit of cultural
preservation as a strategy for maintaining Filipino identity, this Act shall pursue the following
objectives: (a)Protect, preserve, conserve and promote the nation's cultural heritage, its property
and histories, and the ethnicity of local communities; (b)Establish and strengthen cultural
institutions; and (c)Protect cultural workers and ensure their professional development and
well-being.

This was the country’s principle and policies to take into action. Also the government
shall also strive to establish a balanced environment in which the historic past exists alongside
peacefully with today's society. It will take an explicit and coordinated solution to the
management of conservation, incorporating all applicable approaches and technologies. The
country will continue to manage heritage resources in a sustainable manner for the purpose and
benefit of current future generations.

In the City of Manila, another example was the resolution filed by Senator Loren Legarda
in the Senate. The resolution holds the affirmation of the declaration by the National Historical
Commission of the Philippines of certain portions of the Sta. Ana District in the City of Manila
as an important heritage zone. Also, in City Council of Manila alone, former Councilman John
Marvin Nieto authored an ordinance which can exempt certain properties from basic real
property such as private owned cultural properties, historical sites, national historical landmarks,
heritage houses, historical monuments, historical shrines and other historic structures including
the land which they are situated in accordance with R.A 10086 (Strengthening People’s
Nationalism through Philippine History Act). Also includes immovable cultural properties as
defined in R.A 10066 known as National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009.

This government policies and mandate could really help in promoting historic heritages
and other cultural resources in a harmonious wave of the modern breath of society. Perhaps, the
remedy to continue its fascinating story until it hooks the interests of the future citizens.

METHODOLOGY

The researchers discussed the cultural resource management, as well as analyzed the
preservation, conservation, and restoration plans of the selected heritage sites in the city of
Manila. Several historical sites within the capital, such as Manila Metropolitan Theatre, San
Ignacio Church, and Calle Hidalgo using the secondary data analysis. Secondary data analysis
refers to the analysis of existing data collected by others (Donnellan and Lucas, 2013). The
researchers gathered information from journals, news, research, and other reliable data
concerning cultural resource management to further explain and analyze the implications of
re-building certain historical sites and heritages within the area of Manila.
Also, the researchers used Culture Impact Assessment (CIA) to assess the plans for the
historical structures. According to the International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA),
impact assessment is the process of identifying the future consequences of a current or proposed
action. Cultural Impact is defined as the result of actions that change a population's norms,
values beliefs, practices, institutions, as well as their way of living as part of their culture. In fact,
there is no systematic interdisciplinary statement from a community as to what should cultural
impact assessment be like. It is the process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and
communicating the probable effects of a current or proposed development policy or action on the
cultural life, institutions and resources of communities, then integrating the findings and
conclusions into the planning and decision-making process, with a view to mitigating adverse
impacts and enhancing positive outcomes (International Network for Cultural Diversity, 2004)
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Preservation, Conservation, and Restoration Plans

I. Manila Metropolitan Theater

The Metropolitan Theatre (MET) in Manila was declared as a National Cultural Treasure
in 2010 due to its art-deco style which incorporates the native art catering both exotic and
national which can be expressed through vibrant tile ornamentation, stained glass, friezes,
sculptures, and wall textures. It was built during the 1930’s and catered for different art
performances and other cultural activities held in the country. Aside from its architectural design,
the MET occupied the site that was designated by the Spaniards during 1645 as the El Parian de
los Sangleyes, where Chinese merchants settled during that time. MET has its historical
significance with the Filipino pioneers in the arts who debuted in the place. It was damaged
during the Battle for the Liberation of Manila and forced to close. After World War II, partial
restorations were made under the Philippine Rehabilitation Act of 1946. Due to political reasons,
it was forced to close in 1996 and open again in 2010. When the NCAA bought the MET in
2015, it launched the restoration program called METamorphosis: Program for the Restoration of
the Manila Metropolitan Theater (Lico&Ong, 2018). According to the National Commission for
Culture and the Arts (NCCA), the conservation of an already built heritage is not as simple or
straightforward as building a new structure. There are a lot of things that need to be considered
such as the features and design of the heritage site. In the study of Lico&Ong (2018),
emphasized the community participation for the project to succeed, especially the youth
participation. Not only in restoring the MET but with other cultural heritage sites as well as they
can serve as the bridge between cultures, traditions and modernity. Thus, the MET case success
youth-centered approach in the emphasis of physical structure restoration must be conducted
hand in hand with its social structure and cultural memory’s active restoration.

Figure 3:Manila Metropolitan Theater Figure 4:Youth Volunteers Cleaning in the MET

II. San Ignacio Church

San Ignacio Church in Intramuros was built in 1632 by the Spanish Jesuits in dedication
to San Ignacio who was canonized in 1622. It has a baroque style rather than Spanish style. An
earthquake in 1852 happened and damaged the whole church, only the flanking bell and the
lower floor of the nave survived. It also became a barracks and quarters of the Cuartel de España
and by the 31st American Infantry, respectively. Jesuits again built the second San Ignacio
church in the same site in 1879 using the old stone of the church as a foundation. During the
liberation of Manila in 1945, the San Ignacio was again ruined. It was acquired by the
government of Manila and bought by the Allied of Brokerage and Storage building after five
years. The ruins of San Ignacio church in Intramuros still stand until now (Del Monte, 2013).

Figure 5: Front of San Ignacio Figure 6: San Ignacio’s hallway

The proposed conservation plan of San Ignacio was to rebuild it as an ​ecclesiastical museum
for reuse and conservation purposes that will cater over 2, 000 religious artifacts, with
multi-purpose exhibition, auditorium and library. They first analyze the site of San Ignacio Ruins
and the community inside the Intramuros. ​The site was bounded by the Archbishop Palace of
Manila in north, Calle Anda on the south where the Department of Tourism Clamshell Building
was located, in the corner of the two is the Casa Intramuros, Calle Arzobispo on the east, and
Calle Sta. Lucia in the West.

Figure 7; Site Analysis of San Ignacio Figure 8: Community Analysis

 The new design for the San Ignacio ruins follows the symbol of Intramuros as the Walled
City. The new wall would be like a veil that symbolizes looking through the past and present and
characterized stability and initiates protection for the San Agustin ruins. The new San Agustin
Ecclesiastical museum will feature a library, and a new auditorium. The figures below show the
sketch of the proposed conservation plan for the San Agustin ruins. Del Monte (2013) stated that
in order to conserve the San Agustin ruins, it is best to use the Adaptive reuse tool wherein it
leads the continuity life of the building and creates a purpose of the building.

Figure 9: Ground Floor Plan Figure 10: First Floor Plan

III. Calle Hidalgo

Calle Hidalgo or Felix R. Hidalgo Street is one of the streets in Quiapo, Manila. It was
formerly known as Calle San Sebastian during the Spanish Colonial period. Eventually, it was
relabeled after Félix Resurrección Hidalgo, who was one of the late 19th century’s well-known
Filipino painters. Along with this street, the two prominent landmarks are located namely the
Minor Basilica of the Black Nazarene (Quiapo Church) in the west and the Minor Basilica of San
Sebastian (San Sebastian Church) in the east. Also, some historical structures are close by the
calle, such as Paterno Mansion, Genato House, Don Jose Sulpicius Orpilla Mansion. And so on.
The street was once acknowledged as the most beautiful street not just in the locality of Manila
but in the entire country as well. However, the Battle of Manila took place and caused immense
destruction to the street and nearby areas. After that, it lost its title and started to be the opposite,
but some infrastructures were redeveloped and moved to other places (Quiapo Today, 2012).
The 400-year old street is considered by its residents, visitors, and customers as their
home, as it becomes a witness to their everyday living over long periods of time. Several aged
residential architectures along Calle Hidalgo give rise to the rich micro-culture in the area. These
houses and/or mansions belonged to the high-class families way back in Spanish Occupation,
manifestly for their foreign-inspired theme of appearance (Agarpao, J., et al, 2019). Moreover, it
is one of Manila's remaining heritage sites that certainly contributes to the history of the place
abundantly. To respond to the different threats such as old and poor conditions after decades as
well as prevailing modernization, the local government executes preservation measures and
plans.
 Figure 11: The Old Calle San Sebastian. PHOTO BY JOHN TEWELL

Located in the Calle Hidalgo are nine (9) heritage residential buildings; two (2) are
churches, and the rest are residential houses. Only one of these was relocated in Bataan, the
Enriquez Mansion, while the remaining are still situated in the area.

Heritage Type Location Current Situation Image

Basilica Minore de Catholic Church Eastern side of Calle Still in use,

San Sebastian Hidalgo undergoing
rehabilitation

Basilica Minore of the Catholic Church; and Western side of Calle Active Church
Black Nazarene PrimarySecondary Hidalgo
School

Ocampo Pagoda Residential Bilibid Viejo Street Abandoned and

Mansion deteriorated

Nakpil-Bautista House Residential Ariston Bautista Street Museum, and

maintained (Reused
Architectures)

Boix House Residential Beside Nakpil house Apartment; Dormitory

and Fully deteriorated
 Paterno House Residential Along Hidalgo street Dormitory; Slightly
maintained (Reused
Architectures)

Enriquez Mansion Residential Along Hidalgo street Transferred to Bagac,

Bataan

Ocampo Mansion Residential Along Hidalgo street Abandoned and

slightly deteriorated

Zamora House Residential Along Hidalgo street Dormitory;

deteriorated (Reused
Architectures)

Padilla House Residential Along Hidalgo street Fully restored; Art

Gallery (Reused
Architectures)

Don Jose Sulpicius Residential Along Hidalgo street Abandoned and No photo available
Orpilla Mansion deteriorated
Table 1: Heritages along Calle Hidalgo

In aiming to preserve and redevelop the Calle Hidalgo and the heritage structures it
comprises, the Geddian Trio Concept was acquired. With this, people in the area are being taken
into consideration, including the demand for occupation and other essentials for living. The
theory manifests it through the incorporation of Work, Folk, and Place.

Figure12: The Geddian Trio Concept

 For the redevelopment of Calle Hidalgo, the Site Development Plan for this is presented
in Figure 14, which is evidently different from the illustration of the street’s current state in
Figure 13.

Figure13: Existing Infrastructure Along Quiapo - Calle Hidalgo, Manila

Figure14: Proposed Urban Redevelopment Plan of Quiapo - Calle Hidalgo

In the preservation and conservation of the heritage sites in the Calle Hidalgo, adaptive
reuse is considered the best option as a technique. Adaptive Reuse is a strategy used to maintain
the surviving condition of heritage riches from deterioration or extreme change. However, the
outcome when it is materialized should be matched with its architectural authenticity and history.
Promoting preservation and utilization of these cultural heritages would not only keep their rich
history and value but also be able to contribute to socio-economic progress through various job
opportunities and boosted tourism.

Effects of the Plans

The researchers categorize the three heritage sites that were built during the colonial
period in the Philippines that are aforementioned by preservation, conservation, and restoration
based on their following plans. Based on the preservation, conservation, and restoration plans of
some heritage sites in Manila, these efforts have notable impacts on the different aspects, mainly
to the people and environment.
 Figure 15: Heritage Site
Category

For the restoration of the Manila Metropolitan Theater (MET) spearheaded by Arch.
Gerald Lico, he emphasized the importance of the public, community, and youth participation.
The restoration project developed in two parts. One is the online campaigns to gather more
participants through social media. Second is the clean up drives and tours that were initiated by
the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) as part of their participatory
programs as can be seen in the figure 4. NCCA and Lico, used the participative model of
heritage conservation to restore the MET by gaining the volunteers to join the project. With its
effectiveness, the restoration project affects the historical and cultural consciousness of the youth
volunteers as well as the community with its participatory programs. This will also affect the city
of Manila's future economy and tourism upon its restoration due to it will not only cater theater
performances but it will be an art venue where there will be art galleries, black box theater,
stores, boutiques, and workshops thus, providing employment for the residents of Manila as it
need people to manage the MET.
The proposed plan for the conservation of San Ignacio is very intricate as the people
behind the plan analyzed the site and location of the San Ignacio. Through zoning, the potential
of Manila was seen as helpful in conserving San Ignacio such as ports, transport systems,
establishments and other tourist spots. Zoning, according to NYC Planning, is the law that
organizes how land may be used and the authorities’ procedure to control the physical
development of the land often, it categorizes area what . Figure 8 shows the communities and
location of the museums, churches, government buildings, and universities inside the Intramuros
while Figure 7 presents the site analysis of San Ignacio Church to come up with the site plan of
the new San Ignacio Church as a​ n ​ecclesiastical museum. Figure 9 and 10 shows the proposed
floor plan for the ecclesiastical museum. To conserve the San Ignacio adaptive reuse was utilized
thus, it aims to reveal the aesthetic and preserve the historic value of the building. In assessing
the conservation plans for the San Ignacio, turning it into an ecclesiastical museum will help the
tourism and economy of the city due to it will draw tourists from different parts of the country.
The informal settlers residing inside might be get rid of inside. Also, even if the plan does assure
that the conservation plan will not affect the structures historic features, it is not possible to alter
it with the plan due to some integration to change the ambiance of the site.
In the redevelopment and preservation plan of Hidalgo St. in Quiapo, Manila, intricately
weighed the gathered information before coming up with the plan. The process includes taking
every detail into account; Environmental Context, Economic Context, Social Context, and Land
Use Context (Agarpao, J., et al., 2019). Upon assessment, it established the high probability of
affecting the people when the plan was implemented. According to the National Census of 2015
(PSA, 2015), 41,579/km² was the resident population density of Barangay 393, where Hidalgo
Street is located. Aside from this rate of population, there are also many business establishments,
residential areas, institutional areas, recreational areas, and other spaces for some purposes
(Figure 13&14). Preserving the cultural heritage would emanate heightened tourism and business
activity due to the strengthened identity of the place. These anticipations have a direct impact on
the residents, which is more on beneficial circumstances. Particularly, it would create more
employment opportunities for the residents as different businesses emerge. The prominent public
market of Quiapo could also increase its existing profitable interactions. Furthermore, the
redeveloped site could hugely attract avid visitors beyond the current status. To come to the
point, accomplishing and executing the redevelopment plan would elevate the socio-economic
status of the locality and the people.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Based on the gathered information, the efforts of the local people, the government, and
the National Commission for Culture and Arts serve as a bridge not just to revive the nostalgic
beauty of these historical structures, but also for the present and future generations, to make them
feel and experience the essence of rich Filipino culture and history. It can be through these
heritages such as the Manila Metropolitan Theater, the San Ignacio Church, the historical
establishments located in Calle Hidalgo, and so on.

This paper also contains significant data concerning the above-mentioned heritage sites in
Manila. In accordance with the results upon the specification and examination of the
preservation, conservation, and restoration plans of the said focuses, the plans were further
elaborated and explained through figures such as illustrations, table, and pictures. Likewise,
effects on the people, environment, and other aspects of the community were particularized. The
common denominator to the plans’ effects is the positive impact on the tourism and economy.
Moreover, the different laws and policies mainly created to help in protecting the cultural and
historical sites of the country were enumerated.

Meanwhile, the contents of this paper can further enhance the future papers that are
connected or about the preservation, conservation, and restoration of the historical structures
specifically in Manila along with its purpose. Not only the information regarding the historical
structures in Manila, but also good examples of preserving, conserving, and restoring the
historical structures that anyone could adapt and execute as part of embracing the culture and
history that the country has.

Thus, the researchers were able to recommend the aforementioned plans indicated in this
study. This collation of proposals and plans could be an addition to a wide body of literature that
can be used and utilized in the future studies and researches related to this topic. National and
Local governments units support such as funding and prioritizing the CRM related researches.

Another researchers’ essential recommendation involves the government and the law. It
is highly suggested to have more government (and other related institutions) interventions to
greatly promote and protect the country’s heritage sites. It covers strengthening existing laws and
policies, supporting proposed projects and plans financially, as well as for the local government
units (LGU) to enforce public participation in taking care of cultural and historical sites.
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