BAL BHARTI SCHOOL, 13, KAMLA

NEHRU ROAD, CIVIL LINES, PRAYAGRAJ

ART INTEGRATED PROJECT

 Art Integrated Project
Of Physics and Chemistry

PRESENTED BY:
SWETA KUMARI
CLASS 12-A1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY SPECIAL THANKS TO MY
CHEMISTRY TEACHER RAVI SIR and MY PHYSICS TEACHER
M.K RAI SIR AS WELL AS OUR PRINCIPAL K.K SIR WHO
GAVE ME THE GOLDEN OPPORTUNITY TO DO THIS
WONDERFUL PROJECT THE ART INTEGRATED PROJECT ON
SEMICONDUCTOR & DEVICES,WHICH ALSO HELPED ME IN
DOING A LOT OF RESEARCH AND I CAME TO KNOW ABOUT
SO MANY NEW THINGS ABOUT SEMICONDUCTORS AND
DEVICES Secondly I would like to thanks my parents and
friends who helped me a lot of finalizing this project within
the limited time range
 CONTENT

• INTRODUCTION
• CONDUCTORS
• INSULATORS
• SEMICONDUCTOR
a. Types of semiconductor
b. Difference between intrinsic and extrinsic semi
conductors
c. Difference between n-type and p-type
semiconductors
• COMPARISON OF CONDUCTOR,INSULATOR &
SEMICONDUCTOR ON THE BASIS OF ENERGY
BAND DIAGRAM
• APPLICATION OF SEMICONDUCTOR
 INTRODUCTION
Semiconductor devices are electronic devices with
conductivity between a good conductor and an insulator.
It uses the special electrical characteristics of
semiconductor materials to accomplish specific
functions such as generate, control, receive, transform,
and amplify signals, and convert energy. The
semiconductor materials of the semiconductor device
are silicon, germanium or gallium arsenide, which can be
used as rectifiers, oscillators, light emitters, amplifiers,
photometers, and other equipment. To distinguish them
from integrated circuits, they are sometimes called
discrete devices. The basic structure of most two-
terminal devices (i.e., crystal diodes) is a PN junction.
CONDUCTO
RS
Cadmium Copper 
Conductor

WHAT ARE CONDUCTORS

• Conductors are SOME TYPES OF
materials that permit CONDUCTORS
electrons to flow freely
from particle to Hard Drawn Coppe
particle. An object r Conductor.
made of a conducting
material will permit
charge to be
transferred across the Steel-
Cored Copper Conductor
entire surface of the (SCC)
object.
INSULATORS
 WHAT ARE INSULATORS
• Insulator are the
materials which resist
or don’t allow the
current to flow
through them
SEMICONDUCTOR
WHAT ARE SEMICONDUCTORS
• A SEMICONDUCTOR IS A
MATERIAL THAT HAS
INTERMEDIATE
CONDUCTIVITY BETWEEN A
CONDUCTOR AND INSULATOR .
SILICON AND GERMANIUM
ARE THE EXAMPLES OF SEMI
CONDUCTORS THE MAGIC
WORD SEMICONDUCTOR IS
COMPOSED OF TWO WORDS
– SEMI & CONDUCTOR SEMI
MEANS NOT COMPLETELY
WHILE CONDUCTOR MEANS
SOMETHING, WHICH CAN
CONDUCT ELECTRICITY
 What are Intrinsic Semiconductor
THE PURE SEMICONDUCTOR (IMPURITY LESS THAN 1 PART IN 10 ) ARE
CALLED INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTOR
 What are Extrinsic
Semiconductor
A SEMICONDUCTOR DOPED WITH SOME SUITABLE IMPURITY ATOMS SO
AS TO INCREASE ITS NUMBER OF CHARGE IS CALLED AN EXTRINICS
SEMICONDUCTOR
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EXTRINSIC AND
INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTOR
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN N TYPE AND P
TYPE SEMICONDUCTOR
 Comparison of Conductors, insulators
semiconductors on the basis of energy band diagram
Applications of Semiconductors
• Semiconductors are of great
importance in electronics industry.
Various combinations of n-type &
p-type Semiconductors are used
for making different types of
electronic components , e.g.,
diodes, transistors, integrated
circuits (IC’s),etc. Diode which is
used as a rectifier is a
combination of n-type and p-type
Semiconductors. Transistors are
prepared by sandwiching a layer of
one type of semiconductor
between two layers of the other
type of semiconductors
 Diode
• A diode is a
semiconductor device
that essentially acts
as a one-way switch Diode=“biased p-n junction”, i.e. p-
for current. It allows n junction with voltage applied
across it.
current to flow easily “Forward Biased”: p-side more
in one direction, but positive than n- side.
severely restricts “Reverse biased”: n-side more
current from flowing in positive than p-side.
the opposite direction.
 p-n Junction Diode
• A diode is a
semiconductor device
that essentially acts
as a one-way switch
for current. It allows
current to flow easily
in one direction, but
severely restricts
current from flowing in
the opposite direction.
 Biasing of Diode
• a. Forward biasing
• b. Reverse biasing
 Forward biasing
Forward biasing means
putting a voltage across
a diode that allows
current to flow easily.
 Reverse biasing
• Reverse biasing
means putting a
voltage across a
diode in the opposite
direction. The voltage
with reverse biasing
doesn't cause any
appreciable current to
flow.
Difference between forward biasing
and reverse biasing
 Uses of Diode
• Half wave
rectifier
• Full wave
rectifier
 Half wave rectifier
• A half wave rectifier is
defined as a type of
rectifier that only allows
one half-cycle of an AC
voltage waveform to
pass, blocking the other
half-cycle. A
rectifier is a device that
converts alternating
current (AC) to direct
current (DC). It is done
by using a diode or a
group of diodes.
 Full wave rectifier
• Full-wave rectification
rectifies the negative
component of the input
voltage to a positive
voltage, then converts
it into DC (pulse current)
utilizing a diode bridge
configuration. In
contrast, half-wave
rectification removes
just the negative
voltage component
using a single diode
before converting to DC.
Difference between half wave and
full wave rectifier
 Photo Diode

• A photodiode is a
semiconductor p-n junction
device that converts light
into an electrical current.
The current is generated
when photons are
absorbed in the photodiode.
Photodiodes may contain
optical filters, built-in
lenses, and may have large
or small surface areas.
 Solar Cell

• A solar cell, or
photovoltaic cell, is
an electrical device
that converts the
energy of light directly
into electricity by the
photovoltaic effect,
which is a physical
and chemical
phenomenon
 Reference
1. CHEMISTRY NCERT
2. PHYSICS S.L ARORA
3. Google – FOR PROVIDING IMAGES RELATED TO
THE TOPIC
4. SAMPLE POWERPOINT PRESENTATION