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Titan
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We bring you the captivating cover story covering the Titan Submersible Fiasco.
Kaddy B However, as we unveil the details of the Titan Submersible's tragic journey, we
Editor
must also reflect on the lessons learned and the implications for future sub-sea
expeditions. Through this cautionary tale, we gain a deeper understanding of the
risks involved in pushing the limits of exploration and the crucial role of NDT
Engineers in ensuring the safety and reliability of underwater vehicles.
So, embrace the emotions, the wonders, and the undeniable beauty that awaits
us below the surface.
Marketing Director
Ravindra Warang
Design
Paul Bentley Joshua de Grant Hosie Designer
Director at Lizard Monbrun Principal Subsea and Bhavesh Sawant
NDE Ltd CEng | Technical Pipeline Engineer at
Authority at SEA
MISTRAS Group, Inc.
Editorial
Copyeditor
Abhishek Sawant
Researcher
Sakshi Shriyan
of Titan Implosion
and Its
Seaworthiness
When assessing the "seaworthiness" of a marine vessel,
during dive
shipwreck, and resurface for recovery by the mothership
off Canada's
coast after 1
hr 45 mins.
company OceanGate Expeditions, had embarked on a environment means that the submersible should not cause
mission to explore the wreckage of the Titanic from 1912. any significant adverse impact on its surroundings, such as
Mauger, all five individuals aboard the Titan lost their lives
a maximum capacity of five seated individuals, the
Ensuring safety during operation entails the absence of Plymouth in the United Kingdom, explained that
equipment damage & the prevention of harm to elongating the cabin space in a submersible leads to
passengers, ensuring their well-being and avoiding any increased pressure loads in the midsections.
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banks on its
their integrity. It uses a variety of methods & technologies
to detect defects such as cracks, porosities, inclusions,
dimensional variations and other potential imperfections
in the materials. Safran uses this type of technology to
T
communicates with the robotized cell and controls the
Others use digital An inspection report, which is used to validate the part, can
with high-definition an initial consortium agreement was signed at the Paris Air
Magnetic Crawler
- Your Subsea
When deployed
Companion with
the Stingray
power supply
Technology
and data
host ROV,
manoeuvrable using a joystick and conducts automated
making it a very
versatile
system.
- Sonomatic
defects.
field joints.
professionals
solutions, encouraging
{ Ability to conduct cleaning and deploy several
techniques simultaneously.
positive challenges and
DRS provided a solution for the client to inspect the
pipeline, without having to consider the need to remove change. So, we are
progression of our
subsea equipment
continually being
clients.
For this job, a client we had worked for previously, solutions to the market through in-house development of
reached out to us as they were impressed with the service equipment, software, and robotics.
Sonomatic provided on that project. They asked if we had Sonomatic resides as the global market leader for ROV-
the capacity to support this new project and conduct deployed subsea inspection and Non-Intrusive Inspection
onshore validations. One of our core values is quality, we (NII) technologies. Our team is committed to providing
strive for continuous improvement to exceed accurate, proactive inspection and engineering solutions
expectations and to be known for excellence in that enable clients to make informed decisions crucial to
everything we do. Practicing this on every project helps the safe continued operation of mature assets and to
to build a good and lasting impression on our clients. manage the integrity of newly constructed ones.
Sonomatic specialises in the design, development, and structure. A new challenge for Sonomatic with an intense
application of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) inspections. development process due to vessel operational
Since the company’s formation in the 1980s, we have timeframes. We completed the task in hand, successfully
combined these NDT processes with cutting-edge with all stakeholders very satisfied with the outcome.
terms used.
NDT Engineers in Subsea Inspections "engineer" can be a person who operates a train, works on
educational and experience backgrounds required to What exactly is a Subsea NDT Engineer?
become an NDT Engineer, and then go into detail about
It is someone who has a BSc or higher in Engineering (or a
specializing as a Subsea NDT Engineer. Most current
Science related to engineering), has significant inspection
definitions of an NDE Engineer are a combination of an
experience with offshore oil and gas and other maritime
engineer and a qualified NDT Level III, or are misapplied
infrastructure, is proficient in most NDT methods and
to jobs such as an NDT Level II Technician in some
techniques while also being a subject matter expert in
situations. This document intends to not only describe
more than one, is accredited by an engineering council and
what or who an NDT Engineer is, but also to outline the
is a member of an internationally recognized organization
roles and responsibilities of such, as well as the minimal
-
such as the American Society of Non Destructive Testing
educational and experience qualifications, as well as
(ASNT), the British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing
advanced subsea industry specialty areas in which an
(BINDT), the Engineering Council (EC), the National
NDE Engineer can specialize.
Council of Engineering Companies (ACEC), the Order of systems,Computed & Digital Radiography, Guided Wave,
the Engineer (OE), the American Society of Mechanical and Pipe Inspection Gauge systems (ILI; in-line-inspection)
Engineers (ASME), or the American Society of Civil are necessary. Professional certificates such as NDT Level
Occupational Understanding
Destructive Testing (BINDT) will be required. A Subsea
This practical field experience will include extensive implications of failure, and the contribution of NDT to
knowledge and familiarity with topside and underwater asset management and life extension. Most system
systems, procedures, damage mechanisms, inspection engineers understand why and where their components
techniques, and deployment vehicles. Deployment must be inspected, but not necessarily "how" the
vehicles are merely a means of transporting the tools inspection should take place or the best potential
required to complete a task to the region of interest. technique to apply to find the damage mechanisms of
Commercial divers, remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), interest. That's where the Subject Matter Expert (SME)
and autonomous vehicles are examples of underwater comes in, and as a fully educated and qualified NDT
deployment vehicles. It is not necessary to have formal Technician, you should know how to examine a component
training as a commercial diver or even a ROV pilot, properly, but not necessarily why. NDT Engineers are able
although it certainly helps! A formal education in material to bridge the gap between being a competent engineer and
properties, electronic principles, mathematics, chemistry, a subject matter expert. They can use design procedures,
and corrosion analysis, as well as technical project such as material selection, to fulfill NDT and construction
management, should be required of the Subsea NDT requirements, as well as undertake root cause analysis,
Engineer. Experience and training in Advanced NDT fracture mechanics, and failure analysis, and learn from
engineering challenges by selecting and using assets, offshore oil platforms and pipelines appear to be
mathematical and theoretical data to deliver appropriate the first things that come to mind. It is a massive industry,
NDT solutions while keeping the complete inspection cycle with the Gulf of Mexico alone accounting for more than
in mind. Finally, apply engineering knowledge to the 80% of all billable underwater commercial diving hours
development, operation, maintenance, and advancement worldwide. The inspections covered by it are not your
of NDT technology. standard NDT methods. Yes, there are many Visual and
Ultrasonic Thickness measurements being performed, as
APPLICATIONS well as underwater Magnetic Particle inspections
this meant simply familiarizing themselves with the UT only cover the practical use of standard NDT methods such
system, perhaps with a short training course, rather than a as visual/tactile, ultrasonic thickness, magnetic
full-fledged internal company NDT program complete with particle,video/still photography, and cathodic potential
written practice, procedures, training, written certification readings. Unfortunately, these are not recognized NDT
exams, practical demonstrations, etc., proctored by a certifications the same as our topside counterparts are
qualified NDT Level III. Other times, they may invite a required. The transition is underway, & numerous
topside NDT technician to wave a wand over the diver, companies are now requiring individuals with these
magically transforming them into a "NDT Trainee," and qualifications to perform asset inspections. This pattern
then walking them through manipulating the tool while on will continue, as will the demand for more qualified
site. In this way, the actual certified technician can observe underwater inspection personnel with advanced
the diver on a video monitor, directing them through the inspection training & experience, who hold internationally
inspection procedures, and then sign off on a "job well recognized professional certificates, preferably from a
done". No owner/operator would tolerate such activity on central certification scheme of some kind.
understanding of codes and regulations, as well as their Clancy, A, 2017. “Subsea Inspection Controller”,
Integrating all of the above will boost not only safety but
"bottom-line"!
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? Paul, as the Director of Lizard NDE, subsea array for nodal joints & the
we're eager to learn about your LP184SR high lift off flat array for flat
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we knew as a company that we should
shaped your journey?
seriously re-visit what was the original
Paul Bentley Thank you for inviting me. It really has
home of the Lizard innovation, the
Director - Lizard NDE Ltd been quite a journey. Lizard
subsea market, & apply the knowledge
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we had gleaned over the many
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preceding years of topside
infrastructure in particular, for many
development towards this new
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direction. In fact, many of our recent
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inclusion of a cable and subsea Lizard requirements, with 3D printed mock inspected has actually been correctly
probe type. ups used to guarantee agreement of addressed ensures a far more
Data collection speed can be varied & Again, remember that Lizard is
design requirement and work with our
www.onestopndt.com |J 22 |
uly 0 3 Issue 76 24
frequency and gain change) and via software is extremely good at data involved. Here we worked together to
software (Lizard Adjustment menu). analysis, allowing for length and depth provide an array in line with the
Therefore, all responses can be interpretation using the easy to use requirements of the Bluestream
tailored, per channel, to differing Sizing menu. Since we have the pure Gobiesox Subsea Manipulation
output configurations with respective impedance of each event and full system, a truly remarkable innovation
sensitivities and various display control of each of these outputs that utilises downward thrust to
modes. That is an incredibly powerful throughout the suite Lizard can make maintain grip and deployment of the
‘all in one’ and again displays our a far clear assessment of each and array without the requirement of
‘electromagnetic toolbox’ approach. every event. The output from Lizard magnets.
? How does Lizard NDE's subsea campaigns & close monitoring of The resulting LP170SR array (our
inspection technology contribute to known events over time have allowed latest subsea array type) provides for
enhancing the safety and integrity of many clients to investigate and a 7 channel pair of Bx/Bz, again
underwater structures and resolve say, design flaws with a whole switchable like the LP180SR. Housed
equipment? swathe of clear information. in a very small enclosure, the LP170SR
By increasing the level of Field Our innovations towards ROV based is the perfect fit to the Gobiesox.
Coupling (Lift Off), our technology is diver-less campaigns are also a good
capable of ensuring that most example of how Lizard is helping to
standard structures can be catered for reduce the risk to human personal
without coating removal. That is a through the requirements of offshore
huge benefit for many operations, the data acquisition at depth or other
complete non-invasiveness of the dangerous locations. ROV’s & robots
Lizard. No couplant or similar is are very unlikely to replace divers in
Original Gobiesox with LP170SR Lizard Array
required and so the Lizard is the wider sense however enabling a Fitted
incredibly environmentally friendly. robot activity that can stay at depth
? What are the major advancements
for longer duration yet still accurately
or trends you foresee in subsea
acquire the required scan collection inspection using NDT in the near
activity is a real step forward. future?
our Lizard products rather than Our works with Bluestream Offshore few years ago would have been nigh
lithium, a safer alternative and easy to in the Netherlands is a true example of on impossible. I also see the increased
transport offshore. our collaboration approach with our use of offshore ROV based campaigns
clients, a great success story for all being run from onshore operations
Of course, the powerful Lizard Sizing
AI having some involvement that sometimes a very small for inspection of locations where
somewhere! engineering change can then address. human intervention would be nigh on
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Fundamentals
Fundamentals Months-Long
of NDT for Oil Released!
Subsea and Deepwater
Horizon Spill,
Off-shore
Introduction
Known as the
The vast expanse of oceans & seas, where subsea &
The consequences faced by operating in the dynamic & blowout, released oil into the sea for approximately a
ruthless realm of marine environments are severe & period of three months. Multiple fire containment and
factors like extreme weather events, seabed conditions, remedial efforts were made, however, the rig collapsed
corrosion, wave and current forces, & subsea geohazards into the Gulf of Mexico.
Failure or damage of such structures may cause major oil to be released into the Gulf, causing harm to the marine life
spills, interruption of energy supplies, contamination of and animal life that depended on the water source. This
the environment, and risk to human health and life. also affected the livelihoods of fishermen and the coaster
The need for increased safety measures, environmental community and affected tourism in the region.
preservation, or stricter regulations was realized as This event also highlighted the dire need to employ
recently as 2010. The phenomenon that caused it was the thorough inspection and maintenance of subsea and
blowout in the Deepwater Horizon rig, induced by the offshore vehicles & infrastructure. NDT caught on as a
failure of its safety systems, which also included the failure crucial methodology to evaluate the condition of the
of the blowout preventer (BOP). components or infrastructures under study and aided in
employed in subsea and offshore applications are: maintenance and inspection programs for subsea and
offshore applications. Identification of areas of concern
c Visual Inspection (VI)
can enable industries to resources and efforts towards
c Liquid Penetrant Testing (LPT) vital elements. This reduces unnecessary maintenance
c Radiographic Testing (RT) and repair processes.
conditions (e.g., Ultrasonic Testing) to obtain optimal Particle Inspection (MPI) and ultrasonic testing are
results. Subsea and offshore environments may cause used to assess subsea pipelines for the presence of
corrosion and marine growth on test subjects, and prior defects and corrosion. These methods can also be used
surface preparation may be required to conduct tests. to check the pipeline wall thickness. Potential leaks and
Depth restrictions, Inaccessibility, and Environmental Subsea risers: Subsea risers connect subsea wellheads
factors contribute to the ability of the test apparatus to the surface facilities. Methods like Ultrasonic Testing
to operate. (UT), Visual Inspection (VI), etc. are used to check for
any defects, deterioration, or cracks. This helps
Skilled interpretation of results is essential to
test subjects, as well as remedial actions. Test outcomes Subsea s tructures: Subsea structures (e.g., platform
may vary between operators, leading to inconsistencies jackets or subsea manifolds) are often inspected using
structures.
It is imperative to consider the advantages and (UT) and Radiographic Testing (RT).
disadvantages of NDT methods while implementing them Weld Inspection: NDT techniques such as Magnetic
in subsea and offshore applications. Thorough Particle Testing (MPT), Ultrasonic Testing (UT), and
comprehension, planning, and training are essential to Radiographic Testing (RT) are used to test for weld
maximize the benefits of Non-destructive testing. defects such as cracks, porosity, or insufficient fusion.
the subject.
(UT), Radiographic Testing (RT), and Magnetic Particle Some of the emerging techniques in Non-destructive
Testing (MPT). This helps verify the materials’ testing for subsea and offshore industries are:
regulatory requirements.
Ultrasonic Testing uses multiple transducers to induce
Condition Monitoring: NDT methods like Acoustic and receive ultrasonic waves. The transducer elements
Emission Testing (AET) AND Vibration Analysis are can be controlled and their properties like amplitude
used to analyze the acoustic or vibration signals etc. can be adjusted to electronically scan a component
emitted from the structure under inspection. This or structure. PAUT can be used to inspect weld defects,
ensures the detection of degradation, deformities, and pipelines, & other vital elements in a subsea & offshore
Offshore Platform Inspection: The structural integrity, digital detectors instead of radiographic films to obtain
presence of weld defects, corrosion, etc. of an offshore X-ray and Gamma-ray images. Difficult-to-access areas
platform are detected using NDT techniques like Visual in subsea & offshore structures can be tested using this
Inspection (VI), Magnetic Particle Testing (MPT), NDT method as it provides real-time image
Radiographic Testing (RT), and Ultrasonic Testing (UT). manipulation & analysis, faster image acquisition, &
sharper images.
Regulatory requirements, test subject characteristics,
working environment, and other factors play an important Eddy Current Array Testing (ECA): Eddy Current Array
role in the testing procedures, frequency, and modus Testing is an advanced method of Eddy Current Testing
operandi. NDT methods have great potential in the subsea that can be used on conductive materials to check for
and offshore industry and are critical to their smooth surface and near-surface defects. ECA uses an array of
CONCLUSION
The fundamental concepts of NDT, which include
techniques like Ultrasonic Testing, Radiographic Testing,
Visual Inspection, & Magnetic Particle Testing provide a
deeper perspective into the state of offshore and subsea .
www.sciaps.com
Unleashing the Power of
Inspections
Introduction of nature, enabling researchers, engineers, and those
to map out the ocean floor and locate the position of the
recover the latter two ROVs as they were less than 200
components are: G Subsea control systems have also evolved with the
G Advancements in material science have led to the facilitation of remote monitoring and control
utilization of more resilient materials, which can components. This technology enables operators to
withstand the unforgiving conditions in deep-sea, remotely operate valves, actuators, and other subsea
including high pressures, corrosive seawater, and equipment. Advances in control systems have led to the
extreme temperatures. Carbon steel which was the development of subsea control modules, umbilicals, and
traditionally preferred material has now been replaced master control stations that improve their efficiency
which include stainless steel, nickel-based alloys, etc. G Instrumentation and monitoring systems in the deep
Coatings such as epoxy or polyethylene are also sea have become progressively sophisticated. Sensors
applied to protect the material from corrosion. and data acquisition systems monitor different
G Structural analysis techniques like finite element parameters, including pressure, temperature, flow
analysis (FEM) have helped evolve the design of subsea rates, corrosion rates, and structural integrity.
components to ensure structural integrity and Continuous monitoring and early detection of potential
optimized designs for various loading conditions. issues are now possible because of real-time data
Components are designed to withstand extreme transmission and communication systems. These
external pressures, internal stress, and various features enhance safety and operational efficiency.
external factors. Rigorous testing procedures such as The evolution of subsea components has been focused on
pressure and fatigue testing are also carried out to increasing their durability, reliability, and performance in
assess their performance. demanding subsea environments. The development of
G Robust and watertight connections in challenging material sciences and materials, advanced designs,
subsea environments are ensured with the use of augmented sealing systems, enhanced control systems,
specialized connectors and hydraulic couplings. and monitoring technologies have significantly
Sealings and connector systems have undergone contributed to the safe and efficient operation of subsea
materials, metal-to-metal seals, and composite gaskets Continuous improvement drives the evolution of subsea
to ensure long-term sealing integrity. components, focusing on sustainability, cost-effectiveness,
and environmental consciousness.
ROVs, and broadening their range of applications. enable them to perform tasks such as the operation of
valves, collection of samples, and deployment of tools.
Progress in robotics has created improved manipulator
ROVs: Enablers of Cost Efficiency and Risk indispensable for multiple applications and their risk
of Titan
oceanic exploration and manned submersible technology.
Submersible
often utilized for marine research, environmental studies,
Submersibles have played a vital role in deep-sea OceanGate Inc. recently made headlines in the news for
exploration. Their use has enabled us to make the unforeseen implosion of its submersible, Titan,
extraordinary revelations, such as that of the Titanic formerly called Cyclops 2, which led to the demise of the
wreckage. Having met its unfortunate end in 1912, the five passengers onboard, including the CEO of the
remains of the legendary ship had remained undiscovered organization, Stockton Rush.
for mankind to venture deeper into the abyss of the ocean. Overview of the Titan Submarine and its
Purpose
Detailed timeline of the incident, from initial June 20th- France joined the search efforts by
The series of events that led to the catastrophic implosion The Canadian Lockheed P-3 Orion aircraft detected
aircraft joined the mission. Many questions had been raised before the incident,
Atlantic Ocean.
submersible
The differences in materials may have caused a loss of
The destruction of the Titan submersible was said to have integrity, causing delamination of the composite material.
been caused by a ‘catastrophic implosion’. This would entail Delamination may result in the separation of the layers of
floor.
formation, causing an instant failure and subsequent
The wreckage of the Titanic rests approximately 12,400 ft implosion due to the high environmental pressures. The
deep on the seabed of the North Atlantic. While the newer design and hull material exacerbated the need for
atmospheric pressure at sea level is about 14.7 psi, the extensive testing.
It is postulated that the implosion was caused due to a Experts in the industry had issued warnings to OceanGate
submersible raised concerns about its safety. Despite The Titan submersible may ha ve been one of the most
passengers without addressing the importance of some sombre but v ital lessons to pay heed to in the
By omitting NDT in the manufacturing process of a sea research and engineering is laden with hazards,
submersible, the chances of undetected defects rise, hence, stringent safety measures, meticulous and
leading to compromised structural integrity and timely inspection of equipment, and emergency plans
and longevity.
Ê Equipment and vehicles used in harsh environments
NDT methods that are commonly used in the production need to undergo precise engineering design, testing,
and assessment of submersibles include: and manufacturing. Detailed testing, using destructive
Ê Ultrasonic Testing
process to ensure their reliability in extreme operating
Ê Pressure Testing
improve equipment, safety considerations, and
Advanced NDT methods like Phased Array Ultrasonic operating procedures for future missions.
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Research Paper inspection & monitoring techniques to provide essential
Review on
integrity management data such as product chemistry,
cathodic protection, electrical resistance probes and
coupons, etc. However, translating such essential integrity
Subsea Pipeline
management data into meaningful information to make
crucial integrity-based decisions can be challenging. This
paper presents a holistic approach that implements the
required pipeline integrity management tools to facilitate
An Operator’s
Keywords: marine hose; subsea pipeline; pipeline
integrity management
1. Introduction
Inspection).
understand the fitness for service (FFS) status. A FFS
Subsea pipeline integrity is defined by DNV-ST-F101 [3] (as assessment is a current methodology used to determine a
“the ability of the submarine pipeline system to operate pipeline’s capacity to operate with known defects, and to
safely and withstand the loads imposed during the pipeline facilitate any necessary corrective action for maintaining
life cycle”. Other relevant codes and standards describe safe pipeline operation while maximizing the pipeline’s life
pipeline integrity and integrity management framework cycle performance [15–21], however, there are other
from different perspectives, and indeed pipeline operators industry developments and philosophies on subsea
around the world have developed their own-pipeline pipeline integrity management currently taken into
integrity management definitions and practices. In light of consideration as industry best practice [22–33].
that, the Pipeline Integrity Management System (PIMS) is Therefore, there is benefit in presenting an operator’s
defined as a collection of preventative measures that work perspective on this subject area which is important in
together to retain the integrity of the pipeline system. developing industry guidelines.
Pipeline integrity may be severely impacted by the gradual is a there is a risk that knowledge gaps develop amongst
decrease in production flow rate over time which can operators, and those companies on which they rely.
holistic approach for implementing the necessary integrity important to ensure that a sound understanding of
management tools which have been successfully executed industry codes and standards is prioritized. A considerable
to facilitate the safe and sustainable operation and suite of industry references exists, with the following
maintenance of the pipelines. The paper also provides a typically used by most operators:
operated towards or beyond their original design life, and The requirements detailed in these industry standards
those that do not include the facilities for performing with respect to pipeline integrity management are related
intended to highlight the industry practices supplemented l Responses to integrity assessments and mitigation
by “Industry Best Practice” and thereby assist to certain oil (repair and prevention).
free operation.
Pipeline “Industry Best Practice”
l To establish adequate controls over relevant business PIMS of undiggable pipelines with industry best practice. A
activities with the aim of achieving incident-free background to the present-day industry best practices are
working conditions. the processes adopted in the N orth Sea post-Piper Alpha.
At the same time, incorporation of risk management within The primary aim of the PIMS is to ensure the pipeline
other corporate integrated management systems, i.e., systems are suitable for the intended purpose and
internal control or systems to be followed in terms of continued service. A secondary function of the system is to
identification of the stakeholders, management roles and aid compliance with any future government regulations
responsibilities, etc., was being achieved. It was therefore governing the pipeline systems.
recognized that the pipeline industry’s best practice A Pipeline Integrity Management System (PIMS) seeks to:
follows: H Ensure safe and reliable delivery of the products to
Implementation and (ISO, OSHAS, etc.) certification of their customers, without adverse effects on employees,
integrated management systems, in particular the adoption of the public, customers, the environment and incident
risk management and subsequent risk-based inspection and free operation.
maintenance regimes. H Ensure that all reasonably practicable steps are taken
This approach (risk-based integrity management) has been to prevent loss of technical integrity.
adopted in occidental countries by major oil and gas H Establish adequate controls over relevant business
operators, predominantly as a result of national legislation, activities with the aim of achieving incident-free
and is presently being implemented within regions of working conditions.
pipeline operation on a global basis.
H Ensure any future legislative compliance.
The DNV-ST-F101 [3] standard provides criteria and
H Promote high standards and continuous improvement.
guidance on concept development, design, construction,
operation, and abandonment of Submarine Pipeline Anomalies within the context of PIMS are defects and
Systems. The standard defines subsea pipeline integrity as damage to the pipe that could impact pipeline integrity.
“the ability of the submarine pipeline system to operate Anomalies include, but are not necessarily limited to:
www.onestopndt.com | July 2023 | Issue 76 53
External corrosion metal loss. Decommissioning.
SCC (Sulphide Corrosion Cracking) colonies. PIMS relies on the interaction between these management
Gouges.
identification of condition degradation and failure modes,
Buckles.
During operation a PIMS provides the basis for managing
The Anomaly Management System defines: integrity review it’s also about operations. Operations
The reporting and progressing and closing out of pipeline network is presented. The PIR has the following
industry levels.
Commissioning.
&
Direct examination/NDE (including for unpiggable
production fluids.
system. The selected software should be able to tie the
Corrosion control data (i.e., CP readings). seamless manner. The selected computer PI M S software
management.
damage was collected and evaluated to generate a
The last sub-task within this initial step is to develop a each pipeline based on the available & most recent
basis of design document for the PIR; the purpose of which Auto- U T, ROV, Caliper and ILI surveys, & accounting for
was to clearly set out the following: any remedial & intervention work conducted since the
&
The methodologies to be used and the outcome to be
U
obtained.
Listing of the industry codes and standards to be used. FFP evaluation of the most recently known
3.2. Task 2: Establishment of the GIS Based PIMS condition of the pipeline, utilising industry best
operational parameters.
www.onestopndt.com | J 2023 |
uly Issue 76 56
Assessment of the criticality internal and external produced water, solids, bacterial contamination, leak
corrosion based on the feature dimensions as history in order to evaluate the internal corrosion threat to
reported by the most recent ILI and/or automated each of the pipelines and to estimate deterioration rates.
UT inspections.
Based on these described evaluations, the FFP of the
Assessment of the criticality of other reported pipelines can be established and the required remedial
anomalies, including dents, manufacturing defects works identified to either maintain safe operating
and girth weld anomalies, and the assessment of the condition moving forward, or to define any remediation
maximum allowed (critical) span lengths and required to reestablish a FFP pipeline.
potential surveys.
with ILI data) and is referred to as an analytical method.
Summary listing of all anodes including comments approach, the failure probability has been estimated
on the observed condition. Assessment of the anode from baseline failure rate estimates which are then
depletion rate, determination of the remaining life adjusted to reflect the impact of pipeline specific
for each anode and the estimated time to attributes (factors which cause or resist the threat),
replacement. e.g., this approach has been adopted for the Internal
data to determine replacement timelines. Both approaches are valid, provide quantitative failure
@ Weather and Outside Force 3.5. Task 5: Recommendations of the PIR Study
@ Equipment Failure This final output of the PIR is to draw up the necessary
The probability of failure (per year) is determined based on documentation and detailed scopes of services for the
threat per pipeline segment. The pipelines were required rectification and survey works as recommended
segmented as follows: in the PIR, including:
@ Anomaly repairs
Installation of pipeline protection. most older flow lines have no permanent pigging facilities
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Estimated Cost Self Financed
Notice Type Tender
Notice Type Tender
TOT Ref.No.: 490743472
TOT Ref.No.: 490235818
Deadline 18 July 2023
Deadline 09 Aug 2023
Summary Türkiye - Eu Ipa Energy
Sector Program Phase Iv Summary Offshore Wind
Project - Offshore Wind Accelerator:
Support Electromagnetic Fender
Feasibility Study (efs)
Purchaser Ownership Public
Purchaser Ownership Public
Country Turkey
Country United Kingdom
Estimated Cost Self Financed
Estimated Cost Self Financed
Notice Type Tender
Notice Type Tender
TOT Ref.No.: 487905019
TOT Ref.No.: 490718366
Deadline 02 Aug 2023
Deadline 23 Aug 2023
available to pre-order!
Future
Cygnus Underwater Gauge -
Unleashing Astonishing
Transformation
What’s new?
The original diver-held Cygnus Underwater, despite its
age, impressively remains the industry today. However, Another new feature to Cygnus’ subsea range, is the
with the ever-growing popularity of Cygnus Dive and the Underwater’s Real Time Clock, enabling the date and time
extra features it has to offer, we thought it was time to to be tagged to measurement points. And finally, the
bring this torch style gauge, preferred by some, up to date Underwater gauge now benefits from Auto-set Gain which
- combining the best of both gauges with some fantastic optimises the probe’s gain settings to ensure continuous
new features! good probe performance.
Beyond an exceptional new look and ergonomic design, the The Underwater Variants
most obvious advancement for the new Underwater is the
The STD standard variant offers the reliable Multiple-Echo
jump to a multi-mode gauge. The original Multiple-Echo
measuring mode with Deep Coat function, whilst the PLUS
mode is still the best method for verifying accurate
variant offers the benefits of 3 versatile measuring modes
through-coat measurements as specified by Class
with A-Scan. For those who opt for the PRO variant, you’ll
Societies. The Echo-Echo mode is ideal for measuring
heavily corroded metals through thin coatings (i.e., coated have access to all advanced features and the
metals with heavy back wall corrosion) while Single-Echo comprehensive data-logging. All variants come with a
mode is perfect for measuring uncoated metals with heavy depth sensor and have upgradeable options such as Data
front and/or back-wall corrosion. The new Cygnus Logging and Topside Repeating kits.
Underwater now offers a versatile solution for varying
The new Cygnus Underwater is available to PRE-ORDER
levels of corrosion and various materials, as well as
NOW. Look out for more updates on our social media and
through-coat measurements.
website for the official release date!
The gauge has also gained a Depth Sensor - a brand new
To learn more, visit the Cygnus Underwater page https://
feature to Cygnus’ subsea range. This is a live, accurate
cygnus.tiny.us/New-Underwater-Gauge. Alternatively,
depth indicator for the diver, displayed as one of 4
scan the QR code to get a quote. Get £200 off using code
dynamic screen views on the gauge’s front display, along
OSNDT23.
with basic (measurement readings), live A-Scan, and
datalogging views.
The Challenge
Although the concrete provides a suitable protective layer thickness measurement capability. It is a semi-quantitative
it can act as a barrier to most external non-destructive screening method and, although it does not provide the
testing (NDT) methods. Concrete has a coarse grain accuracy of ultrasonics, can give reliable readings for the
structure, often forming a 2- to 4-inch thick coating which remaining wall and corrosion depth.
The scope was particularly challenging as the operators areas. The areas identified can then be re-visited and
had to collect automated data using TSC Subsea’s scanned at a higher resolution for more accurate results.
Detection
testing methods used to inspect marine risers for detector utilizes the zero-cross measurement algorithm
corrosion, however conventional ultrasonic testing (UT) is typically used by corrosion gages when operating in
often the most convenient and cost-effective method. corrosion mode. This measurement algorithm measures
There are two primary corrosion inspection methods that fluctuations in coupling and amplitude, helping ensure
use conventional ultrasound. The first is the point greater precision when taking thickness measurements. By
measurement method, using an instrument like the combining the key functionalities of a precision thickness
Olympus 38DL PLUS® ultrasonic thickness gage. The gage and a flaw detector in one instrument, NDT
point measurement method uses precision thickness inspectors can use the EPOCH 6LT flaw detector for a wide
measurements taken in a defined pattern and repeated range of conventional UT corrosion inspections. Users can
over time to monitor remaining wall thickness. This scrub for pitting and size defects in flaw detection mode,
method is effective for periodic corrosion monitoring and and switch to corrosion mode to make reliable and
precision measurements of discrete defects but is not well- accurate measurements of remaining part thickness.
The second method uses an instrument like the EPOCH® compensation, V-path correction for dual element
650 ultrasonic flaw detector to scan a suspected corroded transducers, automatic gain control, a thickness gage
part for pits and corrosion-induced cracks and to support measurement algorithm, and a color-coded grid view for
Procedure
enable grid view, select color, and set low and high range
color-coded based on the specified low and high thickness
the back wall signal has been identified, the user can scan
back wall signal, which could indicate potential cracking, Modern advancements in corrosion software offer the
ims.com/en/applications/corrosion-gaging-dual-element-
transducers.
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