Ee 312 - Lecture 18

EE-312
Electrical Systems & Lighting
Lecture 18:
Artificial Light Sources
By: Abdurahman Alrobaie

Date: March 29th, 2023
Lecture Content
Optical Control Devices
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A. Review

B. Fluorescent
• Fluorescent lamps produce light by emitting electrons

from cathodes at their ends.
• This electron arc stream flows through the mercury

vapor in the lamp, generating some visible light, but
mostly UV radiation.
• The UV in turn excites the phosphor coating (i.e.,

fluorescent material) on the inside of the bulb.
• Each produces a different spectrum of light and by

careful blending of the various phosphors lamp makers
can tailor a wide range of lamp colours.

B. Fluorescent

B. Fluorescent
• All discharge lamps require a ballast to operate.
• The ballast provides a high starting voltage to

initiate the discharge, limits the current to
sustain the discharge, and controls the lamp
wattage.
• Energy efficiency improvements in fluorescent

ballasts take three forms:
• reducing ballast losses
• increasing the frequency at which the lamp
operates
• reducing the losses at the electrodes.

B. Fluorescent
• Electric ballast is better on most accounts.

• Smaller in size,
• Lighter in weight,
• More efficient
• Doesn’t make any noise
• Prevents flickering
• However, because electronic ballasts can

interfere with power-line-carrier based
equipment, they should not be used near
medical life-support equipment and anti-theft
detection systems

C. LED
• When the diode is forward biased, the minority

electrons are sent from p → n while the
minority holes are sent from n → p.
• At the junction boundary, the concentration of

minority carriers increases.
• The excess minority carriers at the junction

recombine with the majority charges carriers.
• In standard diodes, the energy is released in the

form of heat. But in light-emitting diodes, the
energy is released in the form of photons. We
call this phenomenon electroluminescence.

C. LED
• The color of an LED is determined by the

material used in the semiconducting element.
• Light is monochromatic, directional and

coherent.
• LEDs generally emit light in a relatively narrow

band so that most LEDs produce light that is a
saturated color.
• By controlling the outputs of the different colors

it is possible to make a lamp that can produce
light in a wide variety of colors (Changing RGB
scale).

C. LED

C. LED
• As an emerging technology, LED products and applications should be considered with care.
• Many claims for performance have not been independently verified.
• LED are very expensive.
• In several areas of performance (such as color rendering), it is not clear that existing metrics
do a good job of dealing with LEDs.

A. Characteristics of a Light Source
• Strength
• Lamps vary the quantity of light produced and the
directional distribution of the luminous intensity
(candlepower).
• The pattern of a lamp's luminous strength is

commonly shown as a candlepower distribution
curve.
• To provide greater luminance over larger distances

requires a light source with greater candlepower.
• Often this implies a larger physical size of lamp; HID

lampsfor street lighting or lighting sporting events
may be up to 2 ft in diameter.
• Size
• The trend to produce compact lamps is primarily
driven by optical control factors and cost benefits.
• Smaller lamps require less material to manufacture.
• Smaller sources are also more convenient-they can

be more easily hidden and installed in confined
locations.
• As a light source gets smaller, it becomes easier to

control the distribution of light with lenses, baffles,
and reflectors.

• Form
• The physical form of a lamp should be matched to its
intended application.
• A line source may be the best choice for grazing a

wall
• A Circular tube might lend itself to use in a sconce.
• Although a lamp may be pear-shaped, flame-shaped,

or many other shapes, the form of lamps typically
approximates
• Point sources
• Line sources
• Area sources
• Distribution
• Lamps are available that have a wide variety of
distribution patterns
• Uniformly diffuse to highly directional, narrow

beams.
• The optics of a lamp are determined by

• form (point, line, area)
• characteristics of the bulb (inside frosted, clear,
lensed)
• reflectors

• Distribution
• Reflectors can be
• Multi-reflector (MR)
• Parabolic aluminized reflector (PAR)
• Reflector (R)
• Reflector lamps can be designed to distribute light

over a wide range from spotlight to floodlight.
• Lamps with precise reflector optics may not require

any additional light control.
• Lamps without optical controls will depend on the

fixture to control and distribute light.


• Candlepower values are

found on the vertical
scale of a graph which has
degree lines.
• Radiating from the polar

point.
• The nadir angle is 0° or

the direction straight
down.
• Lamps with no optical control rely on the luminaire in which they are housed to control their light
distribution.


Thank You
Any Questions?

Ee 312 - Lecture 18

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EE-312

Electrical Systems & Lighting

By: Abdurahman Alrobaie

Your Logo or Name Here 2

Your Logo or Name Here 3

• Fluorescent lamps produce light by emitting electrons

• This electron arc stream flows through the mercury

• The UV in turn excites the phosphor coating (i.e.,

• Each produces a different spectrum of light and by

Your Logo or Name Here 4

Your Logo or Name Here 5

• All discharge lamps require a ballast to operate.

• The ballast provides a high starting voltage to

• Energy efficiency improvements in fluorescent

Your Logo or Name Here 6

• Electric ballast is better on most accounts.

• However, because electronic ballasts can

Your Logo or Name Here 7

• When the diode is forward biased, the minority

• At the junction boundary, the concentration of

• The excess minority carriers at the junction

• In standard diodes, the energy is released in the

Your Logo or Name Here 9

• The color of an LED is determined by the

• Light is monochromatic, directional and

• LEDs generally emit light in a relatively narrow

• By controlling the outputs of the different colors

Your Logo or Name Here 10

Your Logo or Name Here 11

Your Logo or Name Here 12

• The pattern of a lamp's luminous strength is

• To provide greater luminance over larger distances

• Often this implies a larger physical size of lamp; HID

• Smaller lamps require less material to manufacture.

• Smaller sources are also more convenient-they can

• As a light source gets smaller, it becomes easier to

Your Logo or Name Here 14

• A line source may be the best choice for grazing a

• A Circular tube might lend itself to use in a sconce.

• Although a lamp may be pear-shaped, flame-shaped,

• Uniformly diffuse to highly directional, narrow

• The optics of a lamp are determined by

Your Logo or Name Here 16

• Reflector lamps can be designed to distribute light

• Lamps with precise reflector optics may not require

• Lamps without optical controls will depend on the

Your Logo or Name Here 17

Your Logo or Name Here 18

• Candlepower values are

• Radiating from the polar

• The nadir angle is 0° or

Your Logo or Name Here 20

Your Logo or Name Here 21

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