Chapter 12 Solutions Manual For Muni Budhu2

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
Chapter 12 solutions manual for Muni budhu
Soil mechanics and geology (Ardhi University)
Downloaded by Simon Michael (simonli@my.swjtu.cn)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
12.1 Show that the ultimate load for a strip footing under long-term conditions
using the two triangle failure surfaces shown in Fig. P12.1 is P 1
 け B2 N ,
2 tantan2   3 u
2
け
2sin 3
where N  
 1 tan2   2 1 tan 
    cos sin 3
Solution 12.1
P
B
WB TAB TAB
WA A
NAB TA
B
NB TB NA
Z
X
From the free body diagram of A, we get
A  NA tan  (1)
AB  NAB tan  (2)
 Fx 0 NAB  NA sin 45  A cos 45  (3)

: 0

Putting equation (1) into (3) we get

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
 N AB 2
N 1 tan  (4)
 2
A
NA  2 N AB

2 1 tan  (5)
Fz 0:
AB  WA  NA cos 45  A sin 45  (6)
0
Putting equation (1) and (2) into (6), we get
N 2
AB tan   WA N
A
1 tan  (7)
2

Substituting (5) into (7) we obtain

 1 tan  

N AB  tan      WA
1 tan 
 
 tan   tan 2  1  tan  
NAB  = - WA
 1  tan 
 
 1
 2 B2 1 tan
WA 1 
tan
NAB  2 ' ' (8)
2 ' '
tan   2tan 1 tan   2tan 1
where WA 1
 B2
2
Similarly summing forces in the x direction for B, we get
NAB
2
 N B 1 tan (9)
2
Similarly summing forces in the z direction for B, after substituting (9) and simplifying we get
1 
2tan  tan2 
NAB  1  tan  = WB  P (10)
 
1 1
W  B2 and P  B2 N (11)
B 
2 2
Substituting (8) and (11) in (10) we get

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
 1+tan  1 2tan 

N  1
tan  
2
 tan   2tan 1 1 2tan  tan   3

2 2
tan 
3
2tan  
   tan 2 6tan
 1
1 tan   2tan  2
   
1 tan  1 tan  2

2sin3

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
12.2 A strip footing, 5 m wide, is founded on the surface of a deep deposit of

clay. The undrained shear strength of the clay increases linearly from 3 kPa at
the surface to 10 kPa at a depth of 5 m. Estimate the vertical ultimate load
assuming that the load is applied at an eccentricity of 0.5 m from the center of
the footing’s width. [Hint: Try a circular failure surface, determine the equation
for the distribution of shear strength with depth, and integrate the shear strength
over the radius to find the shear force.]
Solution 12.2
Pa Pa
-e e
O
3 kPa
 B/2
z
d
dl
5m
Slope = 7/5
Radius = B
10 kPa
The answer will vary according to the assumed failure mechanism. The eccentricity could be to the right
(e) or left (-e) of the centerline.
Assume a circular failure plane and consider an element at a depth z. The undrained shear strength at this
depth is su = 7z/5 + 3
Now, consider an element d as shown in the figure above.
The arc length is dl = B d and z = B sin 
The force on this arc length = su B d = (7z/5 +3) B d = (7B sin  /5 +3) B d
Mo 0:
B  
   / 2 
7
Pu   e   2   Bsin  3Bd B  0
 2   0  5  
B   7 /2
P  e  2  Bcos  3 B2  0
u   
2 5
   0
(The 2 in the second term of the above equations comes from the fact we are integrating over a quadrant
and we have two quadrants.)
 7   7 
Now, 2  Bcos 3 /2 B2  2  5cos 3 /2 52  585.7 kN.m
 
 5   5 
 0  0
585.7
Pu 5  180.2kN or 334.7kN
  
 0.75
2 

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
12.3 The centroid of a square foundation of sides 5 m is located 10 m away from

the edge of a vertical cut of depth 4 m. The soil is a stiff clay with an
undrained strength of 20 kPa and a unit weight of 16 kN/m3. Calculate the
vertical ultimate load. Assume a circular failure surface for the footing and
a planar surface for the cut.
Solution 12.3
P
1.5m r = 1.5m
2.5m 3.5m
E
O E D = 450
cut
D
C
C
Section B
For undrained condition,   0

Assuming a planar failure plane for the cut. The slope of the failure plane (Chapter 10) is:

  45   45
2
Assuming a circular failure mode for the footing. We find that the circular failure surface intersects with
the failure plane of the cut.
Therefore, we can assume that the surface CE has no shearing resistance.
Consider section ECD as shown in the figure “Section B” P

 3.5m
B/2
Length CE = r () = 1.5  0.375  1.178m
4 su (CD) D
O
Length CD = 1.5cos(45 )  1.061 m
C B
su
Moment about O (figure on right)
su (CD) cos 45
Mo 0:
B
P  s ( B 1.178 ) B ( 1.061cos 45 ) 3.5  0
s
u u
2
2.5P  20(  5 1.178 ) 5 ( 20 1.061cos 45 ) 3.5
1400
P  560 kN / m
2.5

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
12.4 Calculate the ultimate net bearing capacity of (a) a strip footing 2 m wide,
(b) a square footing 3 m  3 m, and (c) a circular footing 3 m in diameter.
All footings are located on the ground surface and the groundwater level is
at the ground surface. The soil is medium-dense coarse-grained with
け = 17kN/m3 and  p' = 30 from direct shear tests.
sat
Solution 12.4
1
q  BN s
u  
2 ,    = 17 – 9.8 = 7.2 kN/ m 3
N  0.1054exp(9.6' )  16.06
B B B
s  1  0.4  1 (square  0 (strip footing)
, L
footing),
L L
s  0.6 (square or circular footing) ; s け  1 (strip)
1
(a) q (strip)=  7.2  2  16.06  1 = 116 kPa
u
21
(b) q (square)=
 7.2  3  16.06  0.6 = 104 kPa
u
21
(c) q (circular)=
 7.2  3  16.06  0.6 = 104 kPa
u
2

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
12.5 A strip footing, founded on dense sand ( 'p = 35 from direct shear tests.and
けsat = 17kN/m3 ), is to be designed to support a vertical load of 400 kN per
meter length. Determine a suitable width for this footing for FS = 3. The
footing is located 1 m below the ground surface. The groundwater level
is
10 m below the ground surface.
Solution 12.5
Assume B = 1.2m and the test data are from plane strain tests. Use Davis & Booker expression for N .
Using the spreadsheet with B =1.1 m
    35 , Nq  33.3, Nq 1  32.3, N  37.1, sq  s  1
dq  1.23,d  1.0
qu   Df (Nq 1) sqdq  0.5  B N s  d 
qu  (17 1 32.311.23)  (0.517 1.2  37.111)  1023kPa
400
a  1.11  363.6
FS 1023
  3.0
363.6 17
1
B = 1.1 m is suitable width for the footing

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
12.6 A square footing, 3 m wide, is located 1.5 m below the surface of a stiff
clay. Determine the allowable bearing capacity for short-term condition if
(su)p =100 kPa, and け sat = 20 kN/m3. If the footing were located on the
surface, what would be the allowable bearing capacity? Use FS = 3.
Comment on the use of the (su)p value for both the embedded and the surface
footing.
Solution 12.6
Stiff clay
su  100kPa, sat  20kN / m3
qu  5.14suscdc
sc  1.2,dc  1.17
Position (1): Df  1.5m
qu  5.141001.21.17  719 kPa
qu
q 
a
 Df
3
719
 3  20 1.5  270 kPa
Position (2):
Df  0
qu  5.141001.21  617kPa
qu 617
q   206kPa
a
3 3
Comment on the use of the (su)p value for both the embedded and the surface footing.
The (su)p may not be the same. The value of su depends on the void ratio (or confining pressure).
The confining pressure changes with depth so su will change with depth. Also, soils tend to be
overconsolidated near the surface with the possibility that a tensile rather than a general failure
mode can occur.

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
12.7 A column carrying a load of 750 kN is to be founded on a square footing

at a depth of 2 m below the ground surface in a deep clay stratum. What
will be the size of the footing for FS = 3 for TSA? The soil parameters are,
けsat = 18.5kN/m3 , and su = 55 kPa. The groundwater level is at the base
of the footing but it is expected to rise to the ground surface during rainy
seasons.
Solution 12.7
Clay
 sat  18.5kN / m3 , su  55kPa,'  8.7kN / m3 ,
TSA
Assume B =2 m
qu  5.14 suscdc , B
sc  1  0.2  , dc  1.33
1.2
L
qult = 5.14  55  1.2  1.33 = 451 kPa
750
applied stress, =    187.5 kPa
451
FS =
a
2 2
3
187.5  8.7  2
Use B =2 m

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
12.8 Repeat Exercise 12.7 with a moment of 250 kN.m about an axis parallel
to the length in addition to the vertical load.
Solution 12.8
Clay
 sat  18.5kN / m3 , su  55kPa,'  8.7kN / m3 ,
TSA
250
e   0.33 m
B
750
Assume B = 2.8 m
750  6  0.33
max  2.82 1 2.8  164 kPa
 
B'  B  2eB  3  2  0.33 
2.33m sc  1.2,dc  1.31,
TSA
qu  5.14  55  1.2  1.31  444 kPa
444
FS = 3
164  2  8.7
Use a footing of width 2.8 m

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
12.9 A square footing located on a dense sand is required to carry a dead load of
200 kN and a live load of 300 kN, both inclined at 15 to the vertical plane
along the width. The building code requires an embedment depth of 1.2 m.
Groundwater level is at 1 m below the ground surface. Calculate the size of
the footing using ASD and LRFD for p'  35 from direct shear tests,
けsat = 18.5kN/m3 and FS = 3. Assume the soil above the groundwater
level to be saturated.
Solution 12.9
Nq  33.3,Nq 1  32.3,N  37.13
iq  0.63 i   0.46,   18.5  9.8  8.7 kN/ m 3

ASD: Total load + 300 + 200 = 500 kN
LRFD: Pu = 1.25 x 200 + 1.75 x 300 = 775 kN
Assume B =1.6 m
D f  1 18.5 8.7  0.2  20.2kPa
qu  ( 32.3 20.2  0.63 ) ( 0.5   1.6  27.13  0.46 )  528 kPa

  8.7
ASD:
Vertical load = 500 cos (15) = 483 kN
Applied stress 483

 188.7 kPa
= 1.62
528
FS = 3
188.7  20.2
Use a square footing of width 1.6 m
LRFD
Vertical load = 775 cos (15) = 748.6 kN
qult  528  20.2  548.2kPa
i
ult  0.8548.2  438.6 kPa
q
Applied stress 748.6  292.4 kPa < 438.6 kPa
= 1.62
The footing size is more than adequate for LRFD. You can use a smaller footing ( B =
1.2 m can be used)

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
12.10 The footing for a bridge pier is to be founded in sand, as shown in Fig.
P12.10. The clay layer is normally consolidated with Cc = 0.25. Determine
the factor of safety against bearing capacity failure and the total settlement
(elastic compression and primary consolidation) of the pier. The shear
strength parameters were obtained from direct simple shear tests.
Cc = 0.25
Solution 12.10
B = 3m, Df  5m  B, GWL below B from base. No effect from GWL
12 103
qapplied   400
kPa 3  10
sat  2.7  0.529.8

  20.8 kN m 3
Dense sand:    1 0.52

  20.8  9.8  11.0 kN m3
 2.7  0.92  3
 
sat  9.8  18.5 kN m
Clay:  1 0.92 
  18.5  9.8  8.7 kN m 3
Bearing capacity of sand
Nq  37.8, Nq 1  36.8, N  43.9, sq 1.22, dq 1.25,s  0.88,d 1.0

qu  20.8  5  36.8  1.22  1.25 0.5  20.8  3  43.9  0.88  1.0  7042 kPa

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
7042
FS = 400  20.8 
 23.8
5
Bearing capacity of clay
B
H = exp Atan ' 
' p 
cr
  
2 cos 45  p
 2 

'
    36  

A 45  radians   
p
  0.47
 2 
   4 2 180 
3
H = exp0.47tan36  4.64m > (9 m – 5 m = 4 m)
cr 36 
2 cos 45 
 2 

Failure surface would penetrate clay
Short term:
qu = 5.14 x 40 x (1 +0.2 x 3/10) = 218 kPa
12000
Vertical stress at top of clay  70.5kPa
10 17
= FS = 218/70.5 = 3. ; OK
Elastic settlement of sand
Ab
B 3  0.3
4L2  L  10
 s  0.45(.3)0.38 =0.71
5 4 
  1 0.04   0.3  0.81
emb
1 
3 3
2
Aw 130
A  23  5 10  5  130m2 ;   4.33
w
Ab 30
 wal  1 0.164.33
0.54
 0.65
l
e 
12  103 10
55  103   2

1 0.35  0.71 0.81 0.65 = 0.0143m = 14.3mm

 
 2
Elastic settlement of clay
Assume a load dispersion of 2:1. The equivalent size of footing on the top of the clay is (3+4) 
(10+4) = 7m  14m.
lOMoARcPSD|27947212
Now
Df  9m
9 4 
  1 0.04  x.5  0.83, A 72
  9 14  9A  432m2 ,  7 14  98m2
 1  w b
emb
7 3
 
 2 
 s  0.45(.5)0.38  0.59
Neglect wall effect.
12  103
e   14 1  0.59  0.83  1  0.0446m  44.6 mm
15  103 
  
0.45
2

 2
Primary consolidation:
 zo   20.8  8  11  1  8.7  0.5 ,  181.8 kPa
:At center of
clay:  z  kPa(surface stresses utility computer program)
143.4
final  181.8 143.4  325.2 kPa

1000  325.2 
 c   0.25 log   32.4mm
1 0.95  181.8 
Total settlement = 14.3 + 44.6 + 32.4 = 91.3 mm

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
12.11 A multilevel building is supported on a footing 58 m wide  75 m long × 3

m thick resting on a very stiff deposit of saturated clay. The footing is located at 3
m below ground level. The average stress at the base of the footing is 350 kPa.
Groundwater level is at 12 m below the surface. Field and laboratory tests gave the
following results:
Depth (m) 0.5 6 25
su (kPa) 58 122 156
eo = 0.57, Cc = 0.16, Cr = 0.035, OCR = 10, ' = 28 , = 24, Eu = 100 MPa, ち u
p
'
= 0.45, E  90 MPa, v  0.3. Determine the total settlement
cs and the safety
and
factor against bearing capacity failure. The shear strength parameters were obtained from
direct simple shear tests.
Solution 12.11
Short Term: (TSA)

qu  5.14susc , sc 1.15 , dc = 1 (shear strength above footing depth lower than below)
su at base of footing is 87kPa; su at a depth B below footing is 156kPa
Take average su = 121.5kPa
qult  5.14  121.5  1.15  721kPa
Assume soil is saturated.
2.7  0.57
 sat  G  eo  w  9.8  20.4kN / m3
1 e
o
1 0.57
Df = 3 x 20.4 = 61.2 kPa
FS 721
 2.5
 350 
61.2
Long Term: (ESA)
Use bearing capacity program utility to Nq , N , shape and depth factors.

find
p
lOMoARcPSD|27947212
Nq  14.7, 1 13.7, 11.5 for '

 28o
Nq N

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
   20.4  9.8  10.6 kN/ m 3

=======
Short side failure

sq 1.41 s  0.69,dq 1.02,d 1,
qu  20.4313.7  1.41 1.02+0.5 11.5( 9 20.4 10.6 49 ) 0.691 = 3994 kPa
Long side failure
sq  1.69 s  0.48,dq  1.01,d  1
qu  20.4313.7  1.69 1.01+0.5 11.5( 9 20.4 10.666 ) 0.481 lk= 3869 kPa
Long side failure governs
3869
FS = 350   13.4
61.2
Long Term Settlement

Assume effective depth=2 B.
For consolidation settlement consider 10 layers, each 14.5 m, and compute  z at center of each layer.
Depth (z/B) z (kPa)
0.25 331.2
0.5 263.6
0.75 192
1 139.6
1.25 100
1.5 76
1.75 59.6
2 47.6
Then use the harmonic mean value (see Chapter 9).  z  210kPa
Elastic settlement
Ab B 58
   0.77
4L2 L 75
 s  0.45(.77) 0.38 =0.5

3  1 0.04  4 
  0.77  0.98
emb 1
58  3 

2
798
A w  2 358  75  Aw  0.18
Ab  58
798m2 ;
75
 wal  1 0.16.18
0.54
 0.94
l
 
58  75  350 103

2
  
 1e  75  0.3 0.5 0.98 0.94 = 170 mm
100  103   
 2

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
Primary consolidation:
The depth corresponding to a stress increase of 210 kPa is 40 m from the bottom of the footing
 zo   20.4  12   10.6 31  573.4 kPa
:  zc  10  573.4  5734kPa
     573.4  210  783.4kPa   
zo z zc
2  58 1000  783.4 
   0.035log  351mm
c  
1  0.57  573.4 
Note the thickness of the layer is 2B = 2 x 58
Total settlement = 170 + 351 = 520 mm

This settlement is large. The actual settlement could be smaller because of the many simplifying
assumptions made in this type of calculations.

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
Solution 12.12
You can set up a spreadsheet to do the calculations as shown below.
ASD
Assume zero eccentricity

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
SHALLOW FOUNDATION DESIGN USING CSM Help Surface stress 274.3 kPa
DENSE SAND
RESULTS  0.8
CSM: BEARING CAPACITY, FS 1.32  0.03
CSM: SETTLEMENT 3.1 5.8 mm  0.007
M 1.20
sat 18.8
DATA INPUT FOR FOOTING Bearing Capacity Calculations 'zo 24.9 kPa
Select Footing type Square Ip 0.218 p'o 33.2 kPa

B = Width 1.35 m Iq 0.388 qo -12.4 kPa
m p 59.8 kPa p'k 149.3 kPa
Depth of embedment 1 m q 106.4 kPa qk 111.9 kPa
Footing Dead Load 200 kN qyH 124.1 kPa p'c 207.6 kPa
Footing Live Load 300 kN Iz 0.7 Ro 6.3
Eccentricity 0 FS 1.32 OK 'zc 223.9 kPa
Total - ASD 500 kN Ductility 1.0544 OK 'xo 37.3 kPa
DATA INPUT FOR LAB TEST SETTLEM ENT 'yo 37.3 kPa
Critical state friction angle 30 degrees 'cs 0.52 radian

Cc 0.08 Long term 3.1 'cs 30.00 degrees
Cr 0.016 Total 3.1 mm total Konc 0.50
oc
OCR 9 1-D 5.8 mm max Ko 1.50
Unit weight 18.8 KN/m3 eo 0.851111
DATA INPUT FOR SAMPLE ec 0.838
Sample depth 1.675 m ek 0.836
Depth of groundwater 1m tc 0.14
Poisson's ratio 0.35 m 0.51
LOADING CONDITION Rt 7.25
Select axisymmetric nt 3
no 1.8
mu 0.35
E 49363.266 kPa
G 18282.6911 kPa
z 3.1107252 mm

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
For eccentricity of a maximum of 10% of width

SHALLOW FOUNDATION DESIGN USING CSM Help Surface stress 244.4 kPa
DENSE SAND
RESULTS  0.8
CSM: BEARING CAPACITY, FS 1.27  0.03
CSM: SETTLEMENT 2.6 3.3 mm  0.007
M 0.87
sat 18.8

B = Width 1.5 m Iq 0.388 qo -12.8 kPa
m p 53.3 kPa p'k 153.3 kPa
Eccentricity 0.025 FS 1.27 OK 'zc 230.0 kPa
Total - ASD 500 kN Ductility 1.0761 OK 'xo 38.3 kPa

Cr 0.016 Total 2.6 mm total Konc 0.50
oc
OCR 9 1-D 3.3 mm max Ko 1.50
Select plane strain nt 1.73205081
no 1.8
mu 0.35
E 63750.2355 kPa
G 23611.1983 kPa
z 2.58191326 mm
Minimum footing size with eccentricity requirement satisfied is 1.5m x 1.5 m
Expected settlement: 2.6 mm (or say 3 mm) to 3.3 mm (or say 3.5 mm)

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
LRFD at maximum allowable eccentricity

SHALLOW FOUNDATION DESIG N USING CSM Help Surface stress 309.4 kPa
DENSE SAND
RESULTS  0.8
 0.03
 0.007
M 0.87
sat 18.8

B = Width 1.66 m Iq 0.388 qo -13.1 kPa
m p 67.4 kPa p'k 157.6 kPa
Eccentricity 0.027666667 FS 1.00 OK 'zc 236.4 kPa
LRFD 775 kN Ductility 0.8494 'xo 39.4 kPa

nc
Cr 0.016 Total 3.5 mm total Ko 0.50
oc
OCR 9 1-D 4.5 mm max Ko 1.50
Select plane strain nt 1.73205081
no 1.8
mu 0.35
E 65546.7196 kPa
G 24276.5628 kPa
For LRFD the minimum footing size to satisfy the requirements is 1.66 m x 1.66 m
Conventional method
N  0.1054exp(9.6' cs )  16.06; N  18.4; N

 1  17.4
s  1  0.4B
L  0.6 , dq = 1.2, all other geometric factors are equal to 1
B Э ヱ.ヵﾏが W Э ヰ.ヱ B が B げ Э B に 2e = 0.8B = 1.2 m

1
q  D ( N 1)s d  BN s  18.8117.41.5812  0.5(18.8  9.8 )1.2 16.06 0.6  672kPa
u f q q q  
2
FS = 667/(244.4 に 18.8) = 3

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
12.13 A circular foundation of diameter 8 m supports a tank. The base of the foundation is at 1 m from the
ground surface. The vertical load is 20 MN. The tank foundation was designed for short-term loading
conditions (su = 80 kPa and け sat = 19 kN/m3). The groundwater level when the tank was initially designed
was at 4 m below the ground surface. It was assumed that the groundwater level was stable. Fourteen
months after the tank was constructed and during a week of intense rainfall, the tank foundation failed. It
was speculated that failure occurred by bearing capacity failure. Establish whether this is so or not. The
 p'  25
friction angle from simple shear tests
is
Solution 12.13
Applied vertical stress 20

 398kPa
= 103

 82
4
Short term
sc  1.2,dc 1
qu  5.14  80  1.2  1  493 kPa  398 kPa (no failure)
Long Term
  25
sq  1.47,s  0.6, dq  1.04,d  1.0

Nq  10.7, Nq 1  9.7, N  6.95
  19  9.8  9.2 kN m3
qu  9.2  1  9.7  1.47  1.04 0.5  9.2  8  6.95  0.6  1  289 kPa  398 kPa
Failure occurs under effective stress condition.

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
Solution 12.14
M 150 B 0.6  0.6  2.1 3.3 6.6

e   0.28m;    1.1m
P 535 6 6 6
B'  6.6  2(0.28)=6.04m
  36 , Nq  37.75, Nq 1  36.75, N  43.9, sq  s 
1 d  1.0
Depth of groundwater level is greater than B below base of the footing. No effects of groundwater. Neglect
depth of embedment

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
q u  0.5  B' N  s  d 
qu  (0.518 6.04  43.9 11)
 2386 kPa
535  6  0.28 
applied(max)  6.6 1   102 kPa
 1 6.6
 
2386
FS   23.4
102
The settlement is not expected to be uniform because the vertical stresses at the base are non-uniform.
However, the eccentricity is small  e B

 , so any tilting of the base would be within tolerable limits.
6 


lOMoARcPSD|27947212
Solution 12.15
Assume a square footing of width B
Assume that the groundwater is more than B below the footing base and that B < 4 m.
From Table A.11, the estimated unit weight is 18.5 kN/m3
Therefore use the N value for the top layer 0 to 5 m. Assume

1/ 2 B = 1 m
q  32N B; N  c N; c  95.8 / (18.51.5)   1.86  2;use 1.9
ult 1 1 n n
N1  1.9 28  53
qult  32  53 B  1696 B kPa
ASD
q ult  (FS)  P / B2  1696 B
3 700 / B2  1696 B
B  1.07 m
Use a footing of size 1.1 m x 1.1 m
LRFD:
Pu  1.25DL 1.75LL  1.25 200 1.75 500  1125kN
P   (32 53 B B2 )
u i
Table 12.1: i  0.45 for SPT

1
 1125 3
B  1.14 m

 1696 
Use a footing of size 1.2 m x 1.2 m

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
12.16 The column load for an office building consists of a dead load of 200 kN and a
live load of 250 kN. The soil at the site for the office building is a fairly homogeneous
clay. Soil samples at a depth of 2 m gave the following average results. Triaxial tests:
Isotropic consolidated CU tests on saturated samples, su = 36 kPa, confining stress = 100
kPa and average water content of 40%; One-dimensional consolidation tests: C c = 0.16,
Cr = 0.04 and OCR = 9. The minimum embedment depth of the footing is 1 m.
Groundwater level is at the surface. Check the suitability of a 3.0 m square footing using
the conventional ASD method with an FS = 3. Compare the results of the conventional
method with CSM using an FS = 1.25. Assume  = 0.35.The tolerable settlement is less
than 20 mm. assume the samples represent the soil at a depth 0.5B below the bottom of
the footing.
Solution 12.16
Calculate initial values.
結墜噺拳𝐺𝑠 噺ど┻ね抜に┻ば噺な┻どぱ
け =  s o    2.7 1.08 9.8  17.8 kN / m3
sat G   w 11.08
1 e  
e o 
け = けsat  w  17.8  9.8  8 kN / m3

𝜎嫗𝑧墜噺紘嫗
嫗噺 𝑂𝐶𝑅 𝑧抜 𝜎噺
嫗ぱ抜に
噺ひ抜なは噺噺なは𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑘𝑃𝑎
なねね
𝜎
𝑧𝑐 𝑧墜
岫𝑠𝑢岻捗ぬは噺ど┻にの
噺
𝑝嫗墜なねね
𝐶𝑐 伐 𝐶𝑟 ど┻なは伐ど┻どね
の噺 𝐶𝑐 噺ど┻なは噺ど┻ばの
𝐶𝑟 ど┻どね
だ噺噺噺ど┻どなば
に┻ぬに┻ぬ
 
 s   u f
 s 
Λ
M 1 3sin
'
1
Λ
u f
  =    
   cs
   

po'  ic  zo' 2  2 3 cs  2 
ic sin
'

'
3sin 0.75
0.25  cs
 1

'
3  sin cs  2 
'
 cs  21.6o
6sin' cs 6 sin 21.6o
M =   0.84
c
3 sin cs 3 sin 21.6
' o

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
𝐾𝑛𝑐 噺な伐 𝑠件𝑛剛嫗噺な伐にな┻は墜噺ど┻はぬ

墜 𝑐𝑠
墜𝑐 𝑛𝑐 怠怠
𝐾墜噺 𝐾墜 𝑂𝐶𝑅態噺岫棟套投這ど┻はぬ抜ひ
𝘍 鉄
態
貼典岻
噺な┻ひ
釆岫戴貸態坦辿樽笛𝘍 岻貸挽岫棟套投鉄迭┻展𝑜貼典岻鉄
釆岫戴貸態坦辿樽態怠┻滞𝑜岻貸挽
𝑐𝑠
填岫鉄棟套投𝑐𝑠這𝑐𝑠
𝘍 貼典岻 𝑂𝐶𝑅 噺填岫鉄棟套投鉄迭┻展 𝑜 貼典岻ひ噺の┻ば
𝑅茅o 蛤 𝘍
迭
𝑜
迭
怠袋態岫怠貸坦辿樽笛𝑐𝑠岻潮𝐶𝑅鉄怠袋態岫怠貸坦辿樽態怠┻滞岻苔鉄
The current and past consolidation stresses in the field are:
oc 1 21.9
Current: p' = 1 2K o  '  16  25.6 kPa
o zo
3 3
𝑞墜噺 𝜎 岫嫗な伐 𝐾 墜𝑐
岻噺なは抜岫な伐な ┻ひ岻噺伐なね┻ぬ 𝑘𝑃a
𝑧墜墜
Calculate past mean effective and deviatoric stresses.

Past: 1 2  0.63
1 2K onc  144  108.5 kPa
p' ' = 
k zc
3 3
𝑞賃噺 𝜎 岫嫗な伐 𝐾𝑛𝑐
岻噺なねね抜岫な伐ど┻はぬ岻噺のぬ┻ぬ 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑧𝑐 墜
The preconsolidation mean effective stress on the ICL is
p'  p'
qk 
2
53.32
 = 108.5  145.6 kPa
c k
M p 2 '
k 0.842 108.5
Calculate increase in stresses from the surface load.
𝑞𝑠 ねのど
噺ぬ抜ぬ噺のど 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Table 12.7: ッ𝑝𝑎𝑝𝑝 噺 𝐼𝑝 𝑞𝑠 噺ど┻ぬぬ抜のど噺なは┻の 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Table 12.7: ッ𝑞𝑎𝑝𝑝 噺 𝐼𝑞 𝑞𝑠 噺ど┻のの抜のど噺にば┻の 𝑘𝑃𝑎
ッ𝑞𝑎𝑝𝑝
Slope of TSP is 噺𝑛 噺待┻泰泰噺な┻はば [This is a not equal to 3 as in the standard
ッ𝑝𝑎𝑝𝑝 墜
待┻戴戴
triaxial test because 3  0.)
=
𝑝 噺 𝑝墜髪ッ𝑝𝑎𝑝𝑝 噺にの┻は髪なは ┻の噺ねに┻な 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑞 噺 𝑞墜髪ッ𝑞𝑎𝑝𝑝 噺伐なね┻ぬ髪にば ┻の噺なぬ┻に 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Calculate the deviatoric stress on the HV surface.

For axisymmetric condition, which approximates the stress condition under the center of
the footing, nt = 3.

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
tc  1
 1 2  0.07
n   1 9 
 2 
1 M 2   0.84 
t
Rt =1/0.07 = 14.3 > 5.7; failure would not occur from tension
伐に達担ど┻ぱね伐に抜ど ┻どば抜ぬ
噺な伐に達噺な伐に抜ど ┻どば噺ど┻ねば
湛滝噺
嫗
岷誰岫な伐達
誰岻髪担誰峅
達
噺にの┻は岷ど┻ねば岫な伐ど┻どば抜の┻ば岻髪ど┻どば抜ぬ抜の┻ば峅噺ぬば┻ひ kPa
Determine the factor of safety.

単燈妬
FS 噺噺戴胎┻苔噺に┻ぱば伴な┻にの; Therefore, acceptable.
𝑞𝑜袋ッ𝑞𝑎𝑝𝑝 怠戴┻態
Check if the imposed state is within the ductile region.
嫗 𝑅墜
壇の┻ば待┻胎泰
𝑀𝑝墜岾峇ど┻ぱね抜にの┻は抜岾峇
にに噺ぬ┻は伴な┻など
𝑞墜髪 𝑞𝑎𝑝𝑝 噺なぬ┻に
Therefore, the imposed stress state in the soil will be in ductile region. The footing size
for bearing capacity requirement can be reduced. However, we need to check that
serviceability is satisfactory.
Calculate the settlement.

 = 0.35.
ec  eo  ln R= 1.08 - 0.017ln (5.7) =1.05
qs せ B  10 
  I I
z
pc 1 ec   3 
p

q
3
50 0.017  310  10 

145.611.05  0.55 3
 0.33  14 mm
 
Conservative settlement
 
1.88 qsCr BIz 50 0.04 3000 0.7
 1.88  26.7mm
z
1 e  14411.05

zc c
Note: Iz is found from Chapter 7.

Determine if the footing designed according to CSM is satisfactory.
Settlement range = 14 mm to 26.7 mm; FS > 1.25. The footing satisfies both
serviceability and ultimate limit state requirements.
Conventional method
lOMoARcPSD|27947212
The conventional method required the peak undrained shear strength. We need to make
an estimate this. However, we have to use CSM to do so.
Calculate (su)f for OCR = 9 (R o* = 5.7)
  su     su 
 Λ 0.75
'   R   0.25 5.5

*
'f  f
 0.92
 p  p
    o
o o
ic
su f  0.92 25.6  23.6kPa
Calculate the initial yield value to check whether the intact soil would show a peak shear strength
response
Use su 
f
 23.6kPa in the conventional bearing capacity method
sc = 1.2
qu = 5.14 x 23.6 x 1.2 = 146 kPa
FS = 146/(50 – 1 x 17.8) = 4.5
We do not have enough information to calculate settlement unless we use CSM to estimate E.

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
12.17The results of a representative field vane shear test at a site are shown in
Fig.12.22a. Previous studies reveal that  = 0.8 and  = 0.12 for the gray clay.
A building with different column loads is to be erected on the site. Estimate the
maximum centric load that a 2 m square footing can support using CSM. The
minimum factor of safety is 1.25 and the settlement should not exceed 25 mm.
Assume  = 0.35.
Solution 12.17
Step 1: Inspect and interpret vane shear test data.
Inspection of the vane shear test data shows that the soil is overconsolidated
above 7 m and normally consolidated below 7 m. Recall that normally consolidated soils
tend to show linear increase of shear strength with depth. In other words, the normalized
shear strength is constant with depth.
Step 2: Calculate the critical state friction angle.
(su)f at 7 m = 14 kPa
Vertical effective stress at 7 m is
𝜎嫗𝑧 噺なね┻ぱ抜な髪
岫なは┻ぱ伐ひ┻ぱ岻抜は噺のは ┻ ぱ 𝑘𝑃𝑎
From
墜 Eq. (11.74), the normalized undrained shear strength for
normally consolidated fine-grained soils is
su 
  0.5sin '
 f

' cs
 zo DSS
14
 56.8  0.5 sin' cs
sin' cs  0.493
' cs  29.5o
'
Mc = 3 sin cs  3 0.493 = 0.85
Step 3: Calculate the initial stresses, overconsolidation ratio and
preconsolidation stress at B/2 below the footing.
The calculations will be done for 3 m x 3 m. A spreadsheet will be used for
other footing sizes.
The depth from the surface at B/2 below the maximum size footing is 2 +
(3/2) = 3.5 m
Vertical effective stress at 3.5 m is
𝜎嫗𝑧 噺なね┻ぱ抜な髪
岫なは┻ぱ伐ひ┻ぱ岻抜に┻の噺ぬに┻ぬ 𝑘𝑃𝑎
墜

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
(su)f at 3.5 m = 28 kPa

From Eq. (11.73)
s  
3 sin '  OCR 0.8

cs
u' f 
  zo  2  2 
DSS
 28  0.85  OCR 0.8

 32.3   
  DS 2  2 
S
 OCR = 4.9
From
𝑛𝑐
Fig. 11.29, 嫗Ro = 4.2
𝐾 噺な伐 𝑠件𝑛剛噺な伐 sin にひ┻の墜噺ど┻のな
墜 𝑐𝑠
墜 𝑛𝑐 迭迭
𝐾墜噺 𝐾 𝑂𝐶𝑅 噺ど┻のな抜ね┻ひ噺な┻なぬ鉄鉄
墜
𝜎嫗噺 𝑂𝐶𝑅 抜 𝜎嫗噺ね┻ひ抜ぬに┻ぬ噺なのぱ┻ぬ 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑧𝑐 𝑧墜
The current and past consolidation stresses in the field are:

oc 1 21.13
Current: p' = 1 2K o    32.3  35 kPa
'
o zo
3 3
𝑞墜噺 𝜎 岫嫗な伐 𝐾 墜𝑐
岻噺ぬに┻ぬ抜岫な伐な ┻なぬ岻噺伐ね┻に 𝑘𝑃a
𝑧墜墜
In Fig.12.19, point O represents ( p'o , qo).
𝑝ガ𝑐 蛤な峪岫ぬ伐に sin 剛岻髪岫ぬ伐 sin 剛𝑐𝑠ガ岻態崋

ガ
𝜎𝑧𝑐ガぬ 𝑐𝑠
ね岫ぬ伐に sin 剛 𝑐𝑠
ガ
な岻岫ぬ伐抜ど ┻ねひぬ岻態
噺峪岫ぬ伐に抜ど┻ねひぬ岻髪崋噺ど┻ひ

ぬね岫ぬ伐に抜 sin 抜ど┻ねひぬ岻
ぬ
𝑝ガ𝑐 噺ど┻ひぬ抜なのぱ┻ぬ噺なねば┻に 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Ge 
け =  s o  w
sat  1 e
 2.7 o eo 
16.8    9.8;  1.38
e
o
 1 eo 
𝜅 噺 𝜆岫な伐の岻噺ど┻なに岫な伐ど┻ぱ岻噺ど┻どにね
Step 4: Check if the soil element will fail in tension.

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
tc 
1 2 1  0.194
n   32 
t 2
1 M  1
 0.852 
 
1
R   1  5.2  4.2
t
tc 0.194
Soil will not fail by tension.
Step
宋┻ 掻5:
捜伐Calculate the
想抜deviatoric stress on the HV surface.
轡伐匝憩卦契憩匝抜宋 ┻ 層操ヂ惣
型噺噺噺宋┻ 匝操
層伐匝憩卦層伐匝抜宋 ┻ 層操想
恵桂屈噺径嫗形岷型岫層伐憩卦栗形岻卦憩栗形峅
契
髪憩
噺惣捜範宋┻ 匝操岫層伐宋 ┻ 層操想抜想┻ 匝岻髪宋 ┻ 層操想抜ヂ惣抜想 ┻ 匝飯噺捜層┻ 惣圭隈軍
Step 6: Estimate the load to width ratio to satisfy ultimate limit
state.
Since the eccentricity is 10% of the width then
P  6e  P 6 0.1B  1.6P
qs  2 
1   2 1  2
B  B B  B  B
At the edge of the footing, A (Fig. E12.22a), Ip =
ッ𝑞 噺 𝐼 𝑞 な┻は𝑃 𝑃
噺ど┻ねひ抜噺ど┻ばぱね
𝑞𝑠
𝐵態 𝐵態
𝑃
𝑞墜髪ッ 𝑞 噺伐ね┻に髪ど ┻ばぱね
刺𝑦𝐻 𝐵態
𝐹𝑆 噺
刺𝑜 髪ッ刺
のな┻ぬ
な┻にの噺
𝑃
伐ね┻に髪ど┻ばぱね
𝐵に
𝑃
噺のば┻ば┹ 𝑃 噺にぬど┻ぱ 𝑘𝑁
𝐵態
Step 7: Estimate the load-width ratio to satisfy settlement.
ec = eo  ln Ro  1.38  0.024 ln(4.2) 1.35
Since  = 0.35, then
qs せ B 3
I 1.54I
z
p 1 e 2 q p
c c

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
q sB   1.6P B
  3 Iq 1.54Ip   B2 
3 I 1.54I 
q p
z 
pc 1 eco   2  p c 1 ec   2
 
1.6P 1.6P
   0.024  3 
3 1.54I   B   0.49 1.54  0.15 Note:
B
 p 1 e   2 I
q p
147.211.35 2
c c    
P
 7.27 105 m
B
The settlement from the above equation is dependent only on P/B ratio
because all the other parameters are constant. The maximum allowable
settlement is 25 mm. Therefore
P
0.025  7.27 105
B
P
 343; P  343 2  686
kN B
Since the load for bearing capacity consideration is lower than for settlement,
bearing capacity governs the design. The allowable load is 230.8 kN ( say 231
kN)

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
12.18 Fig. P12.18 shows a proposed canal near a 5 story apartment building 30 m wide x
50 m long. The building is founded on a mat foundation. Describe and justify some of
the concerns you may have regarding the stability of the mat foundation with
constructing such a canal. If the owner insists on constructing the canal, research
methods that you would consider so that the canal can be designed and constructed
safely.
Solution 12.18
Concerns:
1. The top layer (sand mixed with silt and clay) can slide along the silt layer leading to instability.
2. Sliding is also possible at the interface of the fine sand and the silty clay.
3. General slope stability failure.
4. Seepage of water into the canal can lower the groundwater leading to additional settlement.
The groundwater level is unlikely to be lowered uniformly so additional differential settlement
could occur. Even for uniform decreases in groundwater level, the settlement would be non−
uniform.
5. The additional differential settlement will cause addition bending moment and rotation of the
mat.
A possible alternative design method is to use a retaining wall rather that cutting a slope.

lOMoARcPSD|27947212
Proposed retaining wall
3m
Center line
GWL
Canal
Bedrock

Chapter 12 Solutions Manual For Muni Budhu2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 12 Solutions Manual For Muni Budhu2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

lOMoARcPSD|27947212

Chapter 12 solutions manual for Muni budhu

Soil mechanics and geology (Ardhi University)

Downloaded by Simon Michael (simonli@my.swjtu.cn)

Downloaded by Simon Michael (simonli@my.swjtu.cn)

 Fx 0 NAB  NA sin 45  A cos 45  (3)

Downloaded by Simon Michael (simonli@my.swjtu.cn)

Putting equation (1) and (2) into (6), we get

Substituting (5) into (7) we obtain

Similarly summing forces in the x direction for B, we get

Downloaded by Simon Michael (simonli@my.swjtu.cn)

 1+tan  1 2tan 

 tan   2tan 1 1 2tan  tan   3

Downloaded by Simon Michael (simonli@my.swjtu.cn)

12.2 A strip footing, 5 m wide, is founded on the surface of a deep deposit of

Now, consider an element d as shown in the figure above.

The arc length is dl = B d and z = B sin 

Downloaded by Simon Michael (simonli@my.swjtu.cn)

12.3 The centroid of a square foundation of sides 5 m is located 10 m away from

For undrained condition,   0

Consider section ECD as shown in the figure “Section B” P

Downloaded by Simon Michael (simonli@my.swjtu.cn)

Downloaded by Simon Michael (simonli@my.swjtu.cn)

Using the spreadsheet with B =1.1 m

    35 , Nq  33.3, Nq 1  32.3, N  37.1, sq  s  1

B = 1.1 m is suitable width for the footing

Downloaded by Simon Michael (simonli@my.swjtu.cn)

Position (1): Df  1.5m

qu  5.141001.21.17  719 kPa

Downloaded by Simon Michael (simonli@my.swjtu.cn)

12.7 A column carrying a load of 750 kN is to be founded on a square footing

Downloaded by Simon Michael (simonli@my.swjtu.cn)

2.33m sc  1.2,dc  1.31,

qu  5.14  55  1.2  1.31  444 kPa

Use a footing of width 2.8 m

Downloaded by Simon Michael (simonli@my.swjtu.cn)

Nq  33.3,Nq 1  32.3,N  37.13

iq  0.63 i   0.46,   18.5  9.8  8.7 kN/ m 3

D f  1 18.5 8.7  0.2  20.2kPa

qu  ( 32.3 20.2  0.63 ) ( 0.5   1.6  27.13  0.46 )  528 kPa

Applied stress 483

Use a square footing of width 1.6 m

Downloaded by Simon Michael (simonli@my.swjtu.cn)

B = 3m, Df  5m  B, GWL below B from base. No effect from GWL

sat  2.7  0.529.8

Nq  37.8, Nq 1  36.8, N  43.9, sq 1.22, dq 1.25,s  0.88,d 1.0

Downloaded by Simon Michael (simonli@my.swjtu.cn)

Elastic settlement of clay

final  181.8 143.4  325.2 kPa

Total settlement = 14.3 + 44.6 + 32.4 = 91.3 mm

Downloaded by Simon Michael (simonli@my.swjtu.cn)

12.11 A multilevel building is supported on a footing 58 m wide  75 m long × 3

Short Term: (TSA)

Long Term: (ESA)

Use bearing capacity program utility to Nq , N , shape and depth factors.

Nq  14.7, 1 13.7, 11.5 for '

Downloaded by Simon Michael (simonli@my.swjtu.cn)

   20.4  9.8  10.6 kN/ m 3

Short side failure

Long Term Settlement

 s  0.45(.77) 0.38 =0.5

Downloaded by Simon Michael (simonli@my.swjtu.cn)

B Э ヱ.ヵﾏが W Э ヰ.ヱ B が B げ Э B に 2e = 0.8B = 1.2 m

𝐾𝑛𝑐 噺な伐 𝑠件𝑛剛嫗噺な伐にな┻は墜噺ど┻はぬ

𝑝ガ𝑐 蛤な峪岫ぬ伐に sin 剛岻髪岫ぬ伐 sin 剛𝑐𝑠ガ岻態崋

噺峪岫ぬ伐に抜ど┻ねひぬ岻髪崋噺ど┻ひ