1. What are insulator, conductor and semiconductor?

Answer: An insulator is a material that does not conduct electrical current under nor-

mal conditions. A conductor is a material that easily conducts electrical current. A semiconductor is a
material that is between conductors and insulators in its ability to conduct electrical current.

2. What is the difference between a pentavalent atom and a trivalent atom?

Answer: To increase the number of conduction-band electrons in intrinsic silicon, pentavalent im-

purity atoms are added. These are atoms with five valence electrons such as arsenic (As),

phosphorus (P), bismuth (Bi), and antimony (Sb). To increase the number of holes in intrinsic silicon,
trivalent impurity atoms are added. These are atoms with three valence electrons such as boron (B),
indium (In), and gallium (Ga).

3. The difference between forward bias and reverse bias?

Answer: Forward bias : the condition in which a diode conducts current. Reverse bias: the condition in
which a diode prevents current.

4. The dc output voltage of a filtered rectifier is less than it should be. What may be the problem?

Answer: If the dc output voltage of a filtered rectifier is less than it should be , then the problem may be
a partially shorted secondary winding.

5. What is electroluminescence? Answer: The process of releasing light energy by the

recombination of electrons in a semiconductor.
6. A zener diode exhibits a certain change in VZ for a certain change in IZ on a portion of the linear
characteristic curve between IZK and IZM as illustrated in Figure 3–6. What is the zener
impedance?

7. What are the bias conditions of the base-emitter and base-collector junctions for a transistor to
operate as an amplifier?

Answer: The bias condition of the normal operation of a transistor amplifier is that the emitter-base
junction should be at forward bias and simultaneously the collector-based junction should be reverse-
biased. The collector is used for the collection of charge from the base, so it is reversed biased.
 8.

9. What are two advantages of voltage-divider bias?

Answer: The resistor help to give complete control over the voltage and current that each region
receives in the transistor. And the emitter resistor, RE, allows for stability of the gain of the transistor,
despite fluctuations in the betta values.

10.
11. What is a differential amplifier?

Answer: An amplifier in which the output is a function of the difference between two input voltages.

12. What is the phase relationship of the input and output voltages of a CE amplifier?

Answer: The phase difference between the output and input of a CE amplifier is 180°
 13.
14. Explain classes? Answers: Class A: a type of amplifier that operates entirely in its linear
(active) region. Class AB: a type of amplifier that is biased into slight conduction. Class B:
a type of amplifier that operates in the linear region for 1808 of the input cycle because
it is biased at cutoff. Class C: a type of amplifier that operates only for a small portion of
the input cycle.
15. How does the channel differ between an E-MOSFET and a D-MOSFET?
Answer: difference between the D-MOSFET and E-MOSFET is that the D-MOSFET has one
extra channel present in between the oxide layer and the substrate. In the case of E-MOSFET,
this channel is absent.

16. Answer:
 17.
18. What are Common-drain, Common-gate, Common-source?
Answer: Common-drain A FET amplifier configuration in which the drain is the grounded
terminal. Common-gate A FET amplifier configuration in which the gate is the grounded
terminal. Common-source A FET amplifier configuration in which the source is the grounded
terminal.
19. How is the high-frequency gain of an amplifier limited?
Answer: At high frequencies the amplifier gain tends to be reduced to some extent by the
presence of small amounts of inductive reactance (which increases with frequency) within the
circuit wiring and components, but mainly by stray capacitances.

20. What is bandwidth? Answer: Bandwidth: The characteristic of certain types of electronic
circuits that specifies the usable range of frequencies that pass from input to output.
21. Explain LASCR? Answer: LASCR Light-activated silicon-controlled rectifier; a four-layer
semiconductor device (thyristor) that conducts current in one direction when activated
by a sufficient amount of light and continues to conduct until the current falls below a
specified value
22. What is Diac?
Answer: Diac A two-terminal four-layer semiconductor device (thyristor) that can conduct
current in either direction when properly activated.
23. What are the benefits of negative feedback in an op-amp circuit?
 Answer: It reduces and stabilizes the gain.
 Reduces the distortion.
 Increases the bandwidth.
 Changes the value of input and output resistances.
 Reduces the effect of variations in temperature and supply voltage on the output of the
op-amp.

24. CMRR? Answer: Common-mode rejection ratio; the ratio of open-loop gain to common-
mode gain; a measure of an op-amp’s ability to reject common-mode signals.
25.