IPA16-285-SG

PROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION

Fortieth Annual Convention & Exhibition, May 2016

DETERMINATION OF FACIES DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT BASED ON OUTCROP OF

CARBONATE ROCK AND MICRO – FORAMS OF TONASA FORMATION AT KARAMA,
SOUTH SULAWESI

Hari Wiki Utama*

Widi Gheovani**
Nurhikmah Supardi*
Wahdaniah Mukhtar*

ABSTRACT in the area are the Marada formation and Tonasa

Tonasa Formation is well exposed at Karama,
Bangkala Subdistrict, Jeneponto Regency, South
Sulawesi. Tonasa Formation is a Middle Eocene
carbonate deposit typified by the occurence of
allochtonous limestone mudstone, wackstone,
packstone, grainstone and slight coralline limestone.
Tonasa Formation was deposited during sea level
rise that triggers the growth of numerous varieties of
micro foram in the Middle Eocene. This study
examines the influence of depositional environment
setting to the facies development based on sediment
carbonate characteristics including lithology,
sedimentary structure, and micro-foram content. The
results of fossils sample analyses and petrographical
thin sections from the allochtonous limestone of
Tonasa Formation were analyzed to determine the
organisms constituting the rock fabric. Characteristic
of sediment lamination and bioturbation provides
information about sedimentary depositional
processes. Micro forams, including smaller benthic
forams like Textularia sp, Cibicides sp,
Quinqueloculina sp, are present in the Tonasa
Formation which then indicates it is deposited in the
shallow marine indicate marine environment.
Planktonic foraminifers that are present in the
formation are Globigerina senni, Globigerapsis
kugleri, Globorotalia increconybescen, which are
the index fossils for Middle Eocene.
Keywords: Tonasa Formation, allochtonous
limestone, micro-forams, depositional environment.
INTRODUCTION
Karama is located in Bangkala Subdistrict,
Jeneponto Regency, South Sulawesi, and it is located
in the geological map Ujung Pandang, Benteng, and
Sinjai sheet (Figure 1). The outcrop that are exposed
* University of Gadjah Mada
** UPN ”Veteran” Yogyakarta
formation. The Marada formation is a flysch
sediment of continental shelf deposit.
Studies of carbonate sediment in South Sulawesi are
conducted by Indonesian and foreign experts. Wilson
(1996) has described the Tonasa Formation
limestone in South Sulawesi. The aim of this paper is
to expand on description of facies depositional
environment, based on sediment carbonate
characteristics including lithology, sedimentary
structure, and micro-foram content. Outcrop
observation is the primary data used for micro-
forams and petrographical analyses. It provides key
information concerning development of Tonasa
Formation carbonate sediment as the response to
environment influences.
METHODS
This study is subdivided into four steps: field survey,
laboratory analyses, data interpretation and
reporting. Measured stratigraphic section, as the field
survey, was performed to construct a lithological
composite including bed thickness, and detail
lithologic descriptions. Complete lateral and vertical
distribution of the Tonasa Formation in the study
area are scrutinized to explain the depositional
environment. Laboratory analyses for microscopic
thin section include micropaleontology and
petrographical components. The purpose of
micropaleontology analyses is to determine
benthonic species name for each lithology, based on
the publication of An Illustrated Key To The Genera
Of The Foraminifera (Cushman, 1983), whereas the
determination of planktonic species is based on the
Manual of Planktonic Foraminifers (Postuma, 1971).
Field survey results and laboratory analyses are then
reviewed for facies depositional environtment based
on Bandy (1967), Enos (1983) and Howard A.A and
Martien D.B (2005).
RESULTS
The measured stratigraphic section in the study area
comprises of calcareous claystones interlude by
limestone with 17.98 meter of thickness. The
presence of middle eocene planktonic foraminifer
fossils such as Globigerina senni, Globigerapsis
kugleri and Globorotalia increconybescens and
smaller benthic forams like Textularia sp,
Quinqueloculina sp, and Cibicides sp, are indication
of marine depositional environment. Lamination and
bioturbation are additional evidence for marine
influence.
Based on planktic foraminifera smaller benthic
forams, sedimentary structure and lithology
composition, the Tonasa Formation in the study area
can be subdivided into two cycle. The first cycle
includes layers 1 to 12 (Figure 1b). The layer is
thickness upward, light grey to dark brown color,
lamination sedimentary structure. The limestone
layers are characterized as mudstone, packstone, and
grainstone based on petrography analyses. Attendant
data of the feature yield classification (Enos, 1983)
of depositional environment on bathimetry zone as
Inner Shelf to Middle shelf. Microplaeontological
analyses of smaller benthic foram suggest that this
cycle was deposited in Middle Neritic (Bandy, 1967)
with depth 30 to 90 meters. Micro forams presence
in the first cycle are Textularia aglutinans d'
Orbigny, Siphotextularia plana, Textularia sp,
Cibicides americanus, Cibicides barnetti Bermudez,
Cibicides hispaniolae Bermudez, Cibicides hunteri
Bermudez, Cibicides io, Cibicides micrus Bermudez,
Cibicides pseudongerianus Cushman, Cibicides sp
(Figure 2). The percentage of micro forams Cibicides
is 71.43%, and Textularia is 28.57% (Textulariina
Sub Family)
Second cycle includes layers 13 until 21 (Figure 1b).
This cycle is characterized by thinning upwards, grey
to dark brown color, and predominantly bioturbated
sedimentary structure. The limestone characteristic
are mudstone, wackstone, packstone, and grainstone
that are identified by petrography analyses. Observed
features lead to classification (Enos, 1983) of
depositional environment on Middle Shelf to Inner
Shelf. Microplaeontology of smaller benthic forams
analyses indicate that this cycle is deposited in the
Middle Neritic (Bandy, 1967) with depth about 30 to
90 meters. Micro forams that is presence in the
second cycle are Textularia barnetti Bermudez,
Textularia cubencis Lalicker, Bermudez, Textularia
sp, Milioliina fossils Quinqueloculina subarenaria
Cushman, Cibicides io Cushman, Cibicides lobatus
d' Orbigny, Cibicides sp, (Figure 3). Based on the
presence of Textularia, Quinqueloculina and
Cibicides, cycle is deposited in marine lagoons and
carbonate platform (Figure 4). The percentage of
micro forams Cibicides is 22.73%, Textularia is
65.91% (Textulariina Sub Family), and
Quinqueloculina is 11.63% (Miliolina Sub Family).
In the Late Miocene, tectonic activation in the South
Sulawesi had consequence magmatism process that
feature basalt intrusion on the Janeponto. The
magmatism resulted basalt intrusion to the Tonasa
Formation (Eocene – Middle Miocene).
CONCLUSIONS
1. Tonasa Formation is typified by the occurance of
allochtonous limestone like mudstone,
wackstone, packstone, grainstone with slight
portion of coral limestone of Middle Eocene age.
2. The Tonasa formation is subdivided into two
cycles. The first cycle features mudstone,
packstone, and grainstone and the occurrance of
Textularia, and Cibicides. Whereas the second
cycle characteristic features mudstone,
wackstone, packstone, and grainstone and the
occurance of Textularia, Quinqueloculina and
Cibicides. The existence of Quinqueloculina
indicates clear environment, nutrient exactly,
and depth <200 meters. The first cycle to second
cycle is shallowing up-ward. The presence of
Textularia, Quinqueloculina, and Cibicides
indicates that both cycle is deposited in the
marine lagoons and carbonate platforms
depositional environtment.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study is based on Nurhikmah Supardi
undergraduate final assignment ”in the Universitas
Hasanudin ”. The authors acknowledge Prof.
Dr.rer.nat. Ir. A. M. Imran dan Dr. Eng. Meutia
Farida, ST, MT for their discussion and motivation.
Our gratitudes to the Department of Geological
Engineering of Universitas Gadjah Mada,
Universitas Hasanudin and Universitas
Pembangunan Nasional ”Veteran”. Thank you to the
2016 IPA Technical Program Committee for their
acceptence of this paper.
REFERENCES
Armstrong, H. & Brasier, M., 2005, Microfossils,
Blackwell, USA.
Bakosurtanal, 1991, Peta Rupa Bumi Indonesia
Lembar Jeneponto nomor lembar 2010 – 33,
Cibinong, Bogor.
Bandy, M.F., 1967, Foraminifera and Radiolaria as
depth indicators in the marine environment. Marine
geology : Department of Geology, Cambridge Great
Britain.
Chusman, J.A., 1983, “an Illustrated Key to the
Genera of the Foraminifera”, Sharon, Massachusetts,
U.S.A.
Dunham, R. J. 1962, Classification of carbonate
rocks according to depositional texture. In;Ham, W.
E. (ed.). Classification of carbonate rocks: American
Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, hal.
108-121.
Enos, P., 1983, Shelf Environment. Dalam Schole, P.
A., D. G. Bebout, & C. H. Moore, 1983. Carbonate
Depositional Environments. Oklahoma: AAPG
Memoir 33.
Postuma, J.A., 1971, Manual of Planktonic
Foraminifera, Elsevier Publishing Company,
Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Sukamto, R, dan Supriatna, 1982, Peta Geologi
Lembar Ujungpandang, Benteng dan Sinjai,
Sulawesi. Departemen Pertambangan dan Energi
Direktorat Jenderal Geologi dan Sumberdaya
Mineral, Bandung, Indonesia.
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Unpublished, PhD Thesis, University of London.
 (a)

 
 (b)

Figure 1 - (a). Geological map research area at Karama inclusive of site/index map, administrative map, and
observation map (b). Measured stratigraphic section discerned two cycles sedimentary carbonate
at Karama in Tonasa Formation

 
 X Nicol

Pf

Lm

Sbf

1mm

(a) (b)

Figure 2 - First cycle sample result (a) smaller benthic forams include fossils by a.Textularia aglutinans d'
Orbigny, b. Siphotextularia plana, c. Textularia sp, d. Cibicides americanus, e. Cibicides barnetti,
f. Cibicides hispaniolae, h. Cibicides hunteri Bermudez, i. Cibicides io Cushman, j. Cibicides
micrus Bermudez, k. Cibicides pseudongerianus, l. Cibicides sp. ( b) petrographical analyze (layer
2) packstone (Planktic forams/Pf, Smaller benthic forams/Sbf, Lm/Lime mud)

X Nicol

Pf

Lm

Sbf

1mm
1mm b)
(a) (b)

Figure 3 - Second cycle sample result (a) smaller benthic forams, include fossils a. Textularia barnetti
Bermudez, b. Textularia cubencis Lalicker and Bermudez, c. Textularia sp, d.
Quinqueloculina subarenaria Cushman, e. Cibicides io Cushman, f. Cibicides lobatus d'
Orbigny, g. Cibicides sp.
(b) petrographical analysis (layer 2) wackstone (Planktic forams/Pf, Smaller benthic forams/Sbf,
Lm/Lime mud)

Cycle 2

Cycle 1

(a) (b)

Figure 4 - (a). the presence of benthonic fossils, (b). Depositional environment 1st cycle (Cibicides, T) and
2nd cycle (Cibicides, Quinqueloculina, T, M) based on Howard A.Armstrong, andMartin D. Brasier
(2005).