A Capacity Assessment Method of Wind Farm
Participating in Primary Frequency Modulation
Yang Hu
School of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering
North China Electric Power University
Beijing, China
hyangsunshine@163.com
Abstract—Wind farm participating in system frequency
modulation generally ignores the influence of temporal and
spatio distribution differences on wind turbine operating
conditions. It is extremely unreasonable to use wind speed of
the wind tower to measure wind farm frequency regulation
capacity. In this paper, a capacity assessment method of wind
farm participating in primary frequency modulation based on
dynamic spatial-temporal distribution modeling of wind speed
is proposed. Firstly, aiming at a variety of typical fan
frequency control strategies, based on the advantages and
disadvantages of various strategies, determine the optimal
composite frequency modulation control strategy for fans at
different wind speeds. Secondly, based on the study of the
spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of wind speed
in wind farms, a wind speed model considering the temporal
and spatial characteristics of wind speed in wind farms is
established. The maximum frequency modulation capacity of
the entire wind farm is further determined by modeling the
frequency modulation capacity of different wind speed
intervals. Taking a wind farm in Hexi area of Gansu as an
example, the simulation results show that the various
frequency modulation strategies are complementary and can
maximize the wind field frequency modulation capability of the
full wind speed section. Finally, compared with the results of
the direct method, the frequency modulation capacity of the
wind farm can be more accurately reflected, and the
effectiveness of the proposed evaluation method is verified.
Keywords—dynamic spatiotemporal distribution, frequency
modulation capacity, compound frequency modulation strategy ,
evaluation method
I. INTRODUCTION
With the large-scale grid connection of wind turbines, the
volatility and intermittent nature of wind power output have
significantly increased the uncertainty of the system,
especially the impact on frequency modulation. In order to
avoid the adverse effects brought by wind power
consumption, the system needs to arrange more frequency
modulation spare capacity to ensure the safe operation of the
system and reduce the economical operation of the system.
In order to solve the problem of weak primary frequency
modulation capability of high-permeability wind power grids,
domestic and foreign scholars have conducted a lot of
research on the strategy of wind turbines participating in
primary frequency modulation. The adverse effect of the
speed recovery process of the doubly-fed wind turbine on the
frequency response is improved by introducing a constant
additional power[1-3]. Combining load shedding control and
droop control, a real-time control method of pitch angle is
proposed based on frequency variation[4-5].At present, there
are many achievements in the coordinated control of
frequency modulation between wind power and conventional
978-1-7281-4930-1/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE
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Wenying Liu
School of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering
North China Electric Power University
Beijing, China
liuwenyingls@sina.com
power at the system level. Based on the characteristics of fast
response of wind power frequency modulation and long time
of thermal power frequency modulation, a primary frequency
modulation joint control strategy based on thermal power
frequency modulation and wind power frequency modulation
is proposed[6-8].
The wind turbines have different operating conditions in
the wind farm. The wind speed difference between the units
is more than 50% at the same time. It is extremely
unreasonable to use the wind speed of the wind tower or
average wind speed as the standard to measure the wind farm
frequency modulation capacity. Considering the influence of
wake effect on the output of wind turbines, the optimization
scheme of load shedding for different wind speed sections is
proposed[9]. Taking into account the randomness of wind
speed, an evaluation model of wind farm frequency
modulation capacity considering the probability distribution
of wind speed is proposed[10]. However, the above study
only considers the influence of wake effect and the
probability distribution of wind speed. The evaluation model
is too rough to meet the accuracy requirements of power
system scheduling. Therefore, according to the operating
conditions of the wind turbine, the applicable frequency
control strategy is determined, and the difference in wind
speed distribution due to different spatial and temporal
distributions in the same wind field is considered. Further
determining the maximum frequency modulation capacity of
the wind field is an urgent problem that wind power actively
participates in in frequency modulation.
This paper proposes an evaluation method for wind farms
participating in primary frequency modulation capacity
based on dynamic spatial-temporal distribution modeling of
wind speed. Firstly, the wind speed applicability analysis is
carried out for a typical fan frequency modulation strategy,
and a composite control strategy adapted to different wind
speed intervals is proposed. Wind speed distribution
modeling is carried out from three angles of space, time and
dynamic change to determine the cut-in wind speed when the
fan participates in the system frequency modulation. Based
on the fan frequency modulation strategy of different wind
speed segments, the wind turbine frequency modulation
capacity evaluation model is carried out, taking into account
the operation constraints of the unit and maximizing the
frequency modulation capacity of the wind farm. Finally, it is
verified by simulation that a variety of frequency modulation
strategies are complementary, which is beneficial to
maximizing the wind field frequency modulation capability
in the full wind speed segment, and more accurately
reflecting the frequency modulation capacity of the wind
farm than the direct method.
273
II. ANALYSIS OF WIND SPEED APPLICABILITY OF FREQUENCY
MODULATION. CONTROL STRATEGY
A. Analysis of typical frequency modulation strategy of
wind turbine
a) Strategy of short-term power overshoot
The fan adopts the strategy of short-time power
overshoot to participate in the system frequency modulation,
and the output active power is increased to ( Pe 0 + ∆P) . The
fan's rotational kinetic energy is released and the speed is
reduced from ω0 to ωmin . In order to avoid the stall of the
fan, the fan exits the frequency modulation and the speed
returns to the initial operating point. Then, the frequency
modulation power released by the fan through short-time
power overshoot is
P=
r
Pa − Pb (3)
There is a mechanical part in the pitch control, and the
response speed is slow. In order to avoid frequent pitching, it
is often coordinated with other frequency modulation
strategies to reduce mechanical loss[13]. It is suitable for
medium and high wind speed segments and is long-term
standby.
c) Strategy of converter overload
The strategy of converter overload means that when the
wind speed reaches above the rated wind speed, the active
output is increased by the short-time overload of the
converter, usually reaching 1.1p.u, and the FM capacity is
 Pr = min{PM , α Prate }
 (4)
 1
PM = C p ,max (λopt , 0) ρπ R v
2 3

H (ω − ω ) 2 2
Pr =∆P =η 0 min
(1)
T where, PM is the mechanical power absorbed by the wind
where, H is the moment of inertia of the rotating part of the
fan, ω0 is the speed at which the fan participates in the
frequency modulation, ωmin is the speed at which the fan
exits the frequency modulation, and η is the coefficient of
energy conversion.
The strategy of short-term power overshoot has a fast
response speed, and the power backup control does not need
to be reserved in advance, which is more in line with the
economics of wind power operation. However, considering
the constraint of the upper limit of the active output of the
fan and the reduction of the secondary output due to the
reduction of the active output in the speed recovery phase,
the strategy of short-term power overshoot is generally used
for the low wind speed segment and is short-term standby[12].

 2
wheel, α is the transformer overload capacity factor, and
Prate is the rated power of the fan.
Considering that the strategy of converter overload needs
to be adopted when the wind turbine reaches the rated wind
speed, it is generally used for high wind speed section and is
short-term standby.
B. Correspondence between wind speed and composite
frequency modulation strategy
Considering the power loss, response speed, and standby
duration of the standby, the three control strategies can be
combined to form a composite control strategy, so that the
wind power has the best frequency response in the
appropriate wind speed range, as shown in the table below.

b) Strategy of power backup control TABLE I. CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN WIND SPEED AND
FREQUENCY MODULATION STRATEGY
The principle of power backup control is that the
operating point of the fan deviates from the MPPT point, Compound Control Strategy
Wind Speed Short-term Overspeed Pitch
leaving the standby support system to adjust the frequency. Interval power control control
Converter
Power backup control mainly has two methods of overspeed overload
overshoot method method
control and pitch control. Low wind
speed section √ √ × ×
The method of overspeed control accelerates the rotor Middle wind
speed of the fan from the MPPT point (point a ) to the load speed section × √ √ ×

shedding point (point b ) along the P - ω curve, so that the High wind
× × √ √
speed section
active output decreases and the speed increases. The reserved
FM backup is III. FREQUENCY MODULATION CAPACITY EVALUATION
H (ω − ω )
2 2 METHOD BASED ON DYNAMIC TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL
Pr = ( Pa − Pb ) + η b a
(2) DISTRIBUTION MODELING OF WIND SPEED
T
A. Modeling of dynamic spatial and temporal distribution
where, ( Pa − Pb ) is the backup electric power and
of wind speed
H (ωb2 − ωa2 ) a) Characteristics of wind speed spatial distribution
η is the kinetic energy backup power released
T
by the rotation. The wind energy is significantly reduced due to the
capture work of the upstream fan, and the wind speed
Considering that the strategy of overspeed control captured by the downstream unit is reduced. This paper uses
requires a large range of speed regulation and maximum fan the Jensen wake model to describe the spatial distribution of
speed limitation, the overspeed control is applicable to the wind speed.
maximum power tracking area, that is, the low and middle
wind speed section, which is a long-term standby. When the Jensen model is used to describe the wake of
the fan, the wake of the downstream fan can be used as
The pitch control method allows the fan to operate at the shown in the Fig 1.
load shedding power point by increasing the pitch angle.

274

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α
rrot
vw0
v0
x =Tij
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the Jensen wake model.
The horizontal distance between the starting point of the
wake of the fan and the position to be studied downstream is
x , then the wind speed of the wake of the fan at x is
vw ( x )= v0 [1 − (1 − 1 − CT )(
where, v0 is the natural wind speed, rrot is the length of
the fan blade, k = tan α is the shape factor, and CT is the
thrust coefficient of the fan.
Consider the superposition of the wake of multiple fans,
and define the influence factor of the wake degree β ij .
A s − ij
β ij =
Arot − i
where, A s − ij is the ratio of the overlap between the
projected area of the fan j at the fan i and the swept area
of the fan i to the area of the wind turbine of the fan i , and
A rot − i is the swept area of the fan i .
The wind speed of any fan i in the wind farm under the
influence of wake effect is
n the position of any fan i in the downwind and crosswind
vi2 ∑ β ij (vij2 − vi2 )
vi' =+
j =1
j ≠i
where, vi is the natural wind speed at the location of fan i
and vij is the wind speed at which fan
affected by the wake of fan j .
b) Characteristics of wind speed temporal distribution
The distance between the fans is usually set between 6
and 8 times the radius of the wind turbine. The wind speed
between the upstream and downstream fans needs to take a
certain time, and the wind speed changes in a certain time
delay. Approximately, the direction of wind speed
transmission is the current wind direction, and the
transmission path is a straight line. After considering the
influence of the wake effect, the delay of the wind from the
upstream unit to the downstream unit is
1 xs −ij xs −ij
=Tij ∫= dx ∫ (8)
0
vw ( x ) 0 rrot
v j [1 − a (
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v0
rw
where, Tij is the time when the wake wind speed is
transmitted from the fan i to the fan j , xs −ij is the
relative distance between the two wind turbines, and
vw
a =1 − 1 − CT is the axial induction factor.
Let s rrot / (rrot + kx) , solve it
=
−rrot a as + 1 1
( log − ) 1
rrot (9)
vjk 2 as − 1 s rrot + kx
c) Dynamic spatio-temporal distribution characteristics
of wind speed
When the wind direction changes, the relative position
between the wind turbines will be affected, and the temporal
rrot
and spatial distribution characteristics of the wind speed in
)2 ] (5) the wind field will also change dynamically. This paper
rrot + kx analyzes the dynamic distribution characteristics of wind
speed through changes of dynamic space coordinate.
Ignore the topographical factors in the wind farm,
establish the polar coordinate system of the wind farm
horizontal plane, take the counterclockwise direction as the
positive direction, take the northmost unit of the wind farm
as the pole, and take the east direction as the polar axis,
according to the position of each unit in the wind farm The
distribution shows the initial coordinates of all the units in
(6) the wind farm: the coordinates of unit i are ρi (ri , θi ) ,
ri and θ i are the distance between the unit i and the pole
and the angle with the pole axis.
When the wind direction changes, the wind direction
recorder records the wind direction angle β , and the initial
coordinate system is rotated and transformed according to
the wind direction angle. The coordinates of any fan i of
the converted wind farm are ρi' (ri ' , θi' ) , ri' = ri , θi'= θ + β .
The converted new coordinates can be decomposed to obtain
(7)
directions xsi = ri ' sin θ ' , xci = ri ' cos θ ' .
The wind turbines of the wind farm are sorted according
to the downwind direction from small to large, and the set of
i is completely all the j units upstream of any unit i can be obtained.
The relative positions of the downwind and crosswind of the
j units relative to the unit i are respectively
X si= [ xs1 - xsi , xs 2 − xsi ,..., xsj − xsi ] (10)
X ci= [ xc1 - xci , xc 2 − xci ,..., xcj − xci ] (11)
Based on the dynamic coordinate transformation, taking
into account the temporal and spatial distribution
characteristics of wind speed, calculate the capture wind
speed of each unit.
n
vi'
= vi2 + ∑ β ij (vij2 ( xsij , t - Tij ) - vi2 (t )) (12)
dx j =1
j ≠i
)] B. Wind farm frequency modulation capacity assessment
rrot + kx
model
a) Frequency modulation capacity of low wind speed
section
275
 When the fan releases all the reserved FM capacity P
Output power
through overspeed control, that is, λ = λopt , the system's FM MPPT
Prate
demand can be further satisfied by short-time power
overshoot.
Rotor speed
H (ωr2 − ωMPPT
2
) limit
=Pr [( PMPPT - Pb ) + η ] (13) Pa a
T b
Pb b v2 , β = 0
b) Frequency modulation capacity of middle wind speed Pd b
d
section Pc c
v2 , β ≠ 0
When overspeed control and pitch control are used alone,
the power loss due to power backup is Pa − Pd and Pa − Pc , v1 , β = 0 v1 , β ≠ 0
respectively. When using pitch and overspeed coordinated Rotor speed ωmax ω
control, the power loss is Pa − Pb . From the economic
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of pitch and overspeed coordination control.
considerations of wind power frequency modulation, the
pitch and overspeed coordinated control can reduce the c) Frequency modulation capacity of high wind speed
capacity reserve in steady state on the basis of ensuring the section
same frequency modulation demand.
When the fan releases all the reserved FM capacity
Establish an optimization model to determine the optimal
through the pitch control, that is, β = 0 , the inverter's
fan load shedding point for the maximum reserve spare
capacity. frequency modulation requirement can be further satisfied by
the converter overload. The frequency modulation capacity
Objective function: max Pr of the high wind speed section using the composite strategy
of pitch and converter overload coordination control is
H (ωb2 − ωmin
2
)
Pr = ( Pa − Pb ) + η (14) Pr = ( Pa − Pb ) + min{PM , α Prate } (20)
T
1) Constraint of load point stability d) Frequency modulation capacity of wind farm

1 Based on the distributed wind speed modeling of wind

C p , deload (λ , β ) ρπ R 2 v 3 = kωr3 (15) farm and the evaluation of the FM frequency modulation
2 capacity of the wind turbine in the low, medium and high
where, λ is the tip speed ratio, β is the pitch angle, ρ wind speed sections, the wind power frequency modulation
capacity can be expressed as
is the air density, R is the wind wheel radius, v is the
wind speed, and C p , deload (λ , β ) is the capture coefficient of 3
PR = ∑ N i Pri (vi ) (21)
wind energy for pitch and overspeed coordinated control and i =1
the relationship with the maximum wind energy capture
coefficient is as follows: where, N i is the number of turbines of i wind speed
section (low, medium, and high), and Pri is the frequency
C p , deload (λ , β )= (1 − K )C p ,max (λopt , 0)
 (16) modulation capacity of the composite frequency modulation
= K ( PMPPT − Pb ) / PMPPT strategy using i wind speed section.
where, K is the ratio of load reduction and λopt is the IV. CASE ANALYSIS
ratio of optimum tip speed. In this paper, a wind farm in Hexi area of Gansu Province
2) Constraint of rotor speed is used as the research object to carry out FM capacity
assessment. The first phase of the wind farm is equipped
ωmin ≤ ωr ≤ ωmax (17) with 30 sets of 1.5 MW wind turbines. The wind field is
arranged in a rectangular shape. The distance between the
where, ωmax and ωmin are the upper and lower limits of fans is 500m. The specific parameters of the wind turbine are
the rotor speed, respectively, which are usually 0.7p.u. and shown in the TABLE II.
1.2p.u.
TABLE II. FAN PARAMETER TABLE
3) Constraint of pitch angle adjustment
Parameter Value Unit Parameter Value Unit
0 ≤ β ≤ β max (18) Wind wheel
93 m
Cut out
25 m/s
diameter wind speed
where, β max is the upper limit of the pitch angle adjustment Sweep area 5492 m2
Speed range
983-1983 rpm
(rotor)
Speed
4) Constraint of load reduction ratio range 8.33~16.5 rpm
Generator
>96.5 %
efficiency
(blade)
0 ≤ K ≤ K max (19) Frequency
Rated speed 11.4 m/s converter >97.5 %
where, K max is the load shedding limit efficiency
Converter Wheel
1.1 times 80 m
overload center

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 capability height
Cut in wind
3 m/s
speed
Fig. 3. Wind speed distribution map of wind farm.
Based on calculation results, at this moment, the
minimum wind speed captured by the wind turbine in the
wind farm is only 5.1m/s, which is 54.3% different from the
measured wind speed of the wind tower. It is extremely
unreasonable to measure the wind power frequency
modulation capacity by using the wind speed of the wind
tower as the average wind speed. Based on the wind speed
distribution of the wind farm, the frequency modulation
capacity of each fan in each wind speed section is further
evaluated.
It can be seen from the figure that the frequency
modulation capacity of the wind power station is basically
strictly related to the wind speed of the wind turbine. The
source of the frequency modulation capacity of the wind
farm in different wind speed sections is not the same.
Fig. 4. Hierarchical histogram of fan frequency modulation capacity
source
In the low wind speed section, that is, 4-9m/s, the wind
turbine adopts a coordinated control composite strategy of
short-term power overshoot and over-speed; In the mid-wind
speed section, that is, 10-15m/s, the short-time power
overshoot is no longer applicable due to technical constraints,
using pitch and overspeed coordinated control;in the high
wind speed section, that is, above 15m/s, subject to the
maximum speed limit, the overspeed method is no longer
applicable, and the pitch and converter overload coordinated
control strategy is adopted. In this wind speed section, as the
wind speed increases, the frequency modulation capacity of
the fan increases with the increase of the wind speed, and
does not change until the converter reaches the limit of the
overload capacity. Thereby, the frequency modulation
capacity of each fan of the wind farm is obtained.
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Fig. 5. Frequency modulation capacity of each fan of the wind farm
Further explain the influence of the temporal and spatial
distribution characteristics of wind speed on the frequency
modulation capacity of the wind farm.
Example 1: Regardless of the dynamic temporal and
spatial distribution characteristics of wind speed in a wind
farm, the wind speed of the wind farm is calculated by taking
the wind speed of the wind tower as the uniform wind speed
of the whole field.
Example 2: Only consider the spatial distribution
characteristics of the wind speed in the wind farm, that is,
only consider the influence of the wake effect between the
wind turbines, and calculate the frequency modulation
capacity of the wind farm.
Example 3: Based on the second example, the temporal
distribution characteristics of the wind speed in the wind
farm are taken into consideration, and the frequency
modulation capacity of the wind farm is calculated
considering the delay of the wake flow between the wind
turbines.
The results of the example are shown in the Fig 6, and
the ordinate represents the average frequency modulation
capacity of all wind turbines in the wind farm.
.
Fig. 6. Average frequency modulation capacity of wind farms under
different examples.
The error pairs of the output results of the above three
examples are shown in the TABLE III .
TABLE III. COMPARISON OF AVERAGE FREQUENCY MODULATION
CAPACITY RESULTS OF WIND FARM FANS UNDER DIFFERENT EXAMPLES
Example 1 Example 2 Example 3
Mean (kW) 148.05 109.99 109.88
Standard
21.48 16.24 10.07
deviation (kW)
277
 Through the TABLE III, the following analysis can be
done:
1) By comparing the results of the Example 1 and the
Example 2, it can be seen that the wake effect causes the loss
of wind energy, which is manifested by the decrease of the
average frequency modulation capacity of the wind farm.
Compared with the Example 1, the average frequency
modulation capacity of the Example 2 is reduced by about
25.71%, which indicates that the frequency modulation
capacity loss due to the wake effect is large. Therefore, in the
evaluation of the frequency modulation capacity of wind
farms, the spatial distribution characteristics of wind speed
affected by wake effects are particularly critical.
2) By comparing the results of the Example 2 and the
Example 3, it can be seen that the average frequency
modulation capacity curve of the wind farm obtained in the
Example 3 considering the temporal and spatial distribution
characteristics of wind speed is relatively stable. The data in
the TABLE III shows that the average of the output of the
two examples of appeals is basically the same, but the
variance of the Example 3 is significantly smaller than that
of the Example 2. The results show that the variation of the
frequency modulation capacity distribution characteristics of
the wind farm caused by the time lag effect is obvious in the
output of the smoothing wind farm FM capacity, which
cannot be ignored in the wind farm's participation in the
primary frequency capacity evaluation.
V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
This paper proposes a method for estimating the
frequency modulation capacity of wind farms that takes into
account various fan control strategies. The optimal frequency
modulation strategy of wind turbines under different wind
speeds is determined. Then the spatial, temporal and
dynamic distribution characteristics of wind speeds in wind
farms are studied. Based on this, an evaluation model of
wind farm frequency modulation capacity based on dynamic
spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of wind
speed. The correctness and effectiveness of the proposed
method are verified by simulation analysis based on a wind
farm in Hexi area of Gansu Province. The study can draw the
following conclusions.
1）Through the analysis of the dynamic spatio-temporal
characteristics of wind speed, it can be concluded that the
wake effect reduces the wind farm's participation in the
primary FM capacity and the time-delay effect smoothing
capacity output. Due to the influence of the wake effect and
the time lag effect in the actual wind farm, the frequency
modulation capacity of the wind farm can be more accurately
reflected.
2）Comprehensive use of multiple FM control strategies
to achieve complementary between various strategies can
maximize the frequency modulation capability of the wind
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farm in the full wind speed segment. Moreover, the
frequency modulation capacity of the wind power station is
positively correlated with the wind speed of the wind tower:
the higher the wind speed of the wind tower, the larger the
frequency modulation capacity of the wind power station.
Accurate measurement of station-level FM capacity has
important engineering guiding significance for wind farms to
participate in primary frequency modulation. In the
follow-up study, the influence of factors such as the
topography of the wind farm on the frequency modulation
capacity of the wind farm will be considered, and the
accuracy of the evaluation model will be further improved.
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