Q. 14.

the application of Biot-Savart law in a straight

What is
conductor, current carrying circular coil, axis of solenoid.
Ans. Biot Savart's Law and its application : Biot Savart's law was
first introduced in 1802. It is a simple mathematical formula which is used
1
to describe the relationship between force, displacement, and velocity
Biot Savart's Law is the fundamental of magnetostatics. Therefore, it
plays a crucial role in the field of electromagnetism. The law describes the
equation between the magnetic field produced due to the flow of a constant
electric current. The law is useful for knowing the magnetic field's direction,
length, and magnitude, and the proximity of theelectric current. It can also
be seen as a real-time example ofa line integral.
Biot Savart's Law and Current Loop
Biot Savart's Law helps to calculate the resultant magnetic field B at
position r in the three-dimensional space. The magnetic field is generated
due to a fAexible wire, which carries current. The steady current in the wire
is the continual flow of charge, which does not change with time. Also, the
charge neither depletes nor accumulates at any point. The equation of the
Biot Savart law is given as,

B(r) = o f Idl x r'

Wheredl represents the vector along which the path Cand the magnitude
of this vector is the length of the differential of the wire's element in the
direction of conventional current; represents the point on path C. r
represents the displacement vector from the element of the wire (dl) at point
lto the point at which the field is needed to be computed (r),
and it is the
, r
difference between and l;
And is the magnetic constant.
The equation can also be written in the form,

4n 3

Where r represents the unit vector of r'.

 38 AMAR:Électricity and Magnetism (Physics DSC-3)
Usually, around a close curve, the integral is found. Th reason for this
is that the stationary electric current can only travel acrÖSS a closed path
when they are bounded.
Biot Savart's Law's Application
A few of the applications of the Biot Savart's Law are:
To calculate the magnetic field in an indefinitely long straight wire owing
to a constant current,
To calculate the magnetic field in the centre of a
current-cartying arc,
To calculate the force between two parallel and lengthy
current-carryíng
conductors, To calculate the magnetic field along the axis of a circular current
carrying coil.
Magneticfield at a point due to a straight current carrying conductor.
LetAC bea long straight conductor having cuirent Iin upward direction.
Let P be the point at distance a from the conductor where magnetic
field is to
becalculated such that OP =a. A small element of length dl of
is taken at a distance r from the pointP.
the conductor

According to Biot-Savart Law, the magnetic

current element dl is given by, field at the point P due to

Po ldlsin ¢
dB = l4
2
In rt. angled a POB,

= cos
sin

COs
 Also,

tan 0
la
DAferentiating both sides with respect to 0.

dld se
do dO la tan 0) 0

dl = a soc Odo
Putting the valuósof r and dl in equation (a), we get,

0dO)
dB = Ho I(asec" (cos0)
4n
cos0

dB
4n

dB =
Ho I cos 0 do
4n
Magneticfield due to whole conductorAC can be calculated
by integrating
oquation (b) with limits 0, and -- 0,. By convention, 0, being anticlockwise is
taken as negative.

B Hof cos9 de
4Ta -01.

B= o-sin0
4T

B- sinô, + siné,]
4NU

B: H-sinô, + sin ®2)

4L
This equation gives the value ofB at pointP due to a
straight conductor
of finite length. For an infinitely long
conductor, e, =O2 :

B
sin+ sin2
 B2
B
Lo
The straight conductor of infinite
lenyth neans that the point P is s0
close that its distance may be negligible
in cornparinion to the length
conductor. The direction of B can be gound of the
by using right hand thumb rule
which is dírected inward to
the plane of sereen at P.
This relation is only applicable for a thin wire. For a
thick wire, the
magnetic field (B) decrases as distance fron the surface of
the wire increases
either insids or outside the zurface according to the following graph:
B

-fihetthe toniuctor

Here, R i the radius of the wire and r is the distance of the observed
point from the centre of wire. Henc, the magnetic field is maximum, on the
Burface of the wire (r = R),
Magnetic field at the centre of current carrying circular coil.
Considera circular coil of radius r carrying currentI. Let PQ = dl be the
curront element and R be its midpoint such that OR = r.

"henngle botween current clement PQ and OR is 90°. According to Biot

8avart Law, the magneticfiueld at the contre due tothe current element PQ
ia,
 .dB 4n

Mo ldl
dB
coil Zrr,
By integrating this equation from 0 to the circumference of the
we can find the magnetic feld due tó the whole coil,

B=ol Jo2rr dl
472

42
B=
2r

For the coil having N turns,

B oNI
2r
Its direction can be found out by right hand thumb rule. It is perpendicular
to the plane of thisscreen and is directed outward.
of a current carrying circular coil
Magnetic field ata point on the axis
Consider açircular coil of radius a centred at O carrying current Let
a I.
a x the centre O. Let XY
P be a point on the axis of the coil at distance from
be a current element of length dl whose midpoint be M
which is joined to the
point P such that MP =r.
M
Bcosa dB

dBsina
dBsina
a,
dBcos dB
 dB

dB

By integrating this equation from 0 to the cireumference of the coil 2rr,

wecan find the magmetic field due to the whole coil,
Idl

B Jo
42

4tr

B=
27
For the coil having N turns,
HoNI
B=
2r
Its direction can be found out by right hand thumb rule. It is perpendicular
to the plane of this sereen and is directed outward.
Magnetic ffeld at a point on the axis of a current carryingcircular coil
Consider a çircular coil of radius a centred atO carrying a current I. Let
P be a point on the axis of the coil at a distance from the centre O. LetXY
be a current element of length dl whose midpoint be M which is joined to the
point P such that MP =.

Bcosa dB

dBsina
HdBsina
dBcosa
dB
 Because of small value of dl, angle between XY and MP is 90°. Then,
according to Biot-Savart law, the magnetic field at the point P dué to the
current element XY is,

Ho Idlsin 90º
dB 4

dB
4n ,2

The direction of dB at P is along PA i.e., perpendicular to the plane

formed by dl and r. Let & be the angle between MP and the axis OP of the
loop. Then, dB will have two components; dB cos a along vertical direction
and dB sin a along horizontal direction.
As the coil is symmetrical about its axis, every element of length dl has
equal and opposite element at the end of a diameter of the coil. For example,
XY has an equal and opposite element XY which produces a magnetic field
of equal strength but in other direction.
The vertical components are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction
so they cancel each other. The horizontal components will
add up giving the
resultant field Bgiven by,

2na a =
B= dB sin -Sin a
4n 2
a (2na
Ho Isin
Jo dl
.4n

Ho Isina 2na
47 „2

Ho Isina 2na]
472
Ho!
B= a sin a
22 ..(1)

In 8OPM, sin a = andr= (2 +2)2

Now,
Ba
 Bla
heol has N turns, then,

BaNla
Thedìrtin of B is along the axis of the coil towards or away
according
o the anticlockwise or clockwise direction of the current in the loop which
Can be fgured out by rnght hand thumb rule.
Cases
1, At the centre of
the coil, x= 0.
B HoNI?
+
0)2.

B
oNI (Maximum Value)
20
2When the point is far away from the centre of coil, thenx>>aso
that

B
PoNIa?
3

HoNIa2
B
Magnetic field at a
23
point on the axis of a sotemoid
Consider a long solenoid
jength and carrying of radius a having n number
current
the axis of the solenoid, I. To find out the magnetic of turns per unit
makes anangie let us consider an field at a point on
P
dß atP.Aperpendicular element MN of length
line NT is drawnto dz that
radius vectorr.
 N

According to Biot-Savárt Law, the magnetic field at a point on the axis of

a narrow circular coil is given by,
HoNlasinß
dB = [From (1)]
2-2
Since unit metre given n turns, dz metre gives ndz turns.
N= ndx
Thus, the field at point P due todz part of the coil is given by,
Ho lasinß
dB = -nde ...(1)
2-2
In ANTP, for small angle dß,
NT = ráß ...(2)

NT
In AMNT, Sinß = MN
NT = MN sin ß = dr sin ß ...(3)

From (2)and (3),

rdß = dx sin ß
rdß
=
dz sinß
Putting the value of dz in equation (i),
Holasinß raß
dB = 2,2 sinß

dB = dß
2r
 sin ß =

= -sin ßdß
dß
2
If theradius vectorrmakes angle and , , at P from two ends of coil, the
total magnetic fieldat the point P is given by
ßdß
B=sin 2

Ho7nI
'sin Bdß
2 J1

Hon-cosp
2

- Po(coso, - cos2)

For a very long solenoid, , 2

= 0° and , n.

B= 0cos0 - cos n
2

X 2
2

B=Hnl
This relation shows that the magitude of magnetic field withina solenoid
does not depend on the diameter or length of the solenoid. The direction of B
is along the xis of OP of the solenoid which can be determined by right
hand thumb rule.