Session 4 - Essential Design Features of Evacuation Center Buildings

Orientation on the Site
Selection Process for

Evacuation Center Projects
Session 4: Essential Design Features of Evacuation Center
Buildings
Session 4: Essential Design Features of Evacuation Center Buildings
INTRODUCTION
Recognizing the vulnerability and

susceptibility of the country to the
impacts of natural and human-induced
hazards, the Philippine government
highlights the need for investing in
disaster risk reduction (DRR) for
resilience, including structural and non-
structural measures to strengthen the
resilience of persons, communities and
their assets.
INTRODUCTION
Considering and identifying

hazard resistance methods
for various natural and
human-induced events
should be an integral part
of the design projects.
INTRODUCTION
Evacuation modeling software simulate

circulation and evacuation under
different conditions and different
behaviors of evacuees. Different
design or environmental conditions can
be created with evacuation modeling
software.
KEY MESSAGE
The design of the community evacuation center includes inputs from:
• The Sphere Project International Humanitarian Standards;
• Memorandum Circular No. 122 S. 2018, Guidelines for Local Government Units on the
Strengthening of Evacuation Systems using the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Fund (LDRRMF)
• DepEd-DSWD-DILG-DoH, instituted Joint Memorandum Circular No. 1, Guidelines on

Evacuation Center Coordination and Management; and
• The natural environment, climate, hazards, local cultural practices, community demographics
and capacity of the existing community.
KEY MESSAGE
The Sphere Project

- a set of core standards and a set of minimum technical standards for water and sanitation, food,
shelter, and health to endorse these rights.
Planning & Designing an Evacuation Center Building

Local Applicable Codes & Standard References
a) National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1 –
Buildings, Towers and Other Vertical Structures, Sixth
Edition 2010
-Developed by the Association of Structural Engineers of the
Philippines (ASEP).
-the NSCP is cited as a “referral code” of the NBC -- the primary
basis for the construction, design, use, and maintenance of all
buildings in the country.
b) PD 1096 National Building Code of the Philippines and

its latest and amended IRR
- to provide for all buildings and structures, a framework of
minimum standards and requirements to regulate and control
their location, site, design, quality of materials, construction,
use, occupancy, and maintenance.
c) BP 344 or Accessibility Law and its Latest

and Amended IRR
- provides minimum requirements and standards
to make buildings, facilities and utilities for public
use accessible to disabled persons.
d) RA 9514 or Fire Code of the Philippines and

its Latest and Amended IRR
- to ensure adherence to standard fire prevention
and safety measures, and promote accountability
in the fire protection and prevention service.

e) PD 856 Code on Sanitation of the
Philippines
- To prescribe sanitation requirements for water
supply system, food establishments and refuse
collections and disposal system of cities and
municipalities.
f) Revised National Plumbing Code of the

Philippines
- code of practice to ensure the quality and
functionality of plumbing systems and to protect
the health of the occupants of the premises where
a plumbing system is to be installed, as well as
the health of the public in general.

g) Revised National Mechanical Code of the
Philippines
- reference manual in designing proper ventilation
system, water pumps & motors, and air
conditioning system.
h) Planning & Designers Handbook by Max

Fajardo
- use primarily in establishing space allocations,
knowing their relationship as to functions, analyze
specific needs of the end-user and prepare
preliminary design.
i) Philippine Electrical Code

- consists of rules which are intended to
make use of electricity safe for person
and property.
- used nationally as the basis for

safeguarding persons, buildings and
its contents from hazards that may
arise from the use of electricity.
j) Simplified Construction Handbook by

DPWH
-aims to provide supervising architects and
engineers, contractors, and construction foremen
an easy-to-follow reference in monitoring and
overseeing construction and repair activities,
particularly in disaster-hit areas.

k) Philippine National Standards (PNS) - Product Standard Agency (PSA) Publications
- mandated to develop, promulgate, and implement standards for all products in the Philippines, to
promote standardization activities in the country, and to ensure the manufacture, production, and
distribution of quality products for the protection of the consumer.
k.1) PNS 07: Specification for Portland Cement

k.2) PNS 16: Specification for Concrete Hollow Blocks
k.3) PNS 18: Specification for Concrete Aggregates
k.4) PNS 49: Specification for Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcements
l) Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, ASEP Guide, 1991 Edition.

- This handbook makes use of risk-based knowledge to develop structural design approaches for
enhanced resilience performance of structures subjected to extreme events of winds, earthquakes
and floods.

International Applicable Codes & Standard References
a) Uniform Building Code, Volume 2, Structural Engineering Design Provisions (UBC 1997).
- contains structural engineering design provisions that can be used in structural analysis and design
computations of a building.
b) American Concrete Institute (ACI) Publications

- leading authority and resource worldwide for the development, distribution and adoption of consensus-
based standards, technical resources, educational programs, and proven expertise for individuals and
organizations involved in concrete design, construction, and materials, who share a commitment to
pursuing the best use of concrete.
b.1) ACI 315: Manual of Standard Practice for Details and Detailing of Concrete Reinforcements
- this manual presents recommended methods and standards for preparing drawings for the fabrication and
placing of reinforcing steel in reinforced concrete structures.
b.2) ACI 318: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary
- provides minimum requirements necessary to provide public health and safety for the design
and construction of structural concrete buildings.
b.3) ACI 224: Control of Cracking in Concrete Structures

- The principal causes of cracking and recommended crack-control procedures are presented.
b.4) ACI 301: Specifications for Structural Concrete for Buildings

-The document covers materials and proportioning of concrete; reinforcing and prestressing
steels; production, placing, finishing, and curing of concrete; and formwork design and
construction. Methods of treatment of joints and embedded items, repair of surface defects, and
finishing of formed and unformed surfaces are specified.
c) American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Publications

- offers an extensive collection of documents and publications related to the design and
construction of fabricated steel buildings.
c.1) AISC 9th Edition: Manual of Steel Construction

- composed of data and tables that are organized under the following sections: Dimensions and
Properties, Beam and Girder Design, Column Design, Connections, Specifications and Codes,
Miscellaneous Data and Mathematical Tables, Symbols and Index.
d) Foundation Analysis & Design, by Joseph E. Bowles, 5th Edition.

-reference in designing & constructing foundation of buildings.
e) American Society for Testing & Materials (ASTM) Publications

-an international standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus
technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services.
f) American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE-98)

-Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. This Standard reference
provides requirements for dead, live, soil, flood, wind, snow, rain, ice, and earthquake loads, and
their combinations that are suitable for inclusion in building codes and other documents.
g) American Welding Society (AWS) Publications

-Advancing the science, technology, and application of welding and allied joining and cutting
processes, including brazing, soldering and thermal spraying.
g.1) AWS D1.1-2000: Welding Criteria for Structural Steel

- All standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and
guides) in welding of structural steel.
TOPIC 1
BUILDING DESIGN APPROACH

TOPIC 1: BUILDING DESIGN APPROACH
• The way you approach an initial design will shape the

entire project as a whole.
• The design approach and thought strategy will depend on

a variety of factors - from the end-user vision to the
external environment.
1.1 The Sustainable Approach
A sustainable design approach involves designing

buildings to minimize any negative environmental
impact. This can involve anything from incorporating
sustainable energy use to building placement.
Overall, you want to make your building as
environmentally friendly as possible.
1.2 The Experiential Approach
• The experiential approach

takes into account the
evacuee's experience.
• In this design strategy, a

building is designed as an
experience.
1.3 The Practical Approach
Arguably the most used approach is the practical

design strategy. This strategy is just how it sounds,
practical. Within this design approach, the engineer
is using the most practical materials, the most
efficient design, and overall a traditionalist strategy.
TOPIC 2
STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING BEST
PRACTICES FOR
BUILDING
TOPIC 2: STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING BEST PRACTICES FOR BUILDING
The building design adheres to international best practices and to the Philippine
National Structural Code Standard. It is typhoon and earthquake resistant. It is also
flood-proof, with an elevated ground floor to mitigate the impact of rain-induced
flooding.
Structural Frame of a Building
Structural Design is the methodical

investigation of the stability, strength and
rigidity of structures.
The basic objective in structural

analysis and design is to:
• produce a structure capable of resisting

all applied loads without failure during its
intended life.
• The primary purpose of a structure is to

transmit or support loads.
Structural Concepts
• The building consists of a frame assembly of cast-in-place
reinforced concrete footing, concrete columns, concrete
beams, retaining walls, slab on grade and suspended slabs.
• The floor framing is consisting of cast-in-place concrete

beams, slabs with steel decking support while the roof framing
is consisting of steel assembly of fabricated angle bars and
purlin joists with cross bracing and standard turnbuckles.
• Lateral forces are resisted by concrete moment frames that

develop their stiffness through monolithic column-beam-slab
connections. The exterior and interior partitions are made of
concrete masonry walls from the ground floor to second floor
up to parapet wall.
Structural Concepts
• The foundations are combined, spread and or
isolated reinforced concrete footings.
• The footings shall be capable of providing

adequate strength and stability to withstand the
actions of operational loads, wind, and earthquake
forces to the building within the prescribed limits
of deformation.

Soil Investigation Test
Boring test refers to a geological test applied to

the soil in order to understand the lithology of
the ground and determine how much weight that
soil can take with or without the aid of any
additional footings, piers or other support
structures and what sort of materials are the
best for these structures involved on whatever
engineering will be done at that very soil.
The Boring Test is done through the drilling of

the hole in the earth that allows the engineer to
examine bore samples of the subterranean
strata and it’s fundamental process when
building the foundation.
TOPIC 3
BUILDING EXTERIOR CIRCULATION

TOPIC 3: BUILDING EXTERIOR CIRCULATION
The perimeter ramp and

external circulation allow for a
large number of people to
rapidly enter and exit the
building, and in particular
provide equitable access for
people with disability.
A double facade provides

buffer from the wind and rain,
and protects the interior where
people will congregate.
Evacuation Building Circulation Space
The term 'circulation' refers to the

movement of people through, around
and between buildings and other parts
of the built environment. Within
buildings, circulation spaces are spaces
that are predominately used for
circulation, such as entrances, foyers
and lobbies, corridors, stairs, landings
and so on.
Evacuation Building Circulation Space
The size of circulation spaces may be

determined by factors such as; the type
of use, the numbers of people using
them, the direction of travel, crossing
flows and so on. In complex buildings
such as evacuation centers, hospitals or
transport exchanges, signage or other
forms of way-finding may be necessary
to help people navigate circulation
spaces.
TOPIC 4
TOPIC 4: BUILDING SHAPES AND FORMS
• Look from building to building. The form comprised of shape, scale, size, and more of each
building is unique and has an designer’s personal touch.
• Every building’s form is unique but most fall into some general category of engineering shape.
• There are a handful of geometric shapes that provide the proper support, function, and aesthetic
to serve as a building’s foundation.
• The mathematical attribute of shapes are top considerations in the design of any standing
structure; no building can be constructed without a thorough understanding of shape and form.
Development of Building Shape
Form refers to the shape or configuration of a

building. Form and its opposite, space,
constitute primary elements of engineering &
architecture.
Shapes arguably form the most elemental

structure of commercial design. The shapes of
walls, roofs, floors, doors, and windows work
together to complement and enhance one
another while contributing to a visually exciting
end product.
Aerodynamics Building Shape
The aerodynamic building shape reduces

the impact of strong wind uplift and flying
debris. The symmetrical building shape
mitigates the impact of seismic activity.
Different Shapes & Forms of a Building
Circles, Oval, & Sides of more than Five (Aerodynamics Shape)
• The Aerodynamics is considered one of the strongest shapes because stress is evenly
distributed along the arc instead of concentrating it at one point. The interconnected
points relieve it of upward pressure and give it lateral force.
• Although it is certain that the execution of a circular design is much more complicated
than that of a square or rectangle, the surface of walls we’d have if using a circle is
less than the surface of walls we’d have if we used a square or rectangle. This
translates to less material, less labor, and therefore a reduction in the cost of
construction.
Circles (Aerodynamics Shape)
In summary, the advantages of using aerodynamics in engineering include:
*Savings in surfaces of walls -Improved ventilation because of the high ceiling
*Increase in energy efficiency thanks to a minor surge in heat transfer
*Increased wind resistance because the wind will flow around the building instead
of getting trapped
*Environmental conservation since fewer materials will be used unlike in

rectangular or square structures.
Rectangles and Squares
• Square and rectangular shapes are also exponentially easier to reconcile, and there’s usually less
waste. Altered shapes not only utilize more materials and assets but are more expensive to
construct and maintain.
• 90 degrees angles are very strong structurally, psychologically and spatially. Vertical stacks and
vents align better. Roof planes become easier to design. Air circulation and temperature regulation
are better controlled. Even electrical lines and water pipes are easier to incorporate.
• Square and rectangular designs also mean that there’s little space that goes unused, plus it’s easy
to scale up and down with slight calculations.
Triangles
• If there is a single and most structurally sound shape in commercial engineering, it has to be the
triangle.
• Unlike a rectangle or a square, a triangle can’t be distorted without disassembling one of its joints
or changing the length of any of its sides. In fact, the simplest way to strengthen a square or a
rectangle is to add supports in the shape of a triangle across its diagonal length.
• In modern construction, triangles are common because they are easy to analyze, build and can be
changed according to requirements.
• Triangles have been used to construct many of the structures we know today.
TOPIC 5
TOPIC 5: BUILDING SITE-SPECIFIC ADAPTABILITY
Orientation of Building Adaptability
The building is oriented to enhance civic presence at the main pedestrian

entry and maximize access to natural light and ventilation.
Adaptability refers to the capacity of buildings

to accommodate substantial change. Over the
course of a building’s lifetime, change is
inevitable, both in the social, economic and
physical surroundings, and in the needs and
expectations of occupants.
Evaluating the Adaptability of Buildings

Adaptability of the Building
A fully adaptable building is adjustable, versatile, refitable, convertible, scalable, and movable. Use
these elements to achieve the above mentioned attributes:
 Adjustable (task): operable elements, non-fixed objects, detachable connections.

 Versatile (space): movable walls, variety of room sizes, flexible ducts, storage space.
 Refitable (performance): standard shapes, dry connections, coordinated systems, interchangeable
components.
 Convertible (function): simplicity and legibility, multi-functional spaces, raised floors.
 Scalable (size): local materials, known techniques, modular units, dividable/joinable rooms.
 Movable (location): transportable and portable, demountable walls, transferable materials.
TOPIC 6
BUILDING NATURAL LIGHT AND

VENTILATION
TOPIC 6: BUILDING NATURAL LIGHT AND VENTILATION
Ample natural light and ventilation

improves the thermal comfort and well-
being of the occupants, and minimizes
the need for electrical power that often
fails in disaster.
Natural Lighting and Ventilating System

Natural ventilation is the use of wind and

thermal buoyancy to create air movement in and
out of the building without the use of mechanical
systems, with the goal of bringing fresh air into
the building.
In simple terms, natural light is light that is

generated naturally, the common source of
which is the Sun. This is as opposed to artificial
light, which is typically produced by electrical
appliances such as lamps.
• Roof vents must be open to letting air out, so

in turn, they let light in.
• Natural ventilators used in Evacuation

buildings are often in more wide-open areas
like a lobby or a hall.
• With no moving parts, a natural light and

ventilation is self-sustaining, requires no
maintenance and uses no electric.
TOPIC 7
BUILDING SAFE SPACES FOR THE

COMMUNITY
TOPIC 7: BUILDING SAFE SPACES FOR THE COMMUNITY
• The phrase “safe space” can refer to a

shelter, accompaniment by a safeguard,
political refuge in another city or country,
peace building programs, a website or online
space for communication, or even an
ideological or personal space for strength and
empowerment.
• This handbook is a practical guide for
constructing disaster-resilient community
evacuation centers in the Philippines. This
guide consolidates best practices, practical
tips and lessons learned from the IOM-
UNICEF programme to enhance the network
of evacuation centers.
What to Consider when Designing the Building
 Cost efficiency of construction and operation
 Integration of local architectural design
 Short time frame for construction
 Adherence to minimum standards for short-term relief

response
 Dual functionality as evacuation shelter and community center

 Ease in maintenance and high durability
 Aid to local community livelihoods
 Potential installation of rainwater tanks and integrated solar

power systems for self sufficiency
 Provision for site enhancements such as parking, children’s

playground and space for tents
 Opportunity for public awareness on local DRR initiatives.

Example of Strong Evacuation Structure
Location: Guiuan, Eastern Samar

Structural Load: *Wind - Category 5
Typhoon
*Earthquake - Magnitude 8
(>8Km from Seismic
Source)
Building Life Span: Up to 50 years

Gross Floor Area: 750 sq.m.
Evacuation Center Building Sponsored by IOM and UNICEF Cost per Sq.m.: Php 20,000.00
Capacity: 350+ persons
Construction Duration: 6-8 months

(Design Specifications)
OPEN FLOOR PLAN for multi-purpose

functions during normal times and emergency.
STRONG SIGHTLINES throughout the open

plan to improve passive surveillance and
security and mitigate gender-based violence
and bullying.

WASH FACILITIES adhere to the

minimum standards in
humanitarian response and
consider local needs and customs.

CORRUGATED GALVANIZED IRON

(CGI) ROOFING on steel structure with
additional wire mesh layer protects from
damages caused by flying debris. It has
framing and fixing details to endure
sustained wind speeds up to 300 kph.

PARAPET WALL and

reinforced roof fixings protect
roof from strong winds and
mitigate wind uplift.

STAIRS AND PERIMETER

CIRCULATION facilitate many people
entering and exiting the building
rapidly and provide a buffer to the
interior of the building.

RAMPS AND HANDRAILS

improve accessibility for
people with special needs
including children, the elderly
and persons with disability.
UPPER-LEVEL FLOOR PLAN
-Lightweight privacy partitions (depicted by dashes)

can be fabricated to create smaller sections for
breastfeeding, child-friendly spaces and as private
accommodations for vulnerable families during
evacuation and extended displacement. During normal
times, partitions can be assembled to make meeting
rooms or spaces for simultaneous activities.
- Generously proportioned ramp and stairs allow many

people to rapidly and safely enter and exit the building.
- Balcony over main entrance for socializing and civic

presence.
LOWER-LEVEL FLOOR PLAN
- Toilet Facility
Short-term (Disaster Event) < 72 hours @ 1/50 persons
Extended displacement > 72 hours @ 1/20 persons
- Covered main entrance for socializing (with space for

evacuee registration and information/notice boards).
- Storeroom for bulk storage of emergency response

supplies.
- Ventilated room for emergency generator and fuel

storage.

Session 4 - Essential Design Features of Evacuation Center Buildings

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Session 4 - Essential Design Features of Evacuation Center Buildings

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Session 4 - Essential Design Features of Evacuation Center Buildings

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Orientation on the Site

Selection Process for

Recognizing the vulnerability and

Considering and identifying

Evacuation modeling software simulate

The design of the community evacuation center includes inputs from:

• The Sphere Project International Humanitarian Standards;

• DepEd-DSWD-DILG-DoH, instituted Joint Memorandum Circular No. 1, Guidelines on

The Sphere Project

Planning & Designing an Evacuation Center Building

b) PD 1096 National Building Code of the Philippines and

Planning & Designing an Evacuation Center Building

Local Applicable Codes & Standard References

c) BP 344 or Accessibility Law and its Latest

d) RA 9514 or Fire Code of the Philippines and

Planning & Designing an Evacuation Center Building

Local Applicable Codes & Standard References

f) Revised National Plumbing Code of the

Planning & Designing an Evacuation Center Building

Local Applicable Codes & Standard References

h) Planning & Designers Handbook by Max

Planning & Designing an Evacuation Center Building

Local Applicable Codes & Standard References

i) Philippine Electrical Code

- used nationally as the basis for

Planning & Designing an Evacuation Center Building

Local Applicable Codes & Standard References

j) Simplified Construction Handbook by

Planning & Designing an Evacuation Center Building

k.1) PNS 07: Specification for Portland Cement

l) Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, ASEP Guide, 1991 Edition.

Planning & Designing an Evacuation Center Building

b) American Concrete Institute (ACI) Publications

Planning & Designing an Evacuation Center Building

International Applicable Codes & Standard References

b.3) ACI 224: Control of Cracking in Concrete Structures

b.4) ACI 301: Specifications for Structural Concrete for Buildings

Planning & Designing an Evacuation Center Building

International Applicable Codes & Standard References

c) American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Publications

c.1) AISC 9th Edition: Manual of Steel Construction

d) Foundation Analysis & Design, by Joseph E. Bowles, 5th Edition.

Planning & Designing an Evacuation Center Building

International Applicable Codes & Standard References

e) American Society for Testing & Materials (ASTM) Publications

Planning & Designing an Evacuation Center Building

International Applicable Codes & Standard References

f) American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE-98)

g) American Welding Society (AWS) Publications

g.1) AWS D1.1-2000: Welding Criteria for Structural Steel

BUILDING DESIGN APPROACH

TOPIC 1: BUILDING DESIGN APPROACH

• The way you approach an initial design will shape the

• The design approach and thought strategy will depend on

TOPIC 1: BUILDING DESIGN APPROACH

1.1 The Sustainable Approach

A sustainable design approach involves designing

TOPIC 1: BUILDING DESIGN APPROACH