REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

Fernando Air Base Campus, Lipa City, Batangas

STYLE AND FORMAT

The student researcher has the full responsibility to see that the research is
submitted in the proper form.

A. FONT AND TEXT SPACING

Font : Arial
Size : 11-point
Spacing : Double ( Use only one space after a period at the end of a sentence.)

B. HEADINGS & PARAGRAPH

 Headings for Major Divisions
o Each major division (e.g. Chapters of the text, References, Appendix, etc.)
should begin on a new page with the heading centered below the top margin.
o Any heading/title which is more than 5.5" in typed length should be divided
into two or more lines, with each successive line shorter than the preceding
line.
o BOLD AND TITLE CASE
 Subheadings
o BOLD AND TITLE CASE
 Paragraph
o Justified
o First sentence in the paragraph is intended.

C. PAPER, MARGINS & PAGINATION

 Paper
o Size : 8.5” x 11” (Letter)
o Color : White
o Quality : Substance 20 or Higher/70 gsm or heavier
 REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Fernando Air Base Campus, Lipa City, Batangas

o Printing : One-side

 Margins :
o Left : 1.5"
o Right : 1"
o Top : 1"
o Bottom : 1"

 Page Number
o All pages should be numbered except the title page and the approval sheet.
o Title page is page I and the approval sheet is page # but no pagination
numeral is shown.
o Preliminary pages are numbered with lowercase Roman numerals.
o Main and supplementary pages are numbered with Arabic numerals.

 Page number Placement

o Bottom of the page, centered, and outside the borderline

D. TABLES, FIGURES & GRAPHS

 Tables should be comprehensive even without referring to the text.
 Abbreviations should not be present in tables unless necessary. However, they
should be spelled out in the legend.
 Size : Should fit on the text area.
Max Width : 6.5”
Max Height : 9” except for continued tables
 Titles : Tables: Above
Figures & Graphs: Below
 Numbering
o All tables, figures, and should be mentioned in numerical sequence.
o Each is numbered with an Arabic number and sentence type is used for
captions.

E. NUMBERS
 Numbers at the start of sentences should be spelled out or written in words.
Decimals instead of fractions should be used in the text, tables, and illustrations
except when used as part of a mathematics proof.
 Ordinal numbers are treated in the same way as cardinal numbers (e.g. 2 nd, 5th,
19th). Percentages are written as numerals followed by the percentage sign with
no space between them. (e.g. 25.5%).
 Numbers from one to ten should be written in full except when used in
measurements and tables.
 REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Fernando Air Base Campus, Lipa City, Batangas

F. CITATIONS IN TEXTS
 APA uses the author-date method of citation. The last name of the author and
the date of publication are inserted in the text in the appropriate place.
 When referencing or summarizing a source, provide the author and year, When
quoting or summarizing a particular passage, include the specific page or
paragraph number as well.
 When quoting in your paper, if a direct quote is less than 40 words, incorporate it
into your text and use quotation marks. If a direct quote is more than 40 words,
make the quotation a free-standing indented block of text and DO NOT use
quotation marks.
One work by one author:

● .. In one development study (Smith, 1990). Children learned… OR

● ..In the study by Smith (1990), primary school children.. OR
● ..In 1990, Smith's study of primary school children..

Works by multiple authors:

 When a work has 2 authors cite both names every time you reference the
work in the text.
 When a work has three to five authors cite all the author names the first time
the reference occurs and then subsequently include only the first author
followed by et. al.

The in-text citation for works with three or more authors is now shortened right from the
first citation. You only include the first author’s name and “et al.”.

Example: Wrong : Taylor, Kotler, Johnson, & Parker, 2018

Right: Taylor et al., 2018

For example:

First citation: Masserton, Slonowsk, and Slowinski (2008) state that…

Subsequent citations: Masserton et.al. (2008) state that…

● For 6 or more authors, cite only the name of the first author followed by
et.al and the year.

Works by no identified author:

● When a resource has no named author, cite the first few words of the
reference entry (usually the title). Use double quotation marks around the title
 REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Fernando Air Base Campus, Lipa City, Batangas

of an article, chapter, or Web page; italicize the title of a periodical, book,

brochure, or report.

For example:
The site seemed to indicate support for homeopathic drugs ("Medical Miracles," 2009).

The brochure argues for homeschooling (Education Reform, 2007).

Two or more works in the same parenthetical citation:

● Citations of two or more works in the same parentheses should be listed in

the order they appear in the reference list (i.e., alphabetically, and then
chronologically).

For example:
Several studies (Jones & Powell, 2004; Peterson, 2005, 2006; Smith, 2008) suggest
that…

Specific parts of a source

● Always give the page number for quotations or to indicate information from a
specific table, chart, chapter, graph, or page. The word page is abbreviated
but not chapter,
● For example:

The painting was assumed to be by Mastisse (Powell, 1989, Chapter 6), but later
analysis showed it to be a forgery (Murphy, 1999, p. 85).

● If, as in the instance of online material, the source has neither visible
paragraph nor page numbers, cite the heading and the number of the
paragraph following it. This allows the reader to locate the text in the source,
For example:
 REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Fernando Air Base Campus, Lipa City, Batangas

The patient wrote that she was unimpressed by the doctor's bedside manner (Smith,
2006, Hospital Experiences section, para.2).

G. CITATIONS IN A REFERENCE LIST

In general, references should contain the author name, publication date, title, and
publication information. Include the issue number if the journal is paginated by issue.
Here are some samples:

*The publisher location is no longer included in the reference.

*Surnames and initials for up to 20 authors (instead of 7) should be provided in the

reference entry.

*URLs are no longer preceded by “Retrieved from,” unless a retrieval date is

needed. The website name is included (unless it’s the same as the author), and web
page titles are italicized.

*For ebooks, the format, platform, or device (e.g. Kindle) is no longer included in the
reference, and the publisher is included.

Example:

Brück, M. (2009). Women in early British and Irish astronomy: Stars and satellites.
Springer Nature. https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2473-2

⮚ Book:
● Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E. B. (1979). The guide to Everything and
then Some More Stuff. New York, NY: Macmillan.
● Gregory, G., & Parry, T. (2006). Designing Brain-Compatible Learning
(3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.

⮚ Chapter of a Book:
● Bergquist, J, M. (1992). German Americans. In J. D. Buenker & L.A.
Ratner (Eds.) Multiculturalism in the United States: A comparative
guide to acculturation and ethnicity (pp.53-76). New York, NY:
Greenwood.

⮚ Journal Article with DOI:

 REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Fernando Air Base Campus, Lipa City, Batangas

● Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the mind's eye.

Memory & Cognition, 3, 635-647, doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

⮚ Journal Article without DOI (when DOI is not available):

● Becker, L.J., & Seligman, C. (1981). Welcome to the energy crisis.
Journal of Social Issues, 37(2), 1-7.
● Hamfi, A. G. (1981). The funny nature of dogs. E-journal of Applied
Psychology, 2(2), 38 -48. Retrieved from
http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/fdo

⮚ Online Newspaper Articles:

● Becker, E. (2001, August 27). Prairle farmers reap conservation's
rewards. The New York Times. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com

⮚ Encyclopedia Articles:
● Brislin, R. W. (1984). Cross-cultural psychology. In R.J. Corsini (Ed.),
Encyclopedia of Psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 319-327). New York, NY:
Wiley.

● Developmental genetics. (2005). In Cambridge encyclopedia of child

development. Retrieved from
http://www.credoreference.com.library.muhlenberg.edu:80/entry/cupc
hilddev/developmental_genetics

⮚ Technical and Research Reports

● Hershey Foods Corporation. (2001, March 15). 2001 Annual Report.
Retrieved from http://www.hersheyannualreport.com/2000/index.htm

⮚ Book Reviews
● Dent-Read, C., & Zukow-Goldring, P.(2001). Is modeling knowing?
[Review of the book Models of Cognitive Development, by K.
Richardson]: American Journal of Psychology, 114,126-133.

⮚ Data sets:
 REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Fernando Air Base Campus, Lipa City, Batangas

● Simmons Market Research Bureau. (2000). Simmons National

Consumer Survey [Data file]. New York, NY: Author.

⮚ Blog post:
● Lincoln, D.S. (2009, January 23). The likeness and sameness of the
ones in the middle. [Web log post]. Retrieved from
http://www.blogspace.com/lincolnworld/2009/1/23.php

⮚ Website with no author or date of publication:

● Census Data Revisited. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2009 from
http://harvard.edu/data/index.php

⮚ Youtube Videos , Podcast, Movie and TV Series

H. ENDNOTES

⮚ Style: APA

⮚ The APA suggest two instances in which endnotes may be used:

● Content Endnotes: to offer further information on a topic that is not

directly related to the text. As content endnotes should be concise,
avoid writing lengthy paragraphs or including extraneous information.
● Copyright Permission Endnotes: to cite adapted or reprinted
materials in the paper, especially data sets, tables, and quotations
that exceed 400 words.

⮚ Indent the first line of each endnote from the left margin, and double-space
the entire page. Each endnote number should be formatted as a superscript,
and should be situated after all punctuation marks excluding a long dash
(-----).
⮚ It is recommended to refrain from extensive usage of endnotes as this
practice may distract or confuse the readers. When applicable, incorporate
additional information in the main text of the paper, but avoid inserting
irrelevant materials. Endnotes should briefly present the reader with
meaningful information that enhances your argument.
 REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Fernando Air Base Campus, Lipa City, Batangas

Examples of endnotes:

Example 1 – Content Endnote: "Under the DSHEA, dietary supplements no longer

receive approval from the FDA before being marketed unless the supplement contains a
new dietary ingredient (DSHEA, 1994)."

Example 2 – Content Endnote: "The questionnaire (see Supplementary material) was

comprised of 4 parts: student perception regarding content of nutrition education;
duration of time spent on nutrition education; preferred education approach nutrition; and
demographics."

Example 3 - Copyright Permission Endnote: "Trust in authority was measured using

four items drawn from models of motive-based trust (Tyler & Huo, 2002)."

A new dietary ingredient is defined as dietary ingredients that were not marketed in the
United States in a dietary supplement prior to October 15, 1994.

Supplementary data are available on the journal Web site (http://apnm.nrc.ca) or may
be purchased from the Depository of Unpublished Data, Document Delivery, CISTI,
National Research Council Canada, Building M-55, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON
K14 OR6, Canada. DUD 5396. For more information on obtaining material refer to
http://cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/libp/cisti/collection/unpublished-data.html.

From the chapters "Motive-Based Trust and Decision Acceptance" and "Societal
Orientations: Legitimacy and Connections With the Society" in Trust in the Law:
Encouraging Public Cooperation With the Police and Courts, by Tom R. Tyler and Yuen
J. Huo, 2002, New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Copyright 2002 by the Russell Sage
Foundation, 112 East 64th Street, New York, NY 10021. Reprinted with permission.
 REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Fernando Air Base Campus, Lipa City, Batangas

SAMPLE FORMAT FOR TITLE PAGE

HYDRAULICALLY-OPERATED AUTOMATIC AIRCRAFT WHEEL CHOCKS: A

PROPOSED ALTERNATIVE DESIGN FOR MANUAL WHEEL CHOCKS IN THE

AIRPORT APRON

An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the

Institute of Engineering and Technology
Philippine State College of Aeronautics
Fernando Air Base Campus, Lipa City

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE TECHNOLOGY

HERNANDEZ, VINCE LORENZ L.

HUELGAS, RENDRHAE S.
LLAGA, RUSELL ANGELO G.
LUMBERA, SOFIA ISABELLE D.

May 2022
 REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Fernando Air Base Campus, Lipa City, Batangas

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

(3-4 PAGES)

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

(3-4 PAGES)

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM (quantitative)

(General statement from the title)

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY (experimental)

(General statement from the title)

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
 REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Fernando Air Base Campus, Lipa City, Batangas

HYPOTHESIS/ES (for quantitative)

These hypothesis/es will be tested in this study.

1.

2.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

(hierarchical arrangement)

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

(first paragraph – Scope)

(second paragraph – limitation)

 REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Fernando Air Base Campus, Lipa City, Batangas

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Input Input Output

Research Tools

Figure 1

Paradigm of the Study

(then discuss the paradigm)

DEFINITION OF TERMS

For the reader’s thorough understanding of the contents of this study, the

following terms are defined conceptually and operationally.

(arranged alphabetically)
 REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Fernando Air Base Campus, Lipa City, Batangas

CHAPTER 2
METHODS OF THE STUDY

This chapter presents the research design, research method, research locale,

research respondents, research sampling technique, instrumentation, data gathering

procedure/method and data analysis

RESEARCH DESIGN

The study made use of the descriptive method of research as it describes

present situation in a particular setting. According to Penwarden (2014) descriptive

design as a set of attitudes, opinions or behavior are observed or measured at a given

time and environment. The focus of descriptive research is on a careful mapping of a

circumstance, situation or set of events to describe what is happening or what has

happened and that it answers the significant difference and relationships that exist or do

not exist. Hence, the researcher deemed it as the appropriate design for

______________________________________________.

RESEARCH METHOD

(type of method use such as quantitative or experimental)

RESEARCH LOCALE

(place where the respondents were taken)

RESEARCH RESPONDENTS

(who and how the respondents were selected)

 REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
Fernando Air Base Campus, Lipa City, Batangas

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE/METHOD

Documentary Analysis.

Questionnaire. (Construction and validation)

Interview.

Focus Group Discussion.

DATA ANALYSIS

The following statistical tools will be used in analyzing and interpreting data

gathered from the respondents.

Frequency.

Weighted Mean.

Standard Deviation.

One Way ANOVA.

The following scale was used in interpreting the computed weighted mean of the

assessments on the manifestations of functions and practices catholicity.

Rate Range Verbal Description

4 3.5 – 4.00 Great Extent (GE)

3 2.5 - 3.49 Moderate Extent (ME)

2 1.5 – 2.49 Slight Extent (SE)

1 1.0 – 1.49 Least Extent (LE)