Optimal Receiver

Akhila Raman∗
Berkeley, CA

(Dated: November 5, 2009)

abstract here

PACS numbers:

I. INTRODUCTION:

Let us rederive the optimal receiver for Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM) in AWGN channel using the
method of Minimization of Mean Squared Error(MMSE) . The received bandpass signal can be represented as a
discrete time signal, during a symbol duration Ts as follows.

r(n) = I cos(ωn) + Q sin(ωn) + w(n) (1)

where I and Q are the in-phase and quadrature phase symbols respectively which remain constant during the symbol
interval and ω = 2π ffsc where fc is the carrier/sub-carrier frequency and fs is the sampling frequency. w(n) is the
Additive White Gaussian Noise.(AWGN)

The MMSE criterion can be written as follows:

N
X −1 N
X −1
= e2 (n) = (r(n) − (I cos(ωn) + Q sin(ωn)))2 (2)
n=0 n=0

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We know that this two body system follows an elliptical orbit which obeys the equation r = l − ex where
l = a(1 − e2 ) is the latus-rectum and e denotes eccentricity of the orbit and a is the semi-major axis of the elliptical
orbit.

d2 x −Kx
= (4)
dt2 (l − ex)3

Integrating it once, we get

1 dx 2 −x2
( ) = A[ + Q] (5)
2 dt (l − ex)2
vx (0)2
where A = K
2l and Q = 2A + ( x(0) 2
r(0) ) and vx (t) =
dx
dt

s
dx −x2
= − 2A +Q (6)
dt (l − ex)2

∗ URL: http://www.Second.institution.edu/~Charlie.Author
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Note that we choose the negative sign for square root when the mass moves from perihelion to aphelion and we
choose positive sign in the other half of the orbit. This can be rearranged using the method of variable separables as

Z √
(l − ex)
Z
I=− p dx = 2Adt (7)
Q(l − ex)2 − x2
(l−ex)
Let us consider the function f (x) = √ . This can be written as
Q(l−ex)2 −x2

l − ex
f (x) = √ q (8)
A0 (x − A21 )2 − C12
q
2elQ A21 2
where A0 = Qe2 − 1, A1 = A0 and C1 = 4 − − Ql
A0 .

A1
Using variable substitution x − 2 = C1 cos(φ) we can write,

Z Z
1
I= f (x)dx = √ [A4 − eC1 cos(φ)]dφ (9)
−A0

where A4 = l − e A21 .
Hence we can write the equation of motion as

t = K1 [A4 φ − eC1 sin(φ)] + K2 (10)

A
1 x− 21
where K1 = √ and φ = arccos( C1 ).
(−2AA0 )
Using initial conditions at t = 0, it can be shown that K2 = 0. This equation
√ gives t as a function of x. For a given
x, we can compute t, then compute r = l − ex and then compute y = r2 − x2 . This completes the solution of the
given two body system.

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II. MISC

Using the trigonometric substitution y = B2 tan θ we can write,

1
Z √
I=√ (A4 − eB2 tan θ) sec θdθ = I1 + I2 = 2At + C (12)
A0

we can show that C = 0. Let us evaluate I1 and I2 separately. Let A5 = √A4

A0

Z
I1 = A5 sec θdθ = A5 ln | sec θ + tan θ| + C2 (13)

B
x+ 21 eB2
where θ = tan−1 ( B2 ). Let A6 = √
A0

− sin θ
Z
I 2 = A6 dθ = −A6 sec θ + C3 (14)
cos2 θ

√A5 −A6
Let A7 = 2A
and A8 = √
2A
. Thus we can write the final solution as
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x + B21
t = A7 ln | sec θ + ( )| + C2 + A8 sec θ + C3 (15)
B2
Using initial conditions at t = 0, it can be shown that C2 = 0 and C3 = 0. This equation
√ gives t as a function of
x. For a given x, we can compute t, then compute r = l − ex and then compute y = r2 − x2 . This completes the
solution of the given two body system.

Let us derive the equation which relates the eccentricity of the elliptical orbit with the initial velocity and position
of the orbiting body.

j] = K[e + eiθ ]
v × h = hz [vybi − vxb (16)

where e denotes the eccentricity of the ellipse. Without loss of generality, the direction of eccentricity vector is
taken to be the direction of θ = 0, thus giving e = ex with ey = 0. Expanding above equation, we get

h
e + cos θ0 = vy (0) (17)
K

−h
sin θ0 = vx (0) (18)
K
p
where hz = h = a(1 − e2 )K. This equation can be used in simulations to get desired orbital eccentricity by
starting with initial conditions as follows:

K
x(0) = x0 ; y(0) = 0; vx (0) = 0; vy (0) = (1 + e) (19)
h

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