KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICES

TOWARDS LABORATORY SAFETY MEASURES

AMONG NOTRE DAME OF MARBEL UNIVERSITY
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY STUDENTS

PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL

2023
Volume: 8
Issue: 8
Pages: 982-996
Document ID: 2023PEMJ706
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7928184
Manuscript Accepted: 2023-05-13 00:13:01
Psych Educ, 2023, 8(8): 982-996, Document ID: 2023PEMJ706, doi:10.5281/zenodo.7928184, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Towards Laboratory Safety Measures Among Notre
Dame of Marbel University Medical Technology Students
Kate Florence Geraldez*, Charisse Aguilar, Isabel Wenadelle Toledo, Efren Ii Deocades
For affiliations and correspondence, see the last page.

Abstract

Medical technology personnel have increased susceptibility to occupational hazards due to lack of research on post-
measurement of Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) in the
field. Hence, this quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the significance in measuring the level of KAP
of second, third, and fourth year medical technology students of Notre Dame of Marbel University (NDMU). The study
employed a random sampling technique and data collection utilized Google Forms. Further, data presentation and analysis
used frequency distribution tables and one-way ANOVA respectively. The findings revealed that knowledge in association
with age had a significant difference (p=0.044), specifically, between age groups 17 to 19 years old and 20 to 22 years old.
Similarly, knowledge in terms of year level had a significant difference (p=0.040), particularly, between fourth year and
second year respondents having a significant difference (p=0.030). Moreover, knowledge in terms of sex had no significant
difference (p=0.126). In terms of attitude and practices on laboratory safety, there is no significant difference across
respondents’ demographics. Hence, evaluating issues in this study would significantly increase medical technology students'
adherence to commendable biosafety protocols and laboratory practices.

Keywords: Attitude, Cross-sectional Study, Knowledge, Practices, Laboratory Safety Measures

Introduction (2016), it was stated that besides attitude and

The medical technology personnel have increased
vulnerability to a myriad of occupational hazards over
the course of their career. However, there hasn't been
much justification nor an extensive and focused
research to assess the situation more specifically
addressing the post-measurement of Occupational
Safety and Health (OSH) Knowledge, Attitude and
Practices (KAP) among medical laboratory personnel
after mitigation actions were expedited which include
engineering controls, administrative controls, work
procedures, and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
such as gloves, face masks, face shields, respirators,
ear plugs and laboratory gowns.
Based on the study in Northwest Ethiopia, it was stated
that the KAP scores among the healthcare
professionals suggest a low rating while there was a
high prevalence of needlestick/sharp injuries.
Additionally, the use of PPE after potential exposures
was very limited due to an inadequate mechanism of
providing job aids and periodic training on proper
hand washing, PPE administration protocols, and safe
disposal of biologically hazardous wastes and
evaluation of trainees' practices by trainers’
observations to assess their level of competency
regarding minimum acceptable standards (Yazie et al.,
2019).
According to the study conducted by Izegbu, et al.
demography factors, knowledge and proper practices
also influence OSH measurements. One of the
frequently occurring incidents due to improper practice
is needlestick and sharp injuries (NSSIs). This results
in increased spread of diseases like HIV, Hepatitis B
and Hepatitis C. Therefore, it has been concluded that
there exists a huge gap between the level of knowledge
and working practice among health care professionals
despite the majority understanding the universal
precaution guidelines. Another study posited in
Malaysia by Anuar et al. (2008) suggests that a
significant increase in laboratory accidents and
mishaps is due to the lack of awareness and knowledge
in Occupational Safety and Health (OSH).
Additionally, previous studies mainly focused on
specific issues such as needle stick injuries (Alamgir et
al., 2008), universal precaution (Izegbu, Amole and
Ajayi, 2006) and laboratory-acquired infections
(Anuar et al., 2008) but had less emphasis on issues
such as awareness, knowledge, and practice on OSH as
well as hazard management.
In Iloilo City, a study on the Knowledge and Practices
of Biosafety among Medical Technologists Working in
Selected Clinical Laboratories revealed that medical
technologists working in tertiary laboratories have
higher biosafety knowledge and remarkable practice of
Biosafety Level 2 standards. However, respondents
have inadequate biosafety knowledge on engineering
controls and practice in the areas of containment
equipment and laboratory facilities respectively,

Kate Florence Geraldez

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Research Article
thereby emphasizing the need for more biosafety
training and updates, and corresponding reinforcement
of biosafety programs for laboratory personnel (Palec
& Malata, 2019).
Another study in the Philippines revealed that 119
medical technologists had low correct responses on
adequate disposal of human tissue remains, throwing
blood waste into domestic waste, and throwing of
expired medications in domestic waste (Aldeguer et
al., 2021). Moreover, a similar study on Filipino
registered medical technologists in Bataan, Batangas,
Bulacan and Camarines Sur, revealed that their
awareness on the recent biosafety guidelines set by the
World Health Organization and their positive attitude
towards compliance and practice of biosafety protocols
as well as safety precautions helped ensure the safety
of laboratory professionals and the public seeking the
services of Filipino medical technologists (Tolentino et
al., 2021).According to the study by Caduco et al.
(2021) that was conducted in Davao City, in terms of
knowledge, the results revealed that all but four
statements were accurately answered by most medical
technicians. These claims were based on a research or
book, and respondents were asked to rate them on a
Likert scale. However, in a study conducted by
Tolentino et al. (2021), it was discovered that 97.87
percent of Filipino registered medical technologists
working in public clinical laboratories practiced
admirable biosafety practices, while the remaining
2.13 percent practiced good biosafety. Moreover, the
level of application of COVID-19 biosafety standards
was determined to be commendable in 97.87 percent
(n = 92) of Filipino registered medical technologists
operating in public clinical laboratories. In selected
level III hospitals in Davao City, the majority of
medical technologists concurred that quality assurance
is crucial and beneficial to laboratory performance,
teamwork, and test output. The study found that
respondents' levels of agreement with regard to
perceived barriers varied. Medical technologists
reported that there were few testing errors when
implementing laboratory quality assurance measures.
Therefore, the objectives of this study are to
investigate the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of
medical technology students towards laboratory safety
measures; identify which laboratory safety measure is
more likely to be done and least likely to be done; and
eventually inculcate the importance of knowledge in
laboratory safety measures.
Research Questions
This study sought to determine the knowledge,
Kate Florence Geraldez
attitude, and practices of medical technology students
on OSHA-based laboratory safety measures. In
specific matter, this study sought to answer the
following questions:
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents
in terms of the following:
1.1 age;
1.2 year level; and
1.3 sex.
2. What is the level of knowledge of NDMU medical
technology students towards laboratory safety
measures?
3. What attitude is displayed by the NDMU medical
technology students towards laboratory safety
measures?
4. What laboratory safety measure is most likely and
least likely to be practiced in the laboratory?
5. Is there a significant difference between the
demographic profile of the respondents to their
Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) towards
laboratory safety measures?
Literature Review
The Role of Health and Safety Committee (HSC) in
OSH Activities
The HSC is critical to the management of occupational
safety and health activities. Thus, the top three key
strategies include (1) Employing a safe system of work
plans to mitigate personnel health and safety issues;
(2) Informing personnel before starting on-site of the
potential issues using site inductions; and (3) Effective
communication among site personnel. Hence,
employers must work with employees to develop a
positive safety culture in the workplace (Cameron et
al., 2006). The American Biological Safety
Association stated that laboratory workers should
possess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices
regarding biosafety measures inside the laboratory,
epidemiological principles, risk assessment and
management and disease control and prevention
(Tolentino et al., 2021).
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) of OSH in
workplace
Most of the accidents occur due to factors such as
carelessness and lack of education, discipline, and
readiness of several employees (Karim & Chee, 2000).
Exploring workers' attitudes regarding OSH regularly
might help with evidence-based interventions that can
enhance work conditions or even target specific
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Research Article
behaviors (Goh & Chua, 2016). Workers with proper
knowledge on workplace safety would be able to
securely complete their given jobs and encourage
personal responsibility to ensure workplace safety
application. Hence, examples of a positive attitude
toward safety include safety-related activities at work,
such as safety training, or adhering to workplace safety
policies and regulations (Onowhakpor et al., 2017).
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices on Biosafety
among Filipino Registered Medical Technologists
The risk increases when biosafety procedures are not
followed in the provincial clinical laboratories, which
rely on manual methods for handling samples.
Additionally, the emergence of the extremely
contagious COVID-19 has been the main cause for
concern in clinical laboratories, leading to the severe
application of safety regulations to prevent the staff
from contracting the illness. (Tolentino et al., 2021).
Hazards and Risks in the Laboratory
Accreditations based on both standards and evidence-
based laboratory management are, as Horvarth et al.
(2005) stated, “useful instruments for starting off
improvement cycles by challenging and examining
present procedures on a regular basis”. It allows
detection of shortcomings in laboratory experts'
knowledge and skills, as well as quality control of the
tests to be performed. The use of laboratory safety
measures by medical laboratory professionals is
influenced by the respondents' sociodemographic
factors. Work experience and educational attainment
were found to be strongly connected with safety
measures, according to the study's findings (Dereje et
al., 2018). Thus, according to the National Research
Council (US) Committee on Prudent Practices in the
Laboratory, failure to comply to basic protocols might
result to potential hazards of chemical substances,
flammable, reactive, and explosive substances, and
physical hazard as well as nanomaterials, biohazards,
and radioactivity hazards.
Hazard and Risk Management
According to the National Research Council (US)
Committee on Prudent Practices in the Laboratory, the
key element of planning an experiment is assessing the
hazards and potential risks associated with the
chemicals and laboratory operations. It is necessary to
introduce the core concepts that serve as the basis for
assessing the risks posed by toxic substances, the use
of flammable, reactive, and explosive substances,
physical hazards, nanomaterials, biohazards, and
Kate Florence Geraldez
radioactivity hazards must be properly presented along
with the toxic effects of laboratory chemicals. As a
result, they can use this information to analyze the
risks related to potential chemical substance hazards
and then choose the appropriate degree of practice
while adhering to the standards for assessing hazards
and risk in the laboratory. However, the relationship
between risk and hazard differs by workplace. (Hughes
et al., 2011). In general, risk management
encompasses detection of hazards, assessment of the
associated risk, modification of the situation until the
risk is acceptable, and then controlling it to avoid or
mitigate the remaining possible risks.
Occupational Accidents by Medical Laboratories
The traditional technique of hazard and risk control
includes five hierarchical choices such as elimination,
substitution, isolation, administrative control, and
lastly PPE (Makin & Winder, 2008). The safe person,
location, and system strategies point out potential
hazards and risks, as well as clever ways to mitigate
them. The contact of humans with substances,
chemicals, or people that can cause biological,
physical, or psychological dangers is represented by
the safe person strategy. Thus, many studies have
investigated the aspects that contribute to workplace
accidents and mishaps.
Occupational Accidents by Medical Laboratories
Few researches on OSH in medical laboratories are
accessible to underdeveloped countries with many
injuries occurring without sufficient documentation.
With regards to occupational health hazards, it was
found that every day, 6,300 people die because of
work-related accidents or diseases, resulting in about
2.3 million deaths each year (Ndejjo et al., 2015).
Hence, medical laboratories handle a wide range of
materials, including potentially harmful pathogenic
organisms, and expose health care personnel to a
variety of risks including blood-borne pathogen
infection such as Hepatitis B (HBV), Hepatitis C
(HCV), and HIV/AIDS and workers who come into
contact with blood and bodily fluids are the ones who
are at most danger. (Nsubuga & Jaakkola, 2005).
Furthermore, medical laboratories use chemical
agents, gasses, and solvents that are non-biological
risks in addition to handling ineffective materials.
These agents can be explosive, flammable, or
poisonous, resulting in flames, gassings, or explosions
in laboratories (Pohanish & Greene, 2003). Electrical
risks, handling sharps, and ergonomic hazards
associated with manual material handling and
equipment use are all inherent hazards in laboratories
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Research Article
(Martin et al., 2013). In relation to this, with the
authorization of the Laboratory Standards Act, the
government established regulations for implementing
the Labor Management Council, which aims to
coordinate labor management relations to promote
labor Management Corporation and increase work
efficiency.
Accident Rate Incidences affected by presence of
Labor Management Council (LMC) in workplaces
Workplaces with a Labor Management Council (LMC)
had a lower accident rate than those without one,
according to Kwan et al. (2011). However, according
to Kristensen (2011), unless employees are given the
opportunity to make input in the safety council,
integration between safety organizations, safety
councils, and employees becomes inefficient.
Accidents at work that result in worker injuries are
constantly a source of concern in most countries. (Li et
al., 2010).
Risk Management Assessments and
Recommendations among Students, Staff, and
Health Care Workers in Educational Biomedical
Laboratories
Safety in the laboratory is a vital subject for all
educational institutes. All types of laboratories possess
a lot of potential hazards including physical,
ergonomic, chemical, biohazards, electric hazards, and
radiation. The risk assessment in educational
laboratories has a significant impact toward the
students and staff. (MA et al., 2018). Generally,
students lack knowledge and understanding of hazards
that they may have done and risks surrounding them
when inside the laboratory because most of them are
curious in handling chemicals and materials
(AlShammari et al., 2021).
Relationship between Demographic Factors and
Quality control in Laboratory Practices
According to Dereje Mamuye et al. (2018), the
sociodemographic characteristics of respondents affect
the practice of quality control among medical
laboratory professionals. Findings from the study
indicate that work experience and educational
attainment were found significantly associated with
quality control. Hence, medical laboratory
professionals with longer working experience perform
better practices.
Relationship between Knowledge, Attitudes and
Practices of the students and their Academic Year
Kate Florence Geraldez
Level
A study by Assar et al. (2022) suggested that
undergraduate medical students of six Arab countries
in their clinical years were significantly associated
with higher levels of Knowledge towards research,
while being a student in the basic years was associated
with more positive Attitudes towards research and yet
higher anxiety towards its Practice.
Relationship between Knowledge, Attitudes and
Practices of the Students and their Sex
A study by Assar et al. (2022) stated that females were
associated with higher perception of research
usefulness to the profession and relevance to life,
while males had significantly higher scores regarding
research anxiety. Further, a study by Dereje et al.
(2018), revealed that with regression analysis, an
association between sex and the Knowledge of study
participants towards Internal Quality control (IQC).
Regarding sex, males have better Knowledge
compared to females concerning Internal Quality
Control for Laboratory Tests among Selected Health
Centers in Addis Ababa Ethiopia.
Relationship between Knowledge, Attitudes and
Practices of the Students and their Age
According to a study by Dereje et al. (2018), age has a
significant association with the knowledge of study
participants. Those participants whose age was 25-29
years have better knowledge about preparing in house-
made Internal Quality Control for Laboratory Tests
among Selected Health Centers in Addis Ababa
Ethiopia. It is also important to consider that the
majority (54.9%) of the study participants were found
between the 25-29 years age group.
In conclusion, the Health and Safety Committee
fervently fosters key strategies to create a positive
safety culture in the laboratory workplace, in which
laboratory personnel play an integral role in
reciprocating such ideals; by mainly training proper
knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) in the
workplace. This includes strict adherence to safety
guidelines and compliance with basic protocols
associated with potential hazards of chemical
substances, flammable, reactive, and explosive
substances. Failure to achieve this notion leads to
workplace accidents and mishaps including electrical
risks, handling sharps, and ergonomic hazards which
in turn is associated with manual material handling and
equipment use which are all inherent hazards in
laboratories. Not only the health care workers are the
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subjects for KAP measurements but also the students
who are under allied health sciences are involved
because theories and initial practice starts in learning
through the institutions who provide them necessary
education. It shows that there is a connecting variable
that contributes to how the KAP of the students are
also affected by their demographic profile. Above all,
every concept reiterated is concerned with the safety in
the laboratory which is a vital subject for all
educational institutions.
Methodology
This chapter presents details of the research design,
locale, research respondents, sampling technique,
apparatus, procedure, data analysis and the limitations
of the study.
Participants
The identified research respondents are the Notre
Dame of Marbel University Medical Technology
students, specifically the second, third, and fourth year
students which are chosen based on their importance
and relevance to the study's subject and research
concerns, given that they have completed the
Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1 and are
supplemented with consistent practice in their
laboratory classes. First years are excluded in this
study as these students have little to no exposure to the
laboratory practices. Currently, the Medical
Technology curriculum is conducting online classes
and first year students have classes with such
modality, therefore there is a need for more adequate
exposure in working inside the laboratory. Bernard and
Spradley (2016) emphasized the relevance in a study
to the availability and willingness to participate of the
respondents, as well as the ability to convey
experiences through a standardized survey
questionnaire, in addition to knowledge and
experience.
Instruments of the Study
The study utilized the data instrumentation in the form
of a questionnaire. The survey questionnaire was
adopted from Schools Insurance Programs for
Employees (SIPE), Occupational Safety and Health
Standards by the Department of Laboratory and
Employment of the Philippines and adapted from the
study of the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of
standard precautions among nursing students in Oman
and reconstructed to suit the context of the study with
some modification. The contents of the questions and
Kate Florence Geraldez
statements were reconstructed in accordance with the
standard biosafety practices stated in the review of
related literature, which was grounded on the OSHA
standards. The patterns of questions consisted of a
predetermined scale, Yes or No and matching correct
answers.
AlHinaail et al. (2020) chose ten undergraduate
students from the colleges of medicine and nursing
who had begun working in the hospital for a self-
determination questionnaire to determine the validity
and feasibility of the study. They conducted a pretest
for study objective prior performance of a full-scale
research project during the pilot study. The difficulty
indices per question for the Knowledge Evaluation
Questionnaire (KEQ) were determined. Items 3, 4, and
7 were kept despite having difficulty indices of 0.63,
0.60, and 0.33, respectively. The questions with a
score of more than 0.75 were revised and validated by
their research adviser. (Narayanan, 2013). The
reliability of the statements in the Likert scale
questionnaires was determined by computing the
Cronbach's alpha per group or factor. The Cronbach's
alpha value for the Attitude Likert Scale Questionnaire
(ALSQ) was 0.733, which was interpreted as good.
Cronbach's alpha for the Practice Evaluation
Questionnaire (PEQ) was 0.830, which was interpreted
as very good (AlHinaail et al., 2020).
The demographic profile of the respondents utilized
frequency and percentage to present the distribution of
the responses coming from them. A table of
interpretation of the KAP score for the Knowledge
Evaluation Questionnaire (KEQ) was provided to
determine the level of knowledge of the respondents
adapted from the study of Tolentino et al. (2021).
These tables of interpretation were developed by
Tolentino and his colleagues with the approval of a
statistician from the University of Santo Tomas
Research Center for Social Sciences and Education.
Table 1. Knowledge Evaluation Questionnaire (KEQ)
Interpretation
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Figure 1. .
Meanwhile, for the Attitude Likert Scale
Questionnaire (ALSQ), the mean was calculated to
determine if the respondents have a positive or
negative attitude towards laboratory safety measures.
Table 2 shows the qualitative interpretation of a 5-
point Likert scale measurement for attitude towards
laboratory safety measures.
Table 2. Attitude Likert Scale Questionnaire (ALSQ)
Interpretation
Figure 2. .
For the Practice Evaluation Questionnaire (PEQ), the
mean is used to determine the ranking of which
laboratory safety measure is most likely done to least
like done. It will also determine if the respondents
have commendable or poor practice of laboratory
safety measures.
Table 3. Practice Evaluation Questionnaire (PEQ)
Interpretation
Figure 3. .
One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was also
utilized to determine if there is a correlation in the
demographic profile of the respondents towards KAP
in laboratory safety measures with the p value of <0.05
for the level of significance with 95% confidence
interval.
Kate Florence Geraldez
The questionnaire was divided into four parts. The first
part consisted of questions that pertains to the
respondents’ demographic elements, such as age, sex,
and year level. The second part is the Knowledge
Evaluation Questionnaire (KEQ) which included
questions which tested the level of knowledge of the
respondents on OSH based on predetermined questions
and picture identification. The questions required
responses that measured their knowledge of the OSH
Act and basic issues about hazard. Hazard symbols
that are related to the field of medical technology were
presented and were asked to identify the pictures with
the correct answer. The third part contained the
Attitude Likert Scale Questionnaire (ALSQ), in which
aimed to assess the attitude of the respondents
following the responsibilities of the students towards
Occupational Safety Hazard (OSH) laboratory safety
measures in a predetermined scale question. This
showed their attitude towards OSH as well as their
concerns and considerations as well as questions that
assessed the attitudes of the respondents regarding
standard biosafety practices. Lastly, the fourth part is
the Practice Evaluation Questionnaire (PEQ), in which
the awareness and practice of the respondents
regarding the proper use of PPE and the laboratory
safety practice of the respondents in the form of Yes or
No questions.
Procedure
A permission to conduct the study from the Medical
Technology Department Head was sought first before
the researchers conducted the research. To achieve
this, the researchers submitted a Letter of Approval to
the persons involved in this study. After the letter was
signed and approved, the researchers prepared the
survey questionnaire which were validated by the
members of the research panel. Before answering the
survey, the respondents signed the consent form, and
the confidentiality of the respondents is maintained
throughout the conduct of this study, in accordance
with the Data Privacy Act of 2012. The importance of
the study was explained clearly to all respondents,
followed by the administration of the questionnaire.
The administration of the questionnaire was done
through Google Forms. To ensure the validity of the
answers, a check box at the end of the questionnaire
should be clicked which indicates independence in
answering the survey questionnaire. Once they press
the Submit button, responses are automatically
recorded. They received a summary of their responses
to guarantee transparency in all communications
related to the study.
When the researchers reached the sample size of the
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respondents that needed to answer the survey, data
analysis and interpretation was followed with the use
of a statistical tool chosen by the researchers.
Interpretation and discussion of the results were done
after data analysis.
Ethical Considerations
This study was evaluated and reviewed by the Notre
Dame of Marbel University Research Advisers and
Research Panelists before the actual conduct of the
research for careful considerations of ethical issues
since this involved human participants. Social Value.
This study would be beneficial to the Notre Dame of
Marbel University Medical Technology students to
improve their compliance to practice of biosafety
protocols as well as safety precautions.This would
help ensure the safety of the working personnel in the
laboratory and the public seeking the services of
Filipino medical technologists. Further, this study not
only helps the Medical Technology Department
determine the extent of the students’ adherence to
correct practices but also assists the Medical
Technology Department in establishing how much the
students are consistently exercising proper safety
practices and make possible interventions to enhance
and strengthen the students’ foundation on laboratory
safety.
Informed Consent. The researchers utilized the
standard ICF that was provided by the NDMU Medical
Technology 4th year Research Course Instructor which
allowed the researchers to obtain permission from the
participants to engage in the study. This consent was
solicited from the participants before answering the
survey questionnaire to make sure that the participants
readily agreed to be part of the study and that their
participation was a result of their conscious and
informed decision. The informed consent form was
also reviewed by the NDMU Medical Technology
Department Research Committee accordingly.
Vulnerability of the research participants. As
researchers, they acknowledged that the participants
were no longer vulnerable since they were already of
legal age and had the capacity to think, respond, and
decide on their own. This study would strictly uphold
the rights and dignity of the participants thus, they
were asked properly through an ICF to allow the
researchers to give the online survey questionnaire to
the respondents to fulfill and provide relevant
information based on their Knowledge, Attitudes, and
Practices to meet the desired objectives of the study.
Through this, they all had the chance, freedom, and
opportunity to withdraw from participating or not
Kate Florence Geraldez
participate at all before answering the online survey
questionnaire. I also ensured the confidentiality and
anonymity of participants participating in the study
and the researchers also assured that there would be no
deception and/or exaggeration in stating the objectives
or any misleading information about the study so that
the participants can decide on whether they will
participate in the study or not.
Risks, benefits, and safety. The researchers determined
that conducting the online survey questionnaire
virtually would decrease contact with the participants
and reduce the risk of disease transmission in
consideration of the country's continued rise in
COVID-19 cases, including in South Cotabato, the
study's locale. The researchers also acknowledged that
the participants may experience minimal psychological
or emotional distress when answering the online
survey questionnaire since 4th year NDMU Medical
Technology interns had to take time in answering it
considering their heavy schedule. With this, the
researchers ensured that they cultivate a flexible time
frame, by enabling free and open access to the online
survey questionnaires and ensured that the questions
were properly framed to elicit relevant information to
reach the objectives of the study without
compromising the time and safety of the participants.
The researchers also scheduled the interview based on
the free and most comfortable time for the participants
to lessen their distress related to conflicts in hospital
rotational schedules (in the case of 4th year interns)
and ongoing online classes (in the case of other year
levels ). Research participants’ dignity and privacy
were also respected, prioritized, and always guaranteed
during the conduct of the study. The researchers also
recognized the vulnerability of the participants and
their right to privacy, so that the research participants
and the information that they shared during the online
survey questionnaire were treated with utmost care and
confidentiality. The benefits also of the results of the
study were explained thoroughly to make sure that the
participants were also aware of their significant
contributions.
Privacy and confidentiality of information. The Data
Privacy Act of 2012 formed the foundation for the
entire study, ensuring that all participant information
and identity were handled with the utmost care and
confidentiality. The research participants were
assigned a specific code to uphold anonymity during
data gathering, analysis, and presentation. The online
survey questionnaires were released virtually, and the
responses were all recorded so that the researchers
could store all of these in a folder protected by a
password. Back-up storage of all the files was secured
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in a well-protected electronic device like a hard drive
and/or an online storage platform like Google Drive.
Justice. The study was open to all second- to fourth-
year NDMU Medical Technology students who met
the inclusion requirements and were not rejected by
the exclusion standards that the researchers
established. In order to ensure that no one was ever
subjected to discrimination in the inclusion or
exclusion of options, the researchers were required to
provide adequate justifications as shown in the
methodology of this study, notably in the formulation
of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Regardless of
the KAP scores they received or the interpretation that
these results suggest, the researchers treated each and
every study participant fairly and with respect. As a
sign of gratitude and appreciation to the participants,
the researchers acknowledge all those who have
participated in this study.
Transparency. Transparency was validated in this
study by explicitly presenting all of the objectives and
intent of this research for participants to understand
how they will participate in and contribute to the
study. All kinds of communication were properly
documented and the findings of the results were
evaluated, analyzed, and interpreted by a statistician
for validation of the data gathered. The results were
kept confidential and all steps of the research process
were carefully interpreted. The researchers urged the
participants to be open and truthful in their responses
to every question contained in the survey questionnaire
to ensure the validity and purpose of this study.
Qualification of the Researcher. The researchers
pursued this study since they are medical technology
students who aspire to determine the Knowledge,
Attitudes, and Practices towards Safety Measures of
their fellow medical technology students and wanted
to take part in assessing how proficient the students are
in their knowledge and how commendable their
attitudes and practices are in terms of Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) laboratory
safety measures. As we all know, the road to becoming
a Registered Medical Technology is inarguably
challenging, thus the students were given a complex
set of notes to read and assessments that they needed
to pass. The researchers invested their time and effort
in this study to help out their fellow students having
trouble understanding the safety precautions inside the
laboratory. The researchers are currently in their 4th
year in college and an intern at Notre Dame of Marbel
University and have been through a lot of challenges
before they reach this stage of learning wherein they
will be able to use their knowledge to hone their skills
Kate Florence Geraldez
in laboratory safety measures. Other than that, the
researcher’s adviser, Efren II C. Deocades, RMT,
MSMT, who was a senior instructor at Notre Dame of
Marbel University had been so supportive and guided
the researchers through every step of carrying out this
study.
Adequacy of facilities. Due to the current regulations
in accordance with COVID-19 safety protocols, which
mainly includes the limitation on meeting people face-
to-face, the researchers did not communicate in such
manner with the respondents but instead conducted an
online survey using Google Forms that is readily
accessible and convenient to the participants and to
avoid the risks of contacting COVID-19 throughout
the conduct of the study. Hence, the internet
connectivity, gadgets like phone, and laptop, as needed
in the conduct of the survey were provided by each
respondent to actually answer the online survey
questionnaire.Online storage through Google Drive
and an external hard drive for the protected storage of
the files were also available. The researchers also had
a good line of communication with their research
adviser and other research specialists who helped and
guided them in their study.
Community Involvement. The researchers dealt with
the NDMU Medical Technology 2nd year to 4th year
students and thereby observed that student’s adherence
to laboratory safety protocols vary based on their
Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices. The Researchers
also recognized the importance of establishing a good
rapport with the respondents and with the other
students who helped disseminate the said online
survey questionnaire who were significant contributors
to the success of the study.Therefore, the researchers
would be obliged to keep a good record of
communication through messages of gratitude to such
participants and establish a good professional linkage
to every individual who was a part of the study. This
research would only be successful if the findings will
be communicated well and would be utilized for the
common good of the people.
Result
This chapter presented in detail the overall statistical
data gathered in line with the Knowledge, Attitude and
Practices of NDMU medical technology students. The
researchers identified the demographic profile of the
respondents, the level of knowledge, attitude, and
practices is interpreted by the researchers. The
association of the demographic profile towards
knowledge, attitude, and practices was also identified.
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Respondents' Demographic Profile

Table 4 presents the frequency and percentages of the

respondents’ demographic profile consisting of their
age, year level, and sex. In terms of age, among the
respondents, 90.2% (n= 120) belongs to the age group
of 20 to 22 years old, 7.5% (n=10) belongs to the age
group 23 to 24 years old and 2.3% (n=3) belongs to
the 17 to 19 years old. Therefore, the age group 20 to
22 years old have the highest number of respondents.
In terms of year level, 33.8% (n=45) are fourth year,
33.1% (n=44) are second year and 33.1% (n=44) are
third year medical technology students. In terms of
sex, 71.4% (n=95) are female, while 28.6% (n=38) are
male among the 133 NDMU medical technology
students. This shows that most of the respondents are
female.
Table 4. Demographic Profile of the Respondents
Figure 5. .
Attitude Towards Laboratory Safety Measures
Attitudes of NDMU medical technology students were
surveyed and the mean range of each statement along
with the verbal description is shown on Table 6. Based
on the data gathered, the average mean of 4.33 showed
that the NDMU medical technology students’ attitude
towards laboratory safety measures is very high.
Among the statements stipulated in the questionnaire,
statements 1 to statement 9 having the mean of 4.35
showed that the attitude of the students towards
Laboratory Safety Measures is always evident.
However, statement 10 having mean of 4.20 shows
that the students' attitude displayed towards laboratory
safety measures is oftentimes evident.

Table 6. Mean Results on Attitude Displayed by the

NDMU Medical Technology Students Towards
Laboratory Safety Measures

Figure 4. .

Knowledge Towards Laboratory Safety Measures

The knowledge of medical technology students was

analyzed based on the KAP score for knowledge of
laboratory safety measures. Table 5 presents the
frequency and percentages for the knowledge of
NDMU medical technology students. The results show
that 99.2% (n=132) have proficient laboratory safety
knowledge and 0.8% (n=1) have good laboratory
safety knowledge. Overall, this suggests that most of
the NDMU medical technology students display
proficient laboratory safety knowledge.

Table 5. Level of Knowledge on Laboratory Safety

Measures of NDMU Medical Technology Students

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Practices Towards Laboratory Safety Measures

The practices of NDMU medical technology students

were presented on Table 7 based on frequency and
percentages of the laboratory safety measures most
likely and least likely to be practiced in the laboratory.

Among the respondents, 131 (98.5%) follow the

standard protocol in handling specimens in the
laboratory and 101 (75.9%) recap used needles after
blood collection and 129 (97%) discard laboratory
waste immediately to their proper hazardous waste
container and 127 (95.5%) remove rings, watches,
bracelets, or other accessories before performing hand
hygiene, and 116 (87.2%) responded that they have
written guidelines for those who are exposed to HIV,
HBV, HCV, and other bloodborne infections in
laboratory classes and 124 (93.2%) responded that
they have standard protocols for those who are
exposed to bloodborne infections in laboratory classes
and 132 (99.2%) responded that there are written
guidelines on proper waste disposal in laboratory
classes and 131(98.5%) responded that all teachers
and the students follow the written guidelines on
bloodborne infections and proper waste disposal; and
130 (97.7%) responded that they discard sharps and
needles in the sharps container.

Table 7. Distribution on Attitude Towards Laboratory

Safety Measures
Figure 6. .

Figure 8. .

Figure 7. . Table 8 displays the mean results for each statement

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with their corresponding verbal description. The
results shown in this study is that all the statements
asked in the survey have commendable practice
towards laboratory safety measures as the mean for
each statement is within the range of the said
interpretation. This concludes that the average mean of
1.94 shows that the respondents have commendable
practice of laboratory safety measures.
Table 8. Mean Results on Practices Displayed by the
Respondents Towards Laboratory Safety Measures
Figure 9. .
Figure 10. .
Kate Florence Geraldez
Association Of the Demographic Profile of The
Respondents to Their Knowledge, Attitudes and
Practices (KAP) Towards Laboratory Safety
Measures
The study also identified if there is a significant
difference in the demographic profile of the
respondents to their knowledge, attitude, and practices
towards laboratory safety measures.
Table 9 displays the p-values generated for each of the
demographic profiles. In terms of knowledge, the
findings suggest that the knowledge in association
with age has a significant difference (p=0.44).
Knowledge among year levels has a significant
difference (p=0.40) shown in the table. However, the
level of knowledge among respondents has no
significant difference in terms of sex (p=0.126). This
means that whether the respondent is male or female,
their level of knowledge is comparable.
Table 9. Significant Difference Between the
Demographic Profile of the Respondents to their
Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) Towards
Laboratory Safety Measures
Figure 11. .
In terms of attitude on laboratory safety measures,
there is no significant difference between the age
(p=0.175), year level (p=0.202) and sex (p= 0.085) of
the respondents as reported in this study. This means
that the difference in the level of attitude in association
with the age, year level and sex is statistically
insignificant.
Lastly, in terms of practices towards laboratory safety
measures, the findings of this study show that there is
no significant difference between the age (p=0.898),
year level (p=0.320) and sex (p= 0.371) of the
respondents. This means that the level of practice of
the respondents in association with the age, year level
and sex is almost the same.
According to a study by Assar et al. (2022), it was
stated that females were associated with higher
perception of research usefulness to the profession and
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relevance to life as compared to males who had
significantly higher scores regarding research anxiety.
Another study by Dereje et al. (2018), revealed that
with regression analysis, an association between sex
and the Knowledge of study participants towards
Internal Quality control (IQC).
The findings of this study implies that sex has no
influence on Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of the
respondents. The results of this study are contrary to
the findings of Adli et al. (2022), in which they
suggest that female medical students were superior to
males in terms of knowledge and practice. Dashti et al.
(2022) also concluded in their study that gender was
significantly related to COVID-19 prevention
practices. They also stated a similar previous study
that also showed health related behaviors, including
participation in screening and prevention strategies,
were more common among women compared to men.
In another study, men were found to have lower levels
of knowledge and practice in relation to COVID-19
prevention compared to women
According to the results provided, the level of
knowledge has significant differences in terms of age
and year level. Post Hoc comparison is done to
determine which specific age groups and year levels
have significant differences. Table 10 presents the Post
Hoc comparisons of knowledge and its relationship
with age.
Table 10. Post Hoc Analysis Between Knowledge and
Age
Figure 12. .
Age has a significant difference in connection with the
knowledge of the respondents towards laboratory
safety measures, based on the results obtained in this
study. The Post Hoc analysis shows that between the
age groups 17 to 19 years old and 20 to 22 years old,
there is a significant difference (p= 0.034) in terms of
Kate Florence Geraldez
knowledge. While 17 to 19 years old and 23 to 24
years old show no significant difference (p=0.085) and
there is no significant difference (p=0.979) between 20
to 22 years old and 23 to 24 years old. The findings of
Dashti et al. (2022), suggests that the average group of
medical students regarding the KAP towards
COVID-19 prevention are under 22 years old. Roghani
et al., (2020) also stated that the majority of the
medical students (51.1%) belonged to the age group of
21-25 years.
The findings of this study implies that age is a factor in
considering the knowledge of most of the students.
This suggests that older students have accumulated
experiences, knowledge, and information, thus
contributing to higher understanding about risks,
hazards, and laboratory safety measures. It also
suggests that older students who are more mature and
have better knowledge compared to younger students.
Adli et al. (2022) suggested in his study that older
students were found to have higher attitude scores
compared to younger students. These findings can be
justified by a higher level of knowledge due to the
higher duration of academic studies and better
perception of the among older students compared to
younger students.
The level of knowledge has a significant relationship
with year level. In line with this, Post Hoc
comparisons were done to determine which specific
year levels have a significant relationship and no
significant relationship. Table 11 presents the Post Hoc
comparisons of the knowledge and year level.
Table 11. Post Hoc Analysis Between Knowledge and
Year Level
Figure 13. .
As indicated in the table, between the fourth year and
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Research Article
second year have significant differences (p= 0.030) in
terms of knowledge. This means that there is a
comparable difference in terms of knowledge between
fourth year and second year NDMU medical
technology students. While between fourth year and
third year students, there is no significant difference
(p= 0.380) in terms of knowledge, and there is also no
significant difference (p=0.436) in the knowledge of
second year and third year students.
This means that their length of stay in the institution as
well as progressing to higher years may contribute to
further strengthening the knowledge on laboratory
safety measures. The significant difference in year
level as shown in the results of this study suggests that
fourth year students have extensive experiences in
terms of dealing with hazards in the laboratory as well
as more exposure in encountering situations where
they have to uphold laboratory safety measures at all
times since they are handling clinical specimens and
operating machines that requires utmost care to avoid
risks while working. Although third year and second
year students are also knowledgeable about laboratory
safety measures, they still lack experience in clinical
set up.
Adli et al. (2022) also reveals that medical students in
clinical years or in their final year (fifth year or fourth
year) yielded higher knowledge scores compared to
pre-clinical students. Their findings suggest that this
may be explained by the fact that medical students in
their final years have been exposed to more
experiences and learning opportunities in clinical
setup. However, Aceret et al. (2021) also stated in their
study that many undergraduate medical students in
Indonesia had a positive attitude and practice against
COVID-19, yet only a few had adequate knowledge.
Discussion
This study's principal objective is to determine the
significance of measuring the KAP of the respondents,
Medical Technology students of the Notre Dame of
Marbel University (NDMU), based on Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) laboratory
safety measures.Thus, this analysis used the cross-
sectional survey design to determine the knowledge,
attitude, and practices of second, third- and fourth-year
medical technology students on OSHA-based
laboratory safety measuresThe research also
established a correlation between the two variables in
the study.Henceforth, the demographic profile of the
respondents which includes age, year level, and sex
with respect to the Medical Technology students'
Kate Florence Geraldez
KAP. Specifically, it established whether there is a
significant difference or none between the
demographic profile of the respondents to their
Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) towards
laboratory safety measures
Conclusion
Medical technologists are regarded as the foundation
of clinical diagnosis since they routinely handle and
deal with potentially infectious specimens. They must
therefore be equipped with the necessary skills,
attitudes, and behaviors to deal with any risks or
dangers they may experience while performing their
work in the laboratory. Additionally, one of the most
important factors in developing future medical
technologists who are competent and effective is their
educational background in laboratory safety
procedures.
Based on the findings gathered in this study, most of
the students are proficient in the laboratory safety
measures in terms of knowledge. On one hand, their
attitude is very high indicating a commendable attitude
towards laboratory safety measures. This means that
they have a positive attitude, and they adhere to the
laboratory safety and to the institution’s biosafety
protocols and efficient laboratory practices. On the
other hand, they are deemed compliant with OSHA
safety and health regulations as well as adhere to the
company work rules, policies, and procedure.
Respondents take safety seriously and take advantage
of the protections available in the workplace. They
strictly employ personal protective equipment (PPE)
such as gloves, hard hats, and protective eyewear.
Lastly, in terms of practices, the respondents have
commendable practice towards laboratory safety
measures. They followed the standard practices that
included the institutional policies for the safe handling
of sharps, such as needles, scalpels, and pipettes. They
were able to carefully manage needles and other
sharps, since it is necessary to ensure needles must not
be bent, sheared, broken, recapped, removed from
disposable syringes, or otherwise manipulated by hand
before disposal. They were able to follow written
guidelines concerning infection control and proper
waste disposal in the laboratory. Moreover, they
diligently adhere to the pre-laboratory protocols such
as removing jewelry and other accessories before
handwashing.
However, in terms of the demographic factors or
profile of the respondents, the age and year level of the
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students is a factor in terms of the level of knowledge.
While in terms of attitude towards laboratory safety
measures, results show that there is no significant
difference between the demographic profile of the
respondents. It shows that there is no association
between attitude and the year level, age and sex of the
students. Lastly, the practices towards laboratory
safety measures of the respondents also show no
significant difference in association with the
demographic profile which implies that demographic
profile does not influence their practices on laboratory
safety measures.
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Affiliations and Corresponding Informations
Corresponding: Kate Florence Geraldez
Email: kateflorence.geraldez@gmail.com
Phone:
Kate Florence Geraldez:
Notre Dame of Marbel University - Philippines
Charisse Aguilar:
Notre Dame of Marbel University - Philippines
Isabel Wenadelle Toledo:
Notre Dame of Marbel University - Philippines
Efren II Deocades:
Notre Dame of Marbel University - Philippines
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