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INFLUENCE OF DAMPING MODELS ON DYNAMIC ANALYSES OF A BASE-ISOLATED COMPOSITE
STRUCTURE UNDER EARTHQUAKES AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIBRATIONS
FEI Yi-fan, TIAN Yuan, HUANG Yu-li, LU Xin-zheng
在线阅读 View online: https://doi.org/10.6052/j.issn.1000-4750.2021.07.0500

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第 39 卷第 3 期 Vol.39 No.3 工　　程　　力　　学
2022 年 3 月 Mar. 2022 ENGINEERING MECHANICS 201

文章编号：1000-4750(2022)03-0201-11

INFLUENCE OF DAMPING MODELS ON DYNAMIC ANALYSES OF A

BASE-ISOLATED COMPOSITE STRUCTURE UNDER EARTHQUAKES
AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIBRATIONS

FEI Yi-fan , TIAN Yuan , HUANG Yu-li , LU Xin-zheng

(Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Safety and Durability of China Education Ministry,
Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

Abstract: Structural design simultaneously governed by earthquakes and environmental vibrations has received a
lot of attention in recent years. Base-isolated composite structures are typically used in the above-mentioned
structural design. The corresponding analysis involves validating structural safety under earthquakes and human
comfort under environmental vibrations through a time-history analysis. Thus, a reasonable damping model is
essential. In this work, the representatives of viscous damping model and rate-independent damping model,
namely the Rayleigh damping model and uniform damping model, were adopted to investigate the influence of
damping models on the time-history analysis of such structural designs. The energy dissipation characteristics of
the above-mentioned damping models were illustrated via a dynamic test of recycled aggregate concrete
specimens. A case study was performed on a base-isolated steelconcrete composite structure. The dynamic
responses under the excitation of earthquakes and environmental vibrations were compared using different
damping models. The uniform damping model was found to be more flexible than the Rayleigh damping model in
dealing with excitations with different frequency components. The uniform damping model is both theoretically
advantageous and easy to use, demonstrating its potential in dynamic analysis of structures designed
simultaneously governed by earthquakes and environmental vibrations.
Key words: seismic and environmental vibration analysis; Rayleigh damping model; uniform damping model;
seismic isolation; composite structure

中图分类号：TU311.3 文献标志码：A doi: 10.6052/j.issn.1000-4750.2021.07.0500

1 Introduction equipment, as well as office buildings, hotels, and

hospitals with high comfort requirements.
In recent years, China has witnessed rapid
Structural design simultaneously governed by
developments in civil engineering. New building
earthquakes and environmental vibrations not only
structures located next to high-speed railways or
subways should be constructed in line with the ensures seismic safety but also supports
requirements for both seismic safety and environmental vibration control. Thus, a
environmental vibration control[1 − 3]. Considering both corresponding dynamic analysis is necessary to
earthquakes and environmental vibrations during the validate the design results. Time-history analysis has
structural design is particularly important for some become an important method for evaluating seismic
buildings, such as laboratories that have precision safety and simulating environmental vibrations[4 − 6].
收稿日期：2021-07-03；修改日期：2021-12-06
基金项目：中国机械工业集团公司重大技术开发专项项目(SINOMAST-ZDZX-2017-05)；国家重点研发计划项目(2019YFC1509305)；清华大学
“水木学者”计划项目
通讯作者：田　源 (1991−)，男，辽宁人，博士，主要从事工程结构抗震与防灾减灾研究 (E-mail: t-y14@tsinghua.org.cn).
作者简介：费一凡 (1998−)，男，江苏人，博士生，主要从事工程结构抗震研究 (E-mail: fyf20@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn);
黄羽立 (1980−)，男，广东人，博士，主要从事工程结构抗震研究 (E-mail: huangyl@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn);
陆新征 (1978−)，男，安徽人，教授，博士，主要从事结构数值模拟与防灾减灾研究 (E-mail: luxz@tsinghua.edu.cn).
202 工　　程　　力　　学
The results of the analysis are significantly influenced
by the characteristics of the selected damping model.
In the existing literature, the Rayleigh damping
model[7 − 9] and the Wilson –Penzien damping model
(the superposition of modal damping)[10 − 11] are most
commonly utilized for dynamic analysis. Many new
damping models[12 − 14]
have also been proposed to
address the weaknesses of existing damping models in
dynamic analysis.
A base-isolated composite structure is a common
structural type. The dynamic analysis of this structure
under earthquakes and environmental vibrations has
the following characteristics: 1) Earthquakes and
environmental vibrations have different frequency
components that can excite different vibration modes
of the structure. Accordingly, the damping model
should reasonably consider the contributions of all
excited modes. 2) The damping model should avoid
introducing “ spurious” damping forces to rigid-
body motions, which are significant in the horizontal
response of base-isolated structures. 3) The composite
structure is composed of various materials with
different damping characteristics. Therefore, the
damping model should reasonably reflect the damping
characteristics of different materials. However, owing
to the lack of relevant analysis, the effect of damping
models on the dynamic analyses remains unclear.
This work first introduces a typical viscous
damping model (i.e., Rayleigh damping model) and a
novel rate-independent damping model (i.e., uniform
damping model). The energy dissipation of different
damping models under various loading frequencies is
then illustrated based on the dynamic test of recycled
aggregate concrete specimens. Next, a case study is
conducted on a base-isolated steel–concrete composite
structure to explore the effects of different damping
models on the structural dynamic analyses under
earthquakes and environmental vibrations. Finally, the
critical issues are summarized regarding the use of the
above-mentioned damping models in dynamic
analysis considering earthquakes and environmental
vibrations.
2 Damping models
2.1 Rayleigh damping model
Owing to its simplicity, the Rayleigh damping
model has been widely used in seismic and
environmental vibration analyses[15 − 18]
. For the
equation of motion shown in Equation (1), the viscous
damping force is formulated as Equation (2):
fI + fD + f0 = p (1)
fD = Cu̇ (2)
where fI represents the inertial force; fD represents the
damping force; f0 denotes the restoring force; p
denotes the external force; C is the viscous damping
matrix; and u is the displacement vector. The
Rayleigh damping model can be expressed as a linear
combination of the mass and stiffness matrices, as
shown in Equation (3)[19]:
C = a0 M + a1 K (3)
where M and K are the mass and stiffness matrices,
respectively; the coefficients a0 and a1 can be
determined using Equation (4):
[ ]{ } { }
1 1/ωi ωi a0 ζi
= (4)
2 1/ω j ω j a1 ζj
where ωi (ωj) and ζi (ζj) are the natural frequency and
damping ratio of the i-th (j-th) mode, respectively.
Note that the Rayleigh damping model is defined
according to the damping energy dissipation of each
mode at the natural frequency. In the application, the
viscous damping ratio of each mode is defined. The
overall damping behavior of a structure is mainly
determined by the proportion of each mode in the
actual vibration and the corresponding predefined
viscous damping ratio. However, because the
Rayleigh damping model is based on the viscous
damping theory, the energy dissipation caused by the
viscous damping ratio of each mode is proportional to
the actual vibration frequency of the corresponding
mode.
In Figure 1(a) for example, given the i-th and j-th
natural frequencies and viscous damping ratios, the
viscous damping ratio of each mode of the Rayleigh
damping model is fully determined. The Rayleigh
 工　　程　　力　　学 203

damping model underestimates the viscous damping number of cutoff frequencies are logarithmically
ratios of the modes between the i-th and j-th modes spaced in the specified frequency range (including
and significantly overestimates the viscous damping endpoints). Additionally, fLn is the time history of the
ratios of the other modes. Moreover, owing to its restoring force through a low-pass filter with the
inherent theoretical deficiency of the viscous damping cutoff frequency ωcn; it follows Equations (6) and (7):
model, the energy dissipation of each mode is 1 d fLn
fLn + = f0 (6)
ωcn dt
proportional to its actual vibration frequency, as
d fLn
shown in Figure 1(b), which is inconsistent with the fLn (0) = f0 (0), (0) = 0 (7)
dt
phenomena typically observed in the dynamic tests of
When Equation (8) is satisfied, rate-independent
solid structures.
damping models and viscous damping models
Rayleigh damping i-th mode j-th mode
0.03 dissipate the same amount of energy at the vibration
Viscous damping ratio

frequency ω, where ζ is the viscous damping ratio,

0.02 (1, 0.02)
(100, 0.02)
and ωn is the natural frequency of the vibration mode.
η
ζ= (8)
0.01 2 (ω/ ωn )
Figure 1(b) shows the relationship between the
0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 energy dissipation induced by the uniform damping
Natural frequency/Hz
(a) Relationship between natural frequency and model and the vibration frequency. Compared with
viscous damping ratio the Rayleigh damping model, the energy dissipation
Rayleigh damping Uniform damping of the uniform damping model remains largely
1
i-th mode unchanged in the specified frequency range, which is
close to the experimental phenomena. Note that
Loss factor

0.1 (1, 0.04) (100, 0.04)

uniform damping is defined according to the damping
0.01 energy dissipation corresponding to each vibration
j-th mode
frequency in the frequency range. Therefore, the
0.001
0.1 1 10 100 1000 energy dissipation of each mode at the actual vibration
Vibration frequency/Hz
frequency can be ensured as long as the main
(b) Relationship between vibration frequency
and loss factor vibration frequencies of the structure are covered by
Fig. 1 Schematics of Rayleigh and uniform damping models the defined frequency range.
2.2 Uniform damping model 3 Comparison of energy dissipation
Huang et al.[20] proposed a novel uniform
of different damping models
damping model that ensures frequency-independent
energy dissipation over a specified vibration 3.1 Case information
frequency range. Specifically, the damping force fD is To further demonstrate the energy dissipation
formulated using Equation (5): characteristics of the Rayleigh damping model and
∑N 2αn η d fLn uniform damping model, the dynamic test for recycled
fD = fDn , fDn = (5)
n=1 ωcn dt aggregate concrete by Liang et al.[21] was selected. The
where αn is the n-th item of the adjustment factors loss factors of the R0 specimen at different loading
α = [α1 , · · · , αN ] ; η is the target loss factor that
T
frequencies were analyzed. The recycled aggregate
represents the energy dissipation capacity (ratio concrete specimen had a diameter of 100 mm and
between damping energy dissipation and strain height of 200 mm. Cyclic compressive loading was
energy); ωcn is the n-th cutoff frequency, and a total N applied to the specimen in the axial direction with a
204 工　　程　　力　　学

minimum force of 2 kN and a maximum force of was far from the actual vibration frequency.
60 kN. The specimen remained elastic during the Therefore, Equation (8) was adopted to calculate the
entire loading process. The loading frequency was equivalent viscous damping ratio corresponding to
adjusted to 1.0 Hz, 0.5 Hz, 0.2 Hz and 0.05 Hz, each mode.
respectively. Among them, a compressive loading of Only one set of Rayleigh damping parameters
1.0 Hz was applied for 30 cycles, and those of the can be defined during the entire loading process. To
other frequencies were applied for five cycles. For ensure that the damping energy dissipation in the
[21]
details, please refer to Liang et al. . loading frequency range (0.05~1.0 Hz) was as close as
[21]
Liang et al. found that the R0 specimen possible to the test, ω was taken as 0.2 Hz in Equation
exhibited an approximate energy dissipation capacity (8), and η was taken as the corresponding
at different loading frequencies. The loss factors at experimental loss factor.
different loading frequencies are listed in Table 1. 3.3 Simulation results
Figure 2 compares the loss factors simulated by
Table 1 Test results of loss factors of R0 specimen
different damping models to the experimental results.
Loading frequency/Hz 0.05 0.2 0.5 1.0
Loss factor/(%) 2.03 1.95 1.83 1.76 Test Rayleigh damping Uniform damping
10

Loss factor/(%)
8
3.2 Model establishment
6
According to Liang et al.[21], the specimen 4
remained elastic during the entire loading process. 2
Therefore, the elastic beam element was used for 0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
simulation in the Open System for Earthquake Loading frequency/Hz

Engineering Simulation (OpenSees)[22], which is an
open-source software framework for finite element
analysis.
1) Uniform damping model
According to the experimental data in Table 1, a
constant loss factor was set within the specified
frequency range. To ensure that the damping energy
dissipation in the entire loading frequency range was
as close as possible to the test, the experimental loss
factor corresponding to the 0.2 Hz loading frequency
(Table 1) was selected for the entire loading process.
2) Rayleigh damping model
Two natural frequencies and the corresponding
viscous damping ratios must be defined for the
Rayleigh damping model. Considering
deformation characteristics of the specimen, the given
damping ratio was defined as being satisfied in the 1st
and the 3rd modes. Specifically, the deformation was
dominated by the 1st mode, and only the damping
ratio in the 1st mode needed to be satisfied. Owing to
the small specimen size, the natural frequency of the
1st axial mode was very large (above 3500 Hz), which
Fig. 2 Comparison between the simulated and
experimental loss factors
When the uniform damping model was used, the
distribution of the loss factors in the frequency
domain could be accurately simulated (relative error
between −4.0% and 7.2%). When using the Rayleigh
damping model, because the model was defined
according to the damping characteristics at 0.2 Hz, the
loss factor under 0.2 Hz excitation was largely
consistent with that in the experiment. However,
owing to the inherent deficiency of viscous damping
models, the damping energy dissipation is
proportional to the vibration frequency. Therefore, the
loss factor under 1.0 Hz excitation was approximately
the five times that under 0.2 Hz excitation. The relative
errors between the simulation results and the test
results were between −76.0% and 455.5%.
Therefore, the uniform damping model has
significant advantages over the Rayleigh damping
model in analysis tasks with a large vibration
frequency range. In structural design simultaneously
governed by earthquakes and environmental
 工　　程　　力　　学 205

vibrations, external excitations,
environmental vibration analysis, cover a wide
frequency domain. Hence, the adoption of a uniform
damping model in these analyses is reasonable.
4 Dynamic analysis of a base-
isolated composite structure
4.1 Case information
This study adopted a five-story steel –concrete
composite structure[23] to investigate the influence of
damping models on the dynamic analyses of base-
isolated composite structures under earthquakes and
especially in first floor is 4 m, and that of the remaining floors is
3 m. Both beams and columns adopt H-shaped steels.
Hollow structural steels are used as braces (placed
only at axes ① and ⑤). The floor system consists of
steel –concrete composite slabs. Lead rubber bearings
(LRBs) are applied at the bottom of all the columns of
the building, and their properties are listed in Table 4.
The properties of the concrete and steel materials are
listed in Table 5. For other properties, readers may
refer to Providakis[23].
Table 2 Dimensions of the H-shaped steels 　 /mm
Type Height Flange width Flange thickness Web thickness

environmental vibrations. Basic information on the W12 × 50 310 205 16 9

W18 × 106 476 284 24 15
structure is presented in Figure 3. The specific
W18 × 175 508 290 40 23
dimensions of the steel sections are listed in Tables 2
W24 × 370 711 348 69 39
and 3. The building has four bays in both the X and Y W27 × 539 826 389 90 50
directions, each with a size of 6 m. The height of the
A B C D E Table 3 Dimensions of the hollow structural steels 　/mm

5 Type Width Height Wall thickness

HSS5 × 5 × 1/2 127 127 12
6m

HSS6 × 6 × 3/8 152 152 9

4
Table 4 Properties of the lead rubber bearing
6m

Property Value
3
Number of layers 39
6m

Lead core diameter/mm 140

Bearing diameter/mm 840
2
Elastic lateral stiffness/(kN/m) 11.471
6m

Bearing shear modulus/MPa 0.85

Y 1 Rubber bulk modulus/GPa 2.02

X 6m 6m 6m 6m Lateral yield strength/kN 139.21

Post-yielding lateral stiffness/(kN/m) 1.319
(a) Floor plan
Post-yielding stiffness ratio 0.115
1 1 1 1 1
A B C D E Table 5 Material properties[23]
W12×50
Material Elastic modulus/MPa Poisson’s ratio Strength/MPa
3m 3m 3m 3m

W18×106 HSS5×5×1/2
Concrete 2.75 × 104 0.2 16 (compressive)
W18×175 HSS6×6×3/8 Steel 2.10 × 105 0.3 510 (tensile)

W18×175 HSS6×6×3/8
4.2 Model establishment
W24×370 HSS6×6×3/8
The finite element model of the structure was
4m

W27×539 HSS6×6×3/8 built using OpenSees. Fiber sections were used for
Z
beams, columns, and braces. The upper and lower
X LRB LRB LRB LRB LRB
(b) Elevation plan parts of the composite slabs were separately
Fig. 3 Basic information of the steel–concrete modeled[24]. The upper part (with uniform thickness)
composite structure was modeled with the LayeredShell section (i.e., the
206 工　　程　　力　　学

multilayered shell)[25], whereas the concrete ribs and
corrugated steel sheets in the lower part were modeled
with the Fiber sections, as shown in Figure 4.
Interactions between the upper and lower parts of the
floors and steel beams were considered by sharing the
nodes. Their vertical spatial positions were defined by
joint offsets (“jntOffset”). The LRBs were modeled
[26]
by the LeadRubberX element , which uses six
springs to consider the mechanical behavior in the
directions of six degrees of freedom. Among them, the
constitutive model in the axial direction can simulate
buckling in compression, coupling of horizontal and
vertical motion, cavitation and post-cavitation
behavior in tension, and strength degradation in cyclic
tensile loading[26]; the constitutive model in the shear
direction adopts the extended Bouc –Wen model and
considers the strength degradation behavior[27
This element can reflect the strength degradation in
cyclic shear loading owing to the heating of the lead
analysis with a maximum shell element size of 1.2 m.
Figure 5(b) shows the 1/4 symmetrical model for the
environmental vibration analysis with a maximum
shell element size of 0.3 m. The latter model can
consider vibrations of up to 100 Hz[29 − 30]. According
to the modal analysis results, the natural periods of the
structure before and after base-isolation along the X
axis were 0.46 s and 0.96 s, respectively. The natural
period after base isolation was obtained after the
application of gravity. The corresponding average
vertical displacement of the LRBs was 7.5 mm.
Elemental size
1.2 m
− 28]
.
Z

core[26]. The element and section commands used are

Y X
listed in Table 6. Concrete01 and Steel02 were (a) Seismic analysis (full model)
selected as the material classes for concrete and steel,
respectively.
Uniform thickness
(LayeredShell) Elemental size
0.3 m

Interaction:
sharing the nodes
Spatial position:
jntOffset

Concrete ribs and H-shaped

corrugated steel sheets steel Z
(Fiber) (Fiber)
Fig. 4 Modeling of the composite slab Y X
(b) Environmental vibration analysis (1/4 symmetrical model)
Table 6 Element and section commands for components
Fig. 5 Finite element models
Component Element Section
Beam/column (H-shaped steels) dispBeamColumn Fiber 4.3 Seismic analysis
Brace (Hollow structural steels) forceBeamColumn Fiber The El Centro ground motion was input into the
Composite slab (uniform thickness) ShellMITC4 LayeredShell[25] structure along the X axis, and the peak ground
Composite slab (concrete ribs and
dispBeamColumn Fiber acceleration was amplified to 0.7 m/s2. The basic
corrugated steel sheets)
LRB LeadRubberX[26] −
information of the investigated cases is presented in
Figure 5 shows the established finite element Table 7. The Rayleigh damping model was defined
models. Figure 5 shows the full model for seismic using the 1st and the 3rd translational mode of the
 工　　程　　力　　学 207

structure along the X direction[7,31]. The frequency 1) Owing to the existence of LRBs, the
range of the uniform damping model covered the main superstructure hardly deforms (the maximum IDR is
translational modes of the structure along the X less than 0.1%). The deformation mainly occurs in the
direction. To speed up the simulation, the LRBs, and the influence of damping models can be
[32]
ExpressNewton algorithm was used, which is highly reflected in the deformation of the LRBs. It can be
efficient. The time step was taken as 0.01 s. seen from Table 8 that the deformation is the smallest

Table 7 Seismic analysis cases

when the Rayleigh damping model is used.
Seismic Damping Equivalent viscous Defined frequency U-I-H R-I-H N-I-H
ID 6
isolation model damping ratio range/Hz
U-F-H No Uniform Steel: 0.02 [1.10, 100] 5
U-I-H Yes damping Concrete: 0.05 [0.52, 100] 4

Floor No.
R-F-H No Rayleigh Steel: 0.02 [2.20, 5.14] 3
R-I-H Yes damping Concrete: 0.05 [1.04, 3.99] 2
N-F-H No − − 1
None IDR/rad
N-I-H Yes − − 0
0.03% 0.05% 0.07% 0.09%
(a) IDR
The inter-story drift ratios (IDRs) and peak floor
U-I-H R-I-H N-I-H
accelerations (PFAs) before and after seismic isolation 6
are shown in Figure 6. The IDRs and PFAs are 5

significantly reduced with the application of LRBs. 4

Floor No.

3
The selection of the damping model has a larger
2
influence on the response of the superstructure before
1
PFA/(m/s2)
seismic isolation. 0
0.6 1.0 1.4 1.8
U-F-H R-F-H N-F-H (b) PFA
U-I-H R-I-H N-I-H
6 Fig. 7 Seismic responses of the base-isolated structure
5
Table 8 Peak seismic deformation of the LRBs　/mm
4
Floor No.

3 ID Deformation

2 U-I-H 8.99

1 R-I-H 7.99
IDR/rad
0 N-I-H 9.07
0.00% 0.15% 0.30% 0.45%
(a) IDR
2) The simulation results of the Rayleigh
U-F-H R-F-H N-F-H
damping model are compared with those of the
U-I-H R-I-H N-I-H
6 uniform damping model. Although their IDRs are
5
relatively close (the maximum relative error is
4
Floor No.

3
3.45%), their PFAs are quite different (the maximum
2 relative error is 11.38%).
1 During earthquakes, significant rigid-body
PFA/(m/s2)
0 motions occur in the superstructure of base-isolated
0.0 3.0 6.0 9.0
(b) PFA structures. It is generally believed that rigid-body
Fig. 6 Seismic responses before and after base-isolation motion does not occur in a manner that results in
Figure 7 shows the responses of the base-isolated damping behaviors, such as friction. However, in the
structure using different damping schemes. The results Rayleigh damping model, the mass-proportional
suggest: matrix introduces “ spurious” damping forces[31] to
208 工　　程　　力　　学

the rigid-body motion, resulting in smaller LRB hence, it could meet the requirements according to the
deformations and PFAs. Nyquist –Shannon sampling theorem. Before base
4.4 Environmental vibration analysis isolation, the 1st and the 3rd vertical frequency were
With rapid urbanization and the popularity of rail 6.18 Hz and 6.88 Hz, respectively. After base
transport, increased attention is being focused on isolation, the 1st and the 3rd vertical frequency were
subway-induced vibrations. Many studies have shown 5.84 Hz and 6.71 Hz, respectively. From these modal
that subway-induced vibrations may severely affect analysis results, the lower bound of the frequency
buildings near the subway[33 − 35]
. Therefore, the range for the uniform damping model and the
subway-induced vibration is used as an example of reference frequencies for the Rayleigh damping model
environmental vibration analysis in this study. were determined.
An accelerometer was used to collect the vertical Table 9 Environmental vibration analysis cases
acceleration induced by the subway. A flat and hard Seismic Damping Equivalent viscous Defined frequency
ID
isolation model damping ratio range/Hz
ground approximately 10 m away from the vibration
U-F-V No Uniform Steel: 0.02 [3.09, 100]
source was selected as the collection location, and the U-I-V Yes damping Concrete: 0.05 [2.92, 100]
sampling frequency was 256 Hz[36]. The collected data R-F-1-V No [6.18, 6.88]

for the subway-induced vibrations are shown in Figure 8. R-F-2-V No Rayleigh Steel: 0.02 [6.18, 100]
R-I-1-V Yes damping Concrete: 0.05 [5.84, 6.71]
The vibration has a peak acceleration of 0.177 m/s2,
R-I-2-V Yes [5.84, 100]
covers a wide frequency range, and provides large
amplitudes from 50 Hz to 90 Hz. It was input along The peak vertical accelerations (PVAs) of the top
the Z axis of the structure. floor before and after base isolation are listed in
0.2 Table 10. For all cases with different damping models,
Peak acceleration
Acceleration/(m/s2)

0.1 the PVA of the top floor after base isolation is lower
0.0 than that before base isolation. Note that the effect of
−0.1 vertical vibration control is related to the specific
−0.177 structure and its base-isolation design. This study
−0.2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time/s focuses on the influence of the damping models.
(a) Time history Hence, the effect of the vertical stiffness of the LRBs
0.005 on the vertical vibration control is not discussed in
0.004 detail. For the structure in this case study, using LRBs
Amplitude

0.003 can reduce both the horizontal seismic response and

0.002 the vertical environmental vibration response.
0.001
Table 10 Environmental vibration induced responses
0.000
0 30 60 90 120 Before PVA of the top After PVA of the top
Frequency/Hz isolation floor/(m/s2) isolation floor/(m/s2)
(b) Fourier amplitude spectrum U-F-V 0.224 U-I-V 0.099
[36] R-F-1-V 0.079 R-I-1-V 0.036
Fig. 8 Subway-induced environmental vibration
R-F-2-V 0.262 R-I-2-V 0.102
The basic information of the investigated cases is
presented in Table 9. As mentioned in the previous Figure 9 shows the time history of the vertical
[32]
section, the ExpressNewton algorithm was used. acceleration response of the top floor after seismic
The time step was 0.001 s, and the sampling isolation. The results are as follows.
frequency was 1000 Hz. The sampling frequency was 1) The PVAs of U-I-V (Figure 9(a)) and R-I-2-V
more than 10 times the highest frequency of interest; (Figure 9(c)) with a large frequency range are
 工　　程　　力　　学 209

0.099 m/s2 and 0.102 m/s2, respectively. The relative between the reference frequencies was
error between R-I-2-V and U-I-V is 3.0%; the former underestimated, the underestimation of the damping
is slightly larger. ratio in the main input frequency band (50 Hz−90 Hz)
2) The PVA of R-I-1-V (Figure 9(b)) is only was small (relative error between −42.4% and −8.9%).
0.036 m/s2 (relative error from U-I-V is −63.6%), Hence, the dynamic response was relatively
which is significantly smaller. reasonable.
0.2 R-I-1-V R-I-2-V Target damping raito
Peak acceleration 0.30
Acceleration/(m/s2)

Viscous damping ratio

0.1 0.25
0.20
0.0 Main input
0.15 frequency band
−0.1 −0.099
0.10
−0.2 0.05
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time/s 0.00
0 20 40 60 80 100
(a) U-I-V
Natural frequency/Hz
0.2 Fig. 10 Variation in Rayleigh damping with natural frequency
Peak acceleration
Acceleration/(m/s2)

0.1 In addition to the above analysis, the vertical

0.0 acceleration responses of the top floor after seismic
−0.1 −0.036 isolation using different damping models were
compared in the frequency domain. The one-third
−0.2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 octave band spectrum for each case is presented in
Time/s
(b) R-I-1-V Figure 11. It can be observed that the responses of U-
0.2 I-V and R-I-2-V have relatively similar energy
Peak acceleration
0.102
Acceleration/(m/s2)

distributions. The response of R-I-1-V is significantly

0.1
lower than those of the others. These results are
0.0
consistent with the results obtained in the time
−0.1
domain.
−0.2 U-I-V R-I-1-V R-I-2-V
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 1.0
Normalized amplitude

Time/s
(c) R-I-2-V 0.8
0.6
Fig. 9 Vertical acceleration responses to
0.4
subway-induced vibration
0.2
The Rayleigh damping model can only satisfy the 0.0
0 30 60 90 120
target damping ratio at two specified frequencies Frequency/Hz

(Figure 10). When the 1st and the 3rd natural Fig. 11 One-third octave band spectrum

frequencies were used as the reference frequencies,

the Rayleigh damping model significantly
5 Conclusion
overestimated the damping ratios of high-order modes This work presents a dynamic analysis of a base-
(relative error 322%−653%) in the main input isolated steel –concrete composite structure under
frequency band (50 Hz−90 Hz) and excessively earthquakes and environmental vibrations. The
suppressed the high-order modes excited by high- influence of the damping model selection (including
frequency environmental vibration. When the 1st the Rayleigh damping model and uniform damping
natural frequency and 100 Hz were used as the model) on the analysis results is discussed. Based on
reference frequencies, although the damping ratio the results, the following conclusions are drawn.
210 工　　程　　力　　学
(1) For dynamic analyses under earthquakes and
environmental vibrations, different frequency ranges
are of concern under different excitations. Therefore,
it is important to reasonably select and define a
damping model according to specific excitations.
(2) For the Rayleigh damping model, different
reference frequencies must be defined for seismic
analysis and environmental vibration analysis. In
addition, “ spurious” damping forces may be
introduced owing to the rigid-body motion of the
superstructure of the base-isolated structure, resulting
in the underestimation of the deformation of LRBs
and the PFAs of the superstructure.
(3) The uniform damping model is easier to use
because only the upper and lower frequency bounds
need to be considered. As a type of rate-independent
damping model, its damping energy dissipation is
essentially independent of the vibration frequency and
it overcomes the theoretical defects of viscous
damping models. Therefore, it has theoretical
advantages in the dynamic analysis of structural
design simultaneously governed by earthquakes and
environmental vibrations.
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