Theoretical study on discharge-pumped soft x-ray laser in Ne-like Ar

Ke Lan, Yuquan Zhang, and Wudi Zheng

Citation: Physics of Plasmas (1994-present) 6, 4343 (1999); doi: 10.1063/1.873698

View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.873698
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 PHYSICS OF PLASMAS VOLUME 6, NUMBER 11 NOVEMBER 1999

Theoretical study on discharge-pumped soft x-ray laser in Ne-like Ar

Ke Lan,a) Yuquan Zhang, and Wudi Zheng
Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, P.O. Box 8009-12 Beijing, 100088,
People’s Republic of China
共Received 23 April 1999; accepted 3 August 1999兲
A one-dimensional Lagrangian magneto-hydrodynamics code coupled to an atomic kinetics code
was developed. In this code, the ablation and ionization of the wall material were taken into account,
the coupled rate equations were solved by using the matrix-block method, and the effect of the
reabsorption of the resonant lines was calculated by using an approximate expression of the
escape-factor in a cylindrically expanding plasma. The numerical results obtained from this code on
a discharge-pumped J⫽0⫺1 transition 46.9 nm laser line in Ne-like Ar were in good agreement
with experimental observations. The physical schemes in the 46.9 nm laser line were studied.
© 1999 American Institute of Physics. 关S1070-664X共99兲01611-0兴

I. INTRODUCTION
1–4
Experiments have succeeded in obtaining gain length
products up to 14 in the J⫽0⫺1 line of Ne-like Ar at 46.9
nm in plasma columns generated by a fast capillary dis-
charge. In this paper, we make an effort to increase the un-
derstanding of the discharged-pumped x-ray laser, though it
is discussed theoretically in a few papers.5–7 To study the
physical mechanism in the capillary discharge plasma, we
develop XDCH, a one-dimensional Lagrangian magneto-
hydrodynamics 共MHD兲 code coupled to an atomic kinetics
code, taking into account the ablation and ionization of the
wall material. The time-dependent atomic physics is mod-
eled in a detailed configuration description for Ar plasma.
The coupled rate equations of numerous ionic species and
levels are solved rapidly by using the matrix-block method.8
The effect of the reabsorption of the resonant lines of all ions
is taken into account by using the escape probability method.
We will introduce this model and the code in Sec. II. The
simulation results and the comparison with experiments will
be presented in Sec. III. Then we further discuss the inver-
sion and the duration time of gain at 46.9 nm, and the effects
of the overionization and the reabsorption of resonant lines
on gain in Sec. IV. Finally, a conclusion is presented in Sec.
V.
II. MODEL AND CODE
The MHD equations used in XDCH are
d␳ 1 ⳵
⫽⫺ ␳ 共 Ru 兲 ,
dt R ⳵R
du 1 ⳵P 1 tivistic distorted wave approximation.
⫽⫺ ⫺ jB,
dt ␳ ⳵R c␳
⳵Te
C ve ⫽W f e ⫹W j ⫹W ie ⫹W pe ⫹W b ⫹W s , 共4兲
⳵t
⳵Ti
C vi ⫽W f i ⫺W ie ⫹W pq . 共5兲
⳵t
Here q is the artificial viscous pressure; ␴⬜ is the classical of
electrical conductivity multiplied by a factor of 40;6,9 C v e
and C v i are the respective specific heat of the free electron
and ion; W f e , W j , W ie , W pe , W b , and W s are respective
rates of gain or loss of the free electron energy due to the
electron thermal conduction, the Joule heating, the electron–
ion energy exchange, the electron pressure, the bremsstrah-
lung, and the atomic processes; W f i and W pq are respective
rates of gain or loss of the ion energy due to the ion conduc-
tion, the ion pressure, and viscous pressure; all other nota-
tions are conventional.
In the atomic model, the involved processes are 共1兲 col-
lisional excitation and de-excitation, 共2兲 spontaneous emis-
sion, 共3兲 collisional ionization and three-body recombination,
共4兲 radiative recombination, 共5兲 dielectronic capture and
autoionization. The singly-excited states are arranged firstly,
and then the multiply-excited states, and they are arranged in
the order of their energy levels from low to high. The rate
coefficients of processes 共1兲 to 共4兲 are calculated using ana-
lytical formulas given by Lee,10 and that of 共5兲 are obtained
from a code developed by Cowan.11 Especially, the model
we used to study the Ne-like Ar collisional x-ray laser in-
cludes singly- and doubly-excited states up to principal
quantum number n⫽10 of all ions except detailed levels in
共1兲 n⫽3 of a Ne-like ion. The collisional excitation rates of n
⫽2 – 3 and n⫽3 – 3 of Ne-like ion are computed in the rela-
共2兲
We define an ion in its mth ionization stage when the ion

冉 冊 冋 册
bounds m electrons. g denotes the ground state, and n m de-
d B c ⳵ 1 c ⳵ 共 BR 兲 notes the number of the considered excited states of the mth
⫽ , 共3兲
dt ␳ R ␳ R ⳵ R ␴⬜ 4 ␲ R ⳵ R ionization stage. (m,g) and (m,i) were used to express the
ground state and the ith excited state of the mth ionization
Electronic mail: js2s@mail.iapcm.ac.cn 共office兲; lijunbo@public.east.
a兲 stage. (10,u) and (10,l) were used to express the upper and
cn.net 共home兲 the lower laser level of the 46.9 nm line. For brevity, we

1070-664X/99/6(11)/4343/6/$15.00 4343 © 1999 American Institute of Physics

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 4344 Phys. Plasmas, Vol. 6, No. 11, November 1999
FIG. 1. A comparison of the simulated trajectories of Lagrangian cells in Ar
plasma 共solid lines兲 with the radius of radiative plasma 共square兲 observed
from experiment.
further introduce symbols w mi, j , which is the sum of all tran-
sition rates from (m, j) to (m,i). The solution of the time-
dependent coupled rate equations is presented in Appendix
A.
Resonant line reabsorption is taken into account by
means of the escape-factor method and the escape-factor is
calculated by using an approximate expression presented in
Appendix B for the Doppler line shape in a cylindrically
expanding plasma, which largest error is no more than 0.07
when the escape-factor is greater than 0.1.
The current pulse I(t)⫽I 0 sin(␲t/T), where I 0 is the
peak current and T the half-period of the discharge. To fit the
experimental conditions,1,2 we choose I 0 ⫽40 kA and T
⫽60 ns. The radius of the capillary is 2 mm and initial pres-
sure of Ar plasma is 0.7 Torr at room temperature. The ion-
ization of wall material is calculated by using a simple ion-
ization model with atomic number Z⫽7 and average atomic
weight A⫽14, and only heat conductivity is considered in
heating and evaporating the wall boundary layer. In fact,
radiation plays an important role in the ablation of the wall,
which has been discussed in significant detail by Shlyaptsev
et al.12
III. SIMULATION RESULTS AND COMPARISON WITH
EXPERIMENTS
As shown in Fig. 1, the observed time of plasma com-
pression and the size of compressed plasma are in good
agreement with the simulation after 25 ns from the beginning
of pinch, but a large difference exists before that time, which
also exists in other ones’ simulation6,7 and may show the
need for neutral fluid.9 Fortunately, the first 25 ns is often not
important for our study on this scheme because the gain on
the 46.9 nm laser line is produced several ns before the stag-
nation, when the first compression shock wave reaches the
axis.3 However, the simulated peak gain is produced at about
41 ns 共as in Fig. 2兲, 3 ns later than the experimentally ob-
served time of the laser pulse 共about 38 ns after the initiation
of the current pulse兲. Futhermore, the compression velocity
near the stagnation point is about 2⫻107 /s from our simu-
lation, which is in good agreement with that observed in
experiment.6
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Lan, Zhang, and Zheng
FIG. 2. Evolution of the N e , T e , T i , fractional population of Ne-like Ar
P 10, gain g, and ␳ e , the escape-factor of the resonant line from the lower
laser level J⫽1 against time at the Lagrangian cell which produces the
maximum gain.
From Figs. 2 and 3, we see that the maximum gain co-
efficient at 46.9 nm from XDCH is 1.9 cm⫺1 , which will be
reduced by refraction down to the observed values 1,2 of
0.6– 1.1 cm⫺3; N e in the gain region is (0.3– 1)
⫻1019 cm⫺3 and T e is about 60 eV; gain is produced at 2 ns
before stagnation and gain duration time is about 1.8 ns,
which are all in good agreement with experiments and the
simulation results in Ref. 3. Moreover, the simulated gain
region is ring-like, which is not in contradiction with the
result of the experiment,2 in which the recorded beam pat-
terns have a depression in the center in some occasions. As
shown in Fig. 3, the inner radius of the ring like gain region
is 130 ␮m, and the outer is 230 ␮ m, with maximum gain
produced at 150 ␮m.
As a result of comparison, the simulation results from
XDCH with the experiment in this case shows a good agree-
ment in the time of maximum compression and gain charac-
teristics, including the gain value and its time duration, and
N e and T e in the gain region.
IV. DISCUSSION
In this section, we discuss the physical mechanism in
discharge-pumped soft x-ray laser in Ne-like Ar.
As a result of our simulations, the plasma is in the ion-
ization phase during pinch, and the charge-states distribution
and ion-level population are much different from that ob-
tained in the stable state. However, the quasi-steady state is
much more reasonable, and ionic charge-states distribution
and levels population only depends on N e , T e , and P m g (m
⫽M 1 , . . . ,M 2 ) in the quasi-steady state, so the number of
characteristic parameters of plasma are greatly decreased.
The following discussions on the ionization rate of the
ground state, the decay time of the laser levels, and the con-
tribution factors on the laser levels from the ground state are
in a quasi-steady state. In the quasi-steady state, d P m g/
dt⫽␭ m,m⫺2 P m⫺2g ⫹␭ m,m⫺1 m⫺1
P g ⫺␭ m,m m
P g ⫹␭ m,m⫹1 m⫹1
P g
m,m ⬘ m ⬘
⫹␭ m,m⫹2 P m⫹2g and P mi ⫽ 兺 a i,g P g , from Appendix A,
here ␭ m,m⫹k (k⫽1,2) is the ionization rate from (m⫹k,g) to
(m,g) including direct ionization and indirect ionization via
 Phys. Plasmas, Vol. 6, No. 11, November 1999 Theoretical study on discharge-pumped soft x-ray laser in . . . 4345

FIG. 4. Variation of the ionization rates of a Ne-like ion and a Na-like ion,
␭ 9,10 and ␭ 10,11, as T e at N e ⫽1017 cm⫺3 共curve a and a ⬘ 兲, 1018 cm⫺3 共curve
b and b ⬘ 兲, 1019 cm⫺3 共curve c and c ⬘ 兲, 1020 cm⫺3 共curve d and d ⬘ 兲.

difficult to ionize to F-like, which results in a large value and

long decay time of P 10. At N e ⬃1019 cm⫺3 and T e ⬃60 eV,
the decay time of P 10, which limits the duration time of gain,
is about 3 ns. Moreover, we find that the contribution factor
on the lower laser level from the ground state of an F-like
10,9
ion is much larger than that on the upper one, i.e., a l,g
Ⰷa u,g , so overionization of the plasma will seriously de-
10,9

crease the gain on a 46.9 nm line.

Assuming the maximum gain produced on the Lagrang-
ian cell k g at the time t g , our results show that the small gain
on k g before t g should be mainly due to the slow excitation
rate from (10,g) to (10,u) and then the decrease of gain after
t g should be mainly due to the overionization. In other
words, overionization is one of the important reasons for the
ceasing of laser action. However, only increased refraction
and collisional thermalization are mentioned as the reasons
in Ref. 3.
共2兲 From Fig. 5, the excitation rate from the ground state
of a Ne-like ion to the upper laser level is much faster than
that to the lower one, i.e., a u,g10,10
Ⰷa l,g
10,10
; while from Fig. 6,
the decay rate of the lower laser level is just 4 times large as
that of the upper one, i.e., w l,l 10,10
⬃4⫻w u,u 10,10
at N e
FIG. 3. Evolution of g共a兲, N e 共b兲, and T e 共c兲 against time at positions of R ⫽10 cm , and w l,l ⬃w u,u at N e ⫽10 cm⫺3. There-
18 ⫺3 10,10 10,10 19
⫽130 ␮ m, 150 ␮m, 170 ␮m, 190 ␮m, and 230 ␮m. fore, it is the much faster excitation rate to J⫽0 from the

excited states, ␭ m,m⫺k is the recombination rate from (m

m,m ⬘
⫺k,g) to (m,g), and a i,g is the contribution factor from
(m ⬘ ,g) to (m,i).
共1兲 As shown in Fig. 2, the Ar plasma is almost all
ionized to the Ne-like ion ( P 10⬃1) and T e ⬃40 eV, N e ⬃3
⫻1018 cm⫺3, T i ⬃40 eV at 38 ns, but gain at this time is
about an order lower than the maximum. The reason for this
10,10
is that W u,g , the collisional excitation rate from (10,g) to
the (10,u), is slow compared to ␭ 10,11, the ionization rate
from the ground state of the Na-like ion to the ground state
of the Ne-like ion, as shown in Figs. 4 and 5. Hence, it needs
a much longer time for the populating of the upper laser
level. FIG. 5. Variation of the collisional excitation rate from the ground state of
In addition, ␭ 10,11Ⰷ␭ 9,10 from Fig. 4, i.e., the Na-like ion a Ne-like ion to the upper and the lower laser level, W 10,10 10,10
u,g and W l,g , as
is easily ionized to the Ne-like ion while the Ne-like ion is Te .
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 4346 Phys. Plasmas, Vol. 6, No. 11, November 1999
FIG. 6. Variation of the decay rate of the upper and the lower laser level,
W 10,10
u,u
10,10
and W l,l , as T e at N e ⫽1018 cm⫺3 共dashed lines兲 and N e
⫽1019 cm⫺3 共solid lines兲.
ground state of a Ne-like ion than that to J⫽1 which leads to
the inversion between J⫽0 and J⫽1. This conclusion is
much different from that in the Ne-like Ge collisional
scheme in which the fast decay rate of the lower laser level
leads to the inversion. The reason for this lies in the fact that
the spontaneous emission rate decreases as the effect charge
decreases while the collisional excitation rate is the opposite.
As another reasonable result of the decrease of ioniza-
tion, spontaneous emission is not as important as in the Ne-
like Ge collisional scheme. At N e ⫽1019 cm⫺3, T e ⬃60 eV,
the spontaneous emission rate from (10,l) to (10,g) is just
about 1/3 of the decay rate of (10,l), hence the effect of the
resonant reabsorption is not remarkable in the inversion and
gain coefficient on the 46.9 nm line. As shown in Fig. 2, the
maximum gain produced at 41.2 ns when the escape-factor
of J⫽1 is about 0.2. This conclusion is much different from
Ref. 5, in which it is pointed out that reabsorption of radia-
tion influences on the population inversion becomes very
important at N e ⫽5⫻1018⬃3⫻1019cm⫺3. However, we do
not mean that reabsorption of radiation is not important in a
capillary discharge Ne-like Ar laser at all. The effect of the
radiation reabsorption will be further discussed in 共6兲.
共3兲 At t g , N e and T e are very uniform over a wide re-
gion in the Ar plasma including the central region, while
gain coefficient decreases in the central region, which should
be due to the much higher T i there, as shown in Fig. 7.
FIG. 7. The evolution of T e , T i , N e , and g against position R at t g when
the gain reaches the maximum.
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Lan, Zhang, and Zheng
FIG. 8. Evolution of W pe , W ie , W s , and W f e against time at the Lagrang-
ian cell which produces the maximum gain.
共4兲 Our results show that the current flows mainly in the
outer shells of the the ablated wall plasma, hence Joule heat-
ing is not as important as other terms in the right hand side of
Eq. 共4兲 in Ar plasma. From Figs. 8 and 9, W ie is very im-
portant for the plasma in the kernel during the stagnation, but
not for the outer part; and W s plays an important role on T e
during the whole process of pinch.
共5兲 In fact, T e at the kernel is very important, which
determines t p and R p , the time of the maximum compres-
sion and the radius of the Ar plasma at t p , and hence deter-
mines the time and the plasmas status for gain, including N e ,
T e , ion distribution, and level populations.
共6兲 In the whole region, the total radiative energy loss
due to spontaneous emission, radiative recombination, and
bremmstrahlung is much smaller than the energy obtained by
Joule heating and the work done by Lorentz force, but in the
kernel part of Ar plasma, the radiative energy loss is much
larger than the other two. Furthermore, the radiative energy
loss can influence t p and R p through its influence on the
distribution of ion and energy levels and on W s . The reab-
sorption of a resonant line will decrease the effect of radia-
tive cooling, and hence makes t p shorter and R p wider, as
shown in Fig. 10, then changes the plasma conditions for
gain, such as N e and T e .
FIG. 9. Evolution of W pe , W ie , W s , and W f e against time at the axis.
 Phys. Plasmas, Vol. 6, No. 11, November 1999 Theoretical study on discharge-pumped soft x-ray laser in . . . 4347

⬘ m,m ⬘ m,m ⬘
¯ w nm,m,g⬘ 兴 ⬘
,g ⫽ 关 w 1,g
Wm,m w 2,g
* m

共 m ⬘ ⫽m⫺1,m,m⫹1 兲 ,
m ⬘ ,m m ⬘ ,m m ⬘ ,m m ⬘ ,m
Wg, ⫽ 关 w g,1 w g,2 ¯ w g,n 兴
* m

共 m ⬘ ⫽m⫺1,m,m⫹1 兲 ,

1 P 2 ¯ P nm兴 ⬘
Pm ⫽ 关 P m m m
*
M1 M 1 ⫹1 M
Pg ⫽ 关 P g Pg ¯ P g 2兴 ⬘.
Here, the symbol * stands for all excited states of an ioniza-
tion stage. Neglecting the ionization and recombination be-
FIG. 10. A comparison between the two evolutions of the radius of Ar
plasma against time when the effect of reabsorption of resonant lines is
tween excited states and using the matrix-block method, we
taken into account 共solid line兲 and not taken into account 共dotted line兲. obtained the solution of P m m
g and P i , the fractional popula-
tions of (m,g) and (m,i) as

冉 冊 ⫺1 m⫹1
1 m
兺
V. CONCLUSION ⬘ m ⬘ n⫹1
m n⫹1
共P 兲 ⫽ I ⫺Wm , Wm,m
,g 共 P g 兲
The simulation results obtained from our code XDCH * ⌬t * , * ** m ⬘ ⫽m⫺1
*
are in good agreement with experimental observations. Our
⫹ 共 P̃m 兲 n 共 m⫽M 1 , . . . ,M 2 兲 , 共A1兲
further studies on the physical scheme in a discharge- *
pumped 46.9 nm laser line in the Ne-like Ar show: The ⫺␭ m,m⫺2 ⌬t 共 P m⫺2 兲 n⫹1 ⫺␭ m,m⫺1 ⌬t 共 P m⫺1 兲 n⫹1
g g
inversion on the J⫽0⫺1 transition should be mainly due to
the much faster excitation rate to J⫽0 from the ground state ⫹ 共 1⫹␭ m,m ⌬t 兲共 P m
g兲
n⫹1
⫺␭ m,m⫹1 ⌬t 共 P m⫹1
g 兲 n⫹1
of a Ne-like ion than that to J⫽1; the plasma is in an ion-
⫺␭ m,m⫹2 ⌬t 共 P m⫹2
g 兲 n⫹1 ⫽ 共 P m
g兲
n
ization phase during pinch, and the fractional population of
Ne-like ion Ar can have a large value and a long decay time m⫹1
共P 10⬃1 and 1/␭ 10,10⬃3 ns at N e ⫽1019 cm⫺3, T e ⫽60 eV兲; ⫹⌬t 兺 m,m ⬘
Wg,
*
共 P̃m ⬘ 兲 n
*
共 m⫽M 1 ,...,M 2 兲 ; 共A2兲
overionization of Ar plasma will greatly decrease the gain on ⬘
m ⫽m⫺1
the 46.9 nm line; the small gain at k g before t g should be here M 1 and M 2 are the numbers of bound electrons in the
mainly due to the slow excitation rate from the ground state highest and the lowest ionization stage considered, and
to J⫽0, and the decrease of gain after t g should be due to the
overionization; the gain region is ring-like because of the 共 P̃m 兲 n ⫽ 共 Im , ⫺⌬tWm , 兲 ⫺1 共 Pm 兲 n ,
* ** ** *

冉 冊
much higher T i in the central part of the capillary; the ⫺1
1 m⫺1
electron–ion energy exchange is very important for the ker- ␭ m,m⫺2 ⫽Wm,m⫺1 I ⫺Wm⫺1 Wm⫺1,m⫺2 ,
nel plasma during the stagnation and the atomic processes
g,
* ⌬t * , * *,* ,g
*

冉 冊
play an important role on a decreasing electron temperature m ⫺1
1 m⬘
during the whole process of pinch; the effect of reabsorption ␭ m,m⫺1 ⫽ 兺 Wm,m
g,
*
⬘ I ⫺Wm ⬘,
⌬t * , * **
Wm ⬘,g,m⫺1
*
of the resonant line on the inversion is not remarkable, but it ⬘
m ⫽m⫺1
makes the time of maximum compression shorter and the
⫹w g,g
m,m⫺1
,
size of the Ar plasma wider when the maximum compression
occurs, then changes the plasma conditions for gain. ⫺␭ m,m ⫽⫺w g,g
m,m

冉 冊 ⫺1
m⫹1
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 m⬘
⫹ 兺 m,m ⬘
Wg,
*
I ⫺Wm ⬘,
⌬t * , * **
Wm ⬘,g,m ,
*
We thank Dr. R. Nemirovsky and Professor N. A. Bo- ⬘
m ⫽m⫺1

冉 冊
brova for useful discussions. We also thank Professor J. J. m⫹1 ⫺1
1 m⬘
Rocca for sending their papers to us. ␭ m,m⫹1
⫽ 兺 Wg,m,m* ⬘ I ⫺Wm ⬘,
⌬t * , * **
Wm ⬘,g,m⫹1
*
⬘
m ⫽m
APPENDIX A: SOLUTION OF THE TIME-DEPENDENT
⫹w g,g
m,m⫹1
,
COUPLED RATE EQUATIONS

冉 冊
冋 册
⫺1
Define matrixes: 1 m⫹1
␭ m,m⫹2 ⫽Wm,m⫹1 I ⫺Wm⫹1 Wm⫹1,m⫹2 ,
m
g,
* ⌬t * , * *,* ,g
*
⫺w 1,1
m m
w 1,2 ¯ w 1,n
m
m ( Pm n m n m m
g ) and (P ) are P g and P at the nth time step t ,
n
m
w 2,1 ⫺w 2,2
m
¯ w 2,n
m ⌬t⫽t n⫹1 n * *
⫺t , and I , is the n m ⫻n m unit matrix. Equation
m
Wm , ⫽ , **
** ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ 共A1兲 is a system of (M 2 ⫺M 1 ⫹1) linear equations and is
easily solved using Gaussian elimination with a column piv-
w nm w nm ¯ ⫺w nm
m ,1 m ,2 m ,n m oting algorithm. Knowing the population of all the states at
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 4348 Phys. Plasmas, Vol. 6, No. 11, November 1999 Lan, Zhang, and Zheng

the nth time step, we first get ( P m

g)
n⫹1
by solving the linear ␶␥
system of Eq. 共A1兲, and then get (Pm ) n⫹1 using expression ¯␶ ␥ ⫽ ,
* 共 1⫺ ␮ ␥ 兲共 1⫹ ␤ s ␤ 兲
2
共A2兲.
In the quasi-steady state, the first term in 关 (1/⌬t)Im ⬘, g 1 ⫹g 2 ␶ ␥ ⫹g 3 ␶ ␥2 ⫹g 4 ␶ ␥3
** ␮ ␥⫽ ,
⫺Wm ⬘, 兴 ⫺1 can be neglected, and the solution of the coupled 1⫹g 5 ␶ ␥ ⫹g 6 ␶ ␥2 ⫹)g 4 ␶ ␥3
**
rate equations is
a 1 ␤ ⫹a 2 ␤ 2
dPg s ␤⫽ , for ␤ ⬎0,
⫽⌳g Pg , 共A3兲 1⫹a 3 ␤ ⫹a 4 ␤ 2
dt
a 5⫺ ␤
m⫹1 s ␤⫽ , for ␤ ⬍0,
a 5 ⫺a 6 ␤
Pm ⫽ 共 ⫺Wm , 兲 ⫺1
* ** 兺 W*m,m,g ⬘ P mg ⬘
⬘
m ⫽m⫺1
␶
m⫹1 ¯␶ 1,2⫽ 共 冑1⫺ ␩ 2 ⫹ ␩ 2 cos2 ¯␸ 1,2⫹ ␩ cos ¯
␸ 1,2兲 ,
⫽ 兺 Am,m ⬘ m⬘
,g P g , 共A4兲 冑1⫺ ␮ 2␶
m ⬘ ⫽m⫺1
*
t 1 ⫹t 2 ␶ ⫹t 3 ␶ 2 ⫹t 4 ␶ 3

冋 册
where ␮ ␶⫽ ,
1⫹t 5 ␶ ⫹t 6 ␶ 2 ⫹t 7 ␶ 3
⫺␭ M 1 ,M 1 ␭ M 1 ,M 1 ⫹1 ¯ ␭ M 1 ,M 2
1
␭ M 1 ⫹1,M 1 ⫺␭ M 2 ,M 2 ¯ ␭ M 1 ⫹1,M 2 ¯␸ 1 ⫽arccos ,
⌳g ⫽ , 1⫹ ␩ 2
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
␭ M 2 ,M 1 ␭ M 2 ,M 1 ⫹1 ¯ ␭ M 2 ,M 2 ¯␸ 2 ⫽arccos ⫺ 冉 1
1⫹ ␩ 2
. 冊
⬘ m,m ⬘ m,m ⬘
¯ a nm,m,g⬘ 兴 ⬘ .
,g ⫽ 关 a 1,g
Am,m a 2,g The coefficients a i , t i , and g i are a 1 ⫽0.0016886243, a2
* m

m⫹1 ⫽10.690577, a 3 ⫽0.83101427, a 4 ⫽24.899650, a5

⫽0.74625, a 6 ⫽3;t 1 ⫽0.77175329, t 2 ⫽1.3553974,
⫽ 共 ⫺Wm , 兲 ⫺1
** 兺 Wm,m
*
⬘
,g .
⫽4.3711357, t 4 ⫽3.6868382, t 5 ⫽2.1506630,
t3
t6
⬘
m ⫽m⫺1
⫽5.3183184, t 7 ⫽6.3716489; g 1 ⫽0.87083564, g2
APPENDIX B: APPROXIMATE EXPRESSION OF ⫽30.034707, g 3 ⫽35.279304, g 4 ⫽5.2532108, g5
ESCAPE-FACTOR FOR DOPPLER LINE SHAPE ⫽38.559004, g 6 ⫽62.443347.
IN A CYLINDRICALLY EXPANDING PLASMA
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2
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冉 冊册
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e ⫺q dq
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