DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD (CUI)

FALL-2022

LAB REPORT 04

SUBMITTED BY:

 REG. NO: FA22-BCS-081 NOOR UL HUDA

 REG. NO: FA22-BCS-103 ZILL E HUMA
 REG. NO: FA22-BCS-067 MUGHEES
 REG. NO: FA22-BCS-069 SAFFI ULLAH

SUBMITTED TO: DR. M. ZAKA UR RAHMMAN

COURSE: APPLIED PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS

DATE: 14/10/2022
 INTRODUCTION

Objective:
In this experiment we are going to convert a galvanometer into voltmeter.

Galvanometer:
A galvanometer is a device used to detect feeble electric currents in a
circuit. It consists of a coil suspended between the poles of a powerful magnet. As
current passes through the coil, it deflects. It can be detected from the deflection on
galvanometer needle. The deflection is proportional to the current passed through it.
Being a sensitive instrument, galvanometer cannot be used for the measurement of
heavy current.

Voltmeter:
An electrical instrument which measures potential difference between two
points. It is always connected in parallel in circuit. In ideal voltmeter resistance is
infinity so that no current passes through voltmeter and there will be no power loss
in the circuit.

METHODOLOGY

Converting a Galvanometer to Voltmeter

Apparatus:

 Galvanometer
 Connecting Wire
 Digital Multimeter
 Variable Resistor
 DC power Supply
 Breadboard
Procedure:

1) First, we drew circuit diagram of our experiment and built our circuit according
to it. Galvanometer and Variable Resistor was connected end to end such that
they represented a series circuit.

Circuit Diagram Actual Circuit

2) The selected galvanometer can measure the current up to 300 X 10 -6A. The
internal resistance when calculated from DMM comes out to be 138Ω.The
galvanometer when converted to voltmeter will show us volts in the range -5 to
+5V.It would give maximum deflection when a 5V is applied across its terminal
and current supplied would be 300µA. So, to find suitable resistor called “shunt
resistor” for converting galvanometer into voltmeter we will use following
equation:

V=iR + iRm
V=i(R+Rm)
V
R= – Rm
I

Where:
V = 5V
I = 300 X 10-6A
Rm= 138Ω

5
R= – 138 =16528.6Ω = 16.5kΩ
300∗10−6

To check whether above calculation is correct we connected a variable resistor of

1MΩ with the galvanometer and when we adjust the variable resistor to 16.5kΩ,
the galvanometer’s needle shows full deflection which confirms that our
calculation was correct.
 3) To calculate internal resistance of galvanometer Rm we first need to find voltage
across galvanometer Vg which can be calculated by DMM. In our experiment it
comes out to be 42 X 10-3V. So, internal resistance of galvanometer is calculated
by following formula:

V=IRm

V 42 X 10−3
Rm = = = 140Ω
I 300 X 10−6

4) The summary of readings is as follows

Vg Ig Rm meas. Rm calc. R meas. R calc.

(V) (A) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω)
42 * 10-3 300*10-6 138 140 16.6 * 103 16.5 *103

Testing our designed voltmeter

The second part of the experiment was to check the validity of our designed
voltmeter. For this we designed a new circuit in which we took three resistors
(820Ω, 470Ω,470Ω) and connected them end to end with 5V power supply.

Circuit Diagram showing three resistors, connected in series circuit

First, we calculated voltage drop across each resistor with DMM and after that
we calculated voltage drop across each resistor with our designed voltmeter.
Note that our designed voltmeter does not show voltage directly so each time
we divide the deflection shown in galvanometer by “6” because there were 6
segments in galvanometer.
 Resistors (Ω) Deflection in Relative Voltage (V)
galvanometer (θ)
820 13.8 2.3
470 7.8 1.3
470 7.8 1.3

Voltmeter was connected parallel to each resistor of the circuit which is shown in
circuit diagram below.

circuit diagram showing designed voltmeter is connected parallel to circuit.

RESULTS

Potential difference from DMM and our designed voltmeter were approximately equal and there
was not any great difference which can be seen in table below. This shows that our designed
voltmeter was authentic and was working well.

Resistors Voltage via designed Voltage via Difference Difference in

(Ω) voltmeter (V) digital (V) percentage
voltmeter (V)
820 2.3 2.34 0.04 1.7
470 1.3 1.32 0.02 1.5
470 1.3 1.32 0.02 1.5
 CONCLUSION

Galvanometer was connected in voltmeter successfully to measure potential difference

across ends of the conductor by drawing small amount of the current from circuit so that
overall measurement remains errorfree and also so that it may not become load for circuit.
Range for this particular voltmeter was from -5V to +5V.