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Phosphorous
Phosphorous
Phosphorous
Allotropes of Phosphorus
The existence of phosphorus in nature in different physical form
but possessing similar chemical properties is known as
allotropes of phosphorus. The allotropes of phosphorus are:
1. Red phosphorus
2. White phosphorus
1. White Phosphorus
The phosphorus obtained by connecting vapours of phosphorus
under water is known as white phosphorus. It is highly reactive
as well as toxic. It is most common allotrope of phosphorus.
Physical Properties
Colorless solid that becomes yellow in light so known as
yellow allotrope.
Garlic smell.
Chemical Properties
1. It reacts with air & gently gets oxidized to form phosphorus
pentoxide (P2O5) that glows at night.
P4 + 5O2 ⟶ 2P2O5
It reacts with caustic soda (NaOH) producing phosphine gas on
heating & produces sodium hydrogen phosphite as the side
product.
P4 + 3NaOH + 3H2O ⟶ PH3 + 3NaH2PO2
It reacts with concentrated HNO3 to give phosphoric acid.
P4 + 20HNO3 ⟶ 4H3PO4 + 20NO2 + 4H2O
Uses:
Used in match industry.
2. Red Phosphorus
The phosphorus obtained by heating white phosphorus at 250 °C
at an inert atmosphere for some hour is called red phosphorus.
Properties
Dark red powder
Laboratory preparation
In the lab, phosphine gas is prepared by heating white
phosphorus with the solution of NaOH or KOH.
P4 + 3NaOH + 3H2O ⟶ PH3 + 3NaH2PO2
Physical properties
Colourless gas with the rotten fish smell.
Toxic in nature.
Chemical properties
Decomposition: It decomposes to give red phosphorus &
hydrogen.
4PH3 ⟶ P4 + 6H2
Basic nature: It is weaker base than ammonia.
PH3 + H2O⟶ PH4+ + OH−
Weak basic nature of phosphine (PH3) then ammonia (NH3) is
due to the vacant orbital of phosphorus & lone pair of the
electron that cannot be donated easily.
PH3 + HX ⟶ PH4X (Phosphonium halide)
Combustion: It burns with air to form phosphorus pentoxide&
phosphoric acid.
2PH3 + 4O2 ⟶ P2O5 + 3H2O
Phosphorous pentoxide
Uses
Used in formation of smoke during war.
Used in production of Holme’s signal (signal in sea journey
during emergency)
Orthophosphoric acid
Preparation
In the lab, Phosphoric acid is prepared by heating rock
phosphate with concentrated H2SO4.
Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 ⟶ 2H3PO4 + 3CaSO4
Physical properties
White crystalline solid.
Chemical properties
1. Action with heat:
When phosphoric acid is heated, it produces
pyrophosphoric acid at 250-260°C & metaphosphoric acid
at 300°C by losing water molecules.
2H3PO4 ⟶ H4P2O7 ⟶ HPO3