Oracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT [ORACLE] [PL/SQL] DURGA SOFT, #202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 600 038, Kw Phone 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92.42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonline.comOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT PL/SQL 1. PL/SQL Introducti > Select...Into Clause > Variable Attribute (SeType, %Rowtype) > Bind variables > Conditional, Control Statements 2. Cursors: Explicit cursor & Explicit cursor attributes Explicit Cursor Life Cycle Cursor... FOF LOOP. Parameterized Cursor Implicit Cursors & Implicit Cursor Attributes. > Functions, expressions are used in explicit cursor > Updete, delete, statements are used in cursors (without using where current of, for update clauses) vyvvvy 3. Exceptions: Predefined Exceptions User Defined Exceptions Unnamed Exceptions Exception Propagation Raige_Application_Error() Error Trapping Functions (SQLCODE, SQLERRM) vyvvyy 4. Sub Programs: Stored Procedures > Parameter Medes (In, Out, In Out) > NoCopy compiler hint > Autonomous Trensactions > Authid Current_User (Definer Rights) ‘Stored Functions DML statements are used in functions Select...,into clause used in functions When to.use procedure, when to use functions ‘Wm _concat > Global Variables > Serlally Reusable Pragma > Overloading Procedures > Forward Declaration 6 Types Are Used In Packages: > Pi/SqiRecord > Index By Table(Or) PL/SQL Table(Or) Associative Array > Nested Table > Varray > Refcursor DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. kw Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT 7. BulkBind: > BulkCollect Clause ForallStatements Indices Of Clause(10g) Bulk Exceptions Handling Through Sql%Bulk_ Exceptions SALKBUK_Rowcount() vvvy 8 ReF Cursor: ~ > Strong Ref Cursor > WeakRef Cursor > Sys_Refeursor > Passing Sys_Refeursor as Parameter to the Stored Procedure. 9. Local Subprograms: > LocalProcedures > Local Functions Passing ref cursor as parameter into the local subprograms 10, UTL_FilePackage: 14, SQLLoader: > Flat Files, Control Files, Bad Files, Discard Files, Log Files. 12, THggers: Row Level Triggers Applian Of Ruw Level Tigges (Auly inuernent Concept) ‘Trigger timing (before / after) Statement Level Triggers ‘Trigger Execution Order Follows Clause (Oracle i1¢) ‘Compound Triggers (Oracle 11g) Matating Error ‘System Level Triggers (6r) DDL Triggers vvvvvvvyy 13, Avoicling Mutating Error Using Compound Trigger 14, DynamieSQL 35, Large Objects (Lob: > Internal Large Objects (CLO®, BLOB) > Extemal Large Objects (BFILE} 16, Where “eurent oP, “for update of” clauses are used in epiéteursors. 47, Member Procedures, Member Functions 1g Features, oracle 12¢ features DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. Kw Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT PL/SAL is Procedural Language Extension for SQL. Oracle 6.0 introduced PL/SQL Oracle 6.0—-> PL/SQL 1.0 Oracte 7.0--> PL/SQL 2.0 Oracie 8.0--> PL/SQL 80 1 2 3 4 Solel 6. Oracle 11.2-> PL/SQL 13.2 Basically, PL/SQL is a Block Structured Programming Language. When we are subrnitting PL/SQL blocks into the Oracle server then all Procedural statements are executed within PL/SQL engine and also all SQL statements ‘are separately executed by using SQL engine. Block Structure dedare [Optional] “> variable declaration, cursors, user defined exceptions begin [Mandatory] => DML, TCL > select into dause -> conditional, control statements; ‘exception [Optional] => Handling runtime errors end; [Mandatory] PL/SQL nas two types of blocks, 2. Anonymous blocks 2. Named blocks BLOCKS ANONYMOUS BLOCKS. NAMED BLOCKS fg: declare Eg: Procedures, Functions; end; 1. These blocks doesnot have any | 1. These blocks having a name. 2. These blocks are not stored in -- These blocks are automatically database. permanently stored in database. 3. These blocks are not allowed to | 3. These blocks are allowed to call client applications. in dient applications. DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. Kz Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) Dedaringa Varlable Syntax: varlablename datatype(size} Example declare a number(20}, bbvarchar2(10); Storing value into variable Using assignment operator (=) we can store a value in variable. Syntan:variablenome : declare a number(10); begin ‘Syntax: dbms_output.put_line (‘message’); (or) ‘Syntax: dbms_output put_line (variablename); dbms_output-> PACKAGE NAME put_line > PROCEDURE NAME Example Sab set serveroutput on; Sqb> begin , where codon | (Where condition must return a single record) Select...into dause is usec ‘executable section of the PL/SQL block > Write P1/Sat program fur uses entered empne then display name of the employee and hi eatary fram ‘emptable? ans: declare vename varchar220);, visal_ numbert10\; begin select ename, sal into v_ename, v_sal from emp where empno = &empno; oms_output put_fine(y_ename ({* ‘|| v.sal): end / output: Enter value for empno: 7369 ‘SMITH 800, Note: In PL/SQL when a variable contains “not null” (or) “constant” clause then we must assign the value when we are dectaring the variable in declare section of the PL/SQL block. “Syntax: Variablename datatvoelsize) not null= value: Syntax: variablename constant datatype(siz) = value; Example: declare a number(10) not null = 50; ‘b constant number(10) begin ddbms_output.put_fine(a}; dbms_output.put_line(b); end; 1 Output: 509 Note: We can also use “default” clause in place of “assignment operator” when we are assigning the value in declare section ofthe PL/SQL block. DURGA SOFT, #202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 036 kia Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT Example declare ‘2 number default 50; begin abms_output put_ine(a); end; ! Output: 50 7 > Write a PL/SQL program maximum salary from emp table and store it into PL/SQL variable and display maxsalary? Ans: decare v.sal number(10); begin select maxisal) nto v_sal from emp; ddbms_output put_line(‘maximum salary! || v_sal); end; I Output: aximum salary: 5000 Example declare anumber(10); brumber(01: cnurnber( 10}, begin a:= 90; b= 30; cis greatestla,b); c= max(2,b)[error: group function cannot used in PL/SQL expression} ddoms_output.put_line(<}; end; / Output: 90 Note: In PL/SQL expressions we are not allowed to use “group functions", “decode conversion function”, but ‘we are allowed to use “number functions”, “character functions", “delete functions” and “date corvversion functions” in PL/SQL expressions. Example 1 declare avarchar2(10); begin a= upper(‘shailendra’); Adbms_output put_line(a), end 1 ‘Output: SHAILENDRA DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. kK Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT Example 2 declare a date; begin a= next_datet'12 -aug15') +1; ddbms_output.put_line(a); end; / Output: 13-AUG-15 ites are used in place of data types in variable declaration. Whenever we are using variable attributes, Oracle server automatically allocates memory for the variables based on the corresponding colurnn data type in a table. PL/SQL having two types of variable attributes. 4, Column level Attributes 2. Rowlevel Attributes. Column Level Attributes: In this methods we are defining attributes for individual columns. Column Level attributes are represented by using "sdtype”. ‘Syntax: variablename . Stypei Whenever we are using “column level attributes” oracle server automaticaly allocates memory for th variables as same as corresponding column datatype ina table. Example declare ‘v.ename _emp.enamestype; v.sal_empsal %type; vihiredate —emp.hiredate stype; begin select ename, sal, hiredate into v_ename, v_sal, v_hiredate from emp where empno = &no; dbma_output.put_tinely_eneme ||! ‘I v_sel |] "| %hiredete)s / Output: Enter value for no: 7902 FORD 3000 03-DEC-81 DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. zk Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT 2. Row Level Attributes: In this methods a single variable can represent all different datatypes in a row ‘within a table. This variable is also called as “record type variable”. It is also same as structures in “C” Ianguage. Row level attributes are represented by “Sérowtype”. ‘Syntax: variablename %rowtype; Example declare 7 i empirowtype: begin select ename, sal, hiredate into jenam ‘where empno = &n0; ddrms_output.put_tine (Lename || ’]] Lsal ||" ‘]] -hiredate}; end; / Output: Enter value for no: 7902 FORD 3000 03-DEC-#1 3 Liredate from emp example: declare 1 empi%rowtype; beet Select * into i from emp where empno = &empno: ‘dbms_output.put_tine(-ename ||" “[] i.sal ||" “|| uhiredate); end; / Output: Enter value for empno: 7902 FORD 3000 03-DEC-81 DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. Kk Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT Lit 2 ihelse 3 kif Lot Syntax: (olden day syntax style) condition then stmts; end if, 2. ifelse: Syntee ifcondition then stmts; else stents; end if 3, elsif: To check more number of conditions then we are using “elsif”. Syntax: Ifeondition4 then stmts; elsif condition2 then stents; elsif condition3 then stints; else stmt; end if; Example declare v_deptno number(10}; begin select deptno into v_deptno from dept where deptno = &deptno; if v_deptna = 10 th dons, output. put elsif v_deptno = 20 then ‘dbms_output.put_fine(twenty’); elsif v_deptno = 30 then dbms_output.put line(‘thirty'), else cdbms_output.put_line(‘others'); end if end; i DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. Eu Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT Output: Enter value for deptno: 20 twenty sqb/ Enter value for deptno: 40 Others Sqb/ Enter value for deptno: 90, Error: ORA-01403: no data found. ‘Note 4: When a PL/SQL. blocks having “Select into” clause and also if requested data not available in a table ‘through this clause then Oracle server returns an error “ORA-01403: no data found’. ‘Note 2: When a PL/SQL. block having pure DML statements and also through those statements if requested data not available in a table then Oracle server does not return any error message. ‘To handle these types of blocks we are using “Implicit Cursor Attributes". Example bein delete from emp where ename= ‘welcome’; end: / PL/SQL procedure succesfully completed. Note 3: In PL/SQL blocks having “select into” clause and also if “select into” clause try to return multiple records at a time (or) try to return multiple values from a single columns at a time then Oracle server returns ‘an error “ORA-1422: Exact fetch returns more than requested number of rows”, Example declare 1 empitrowtype; begin select * into i from emp where deptno= 10; dbms_output put.tine {iename ||’ isl II" ‘1] kjobls end; 1 Error: ORA-1422: Exact fetch returns more than requested number of rows. DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. Ka Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT Case Statement: Oracle 8.0, introduced case statement and also Oracle &i introduced case coriditional ‘statement. This statement is also called as “Searched Case". ‘Syntax: case variablename when valuei then stmts; when value? then stts; else stmt n; end case; Example declare -_deptno number(10}; begin select deptno into v_deptno from emp where deptno = &deptno; casev_deptno ‘when 10'then ‘dbne_vutputsput_ fine ‘ea" ‘when 20 then ; Example: declare output: number(16) begin loop. = 10 then EE EEEEEEEE . While Loop: Here body of the loop statements are executed repeatedly untit condition Is false. In “While Loop’ whenever condition Is true then only loop body Is executed. Syntax: while (condition) loop stints; fend loop; Example: declare nnumber(10) begin while (n <= 10) loop dbms_output.put_line(n); nent; end loop; end; BEEEEEEEEE 3.For Loop: Syntax: ‘for IndexVariableName in lowerbond. Ion ‘stmts; end loop; Uupperbond Example: declare nnumber( 10}; bogin fornin 1.10 oop dbms_output put line(n); end loop; end DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. kK Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT Example: declare mnnumber(20}; begin forn in reverse 1..10 "oop doms_output putine(n}; end loop: end; Note: For loop Index variable Internally behaves like an “Integer” variable that’s why when we are using “for Joon" we are not required to declare variable in declare section. Generally PL/SAY for lanp ie alco eallad 2¢ numeric “for loop”. Example: begin fornin1..10 loop ddbns_output.put_tine (a); end loop; end Example: Sql> create table test (sno number(10)); Sql> begin formin1..10 loop insert into test values (n); ‘end loop end; Oracle server having 2 engine, there are. 1) sabengind? 2) 4 2) Pu/saLenging 20.3 When we are submitting PL/SAL bck into oracle server then all SQL statements are executed within SQL engine and also all procedurdtstdtementsaré separstely executed within PLSQL engine. > Write a PL/SQL. program whichis Used to'retrieve total salary from emp table and then store that total salary into another table? Ans: sql> create table target(totalsel number{10)}; sql declare vv sal number(10)}; egin select sum(sal) into v_sal from emp; ingert into target values(y_sal), end; i Sql> select * from target; DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. Ka Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT Bind variable Is a session variable (whenever necessary we can create) created at “host” environment that's ‘why these variables are also called as “host variables", Bind variables are used in SQL, PL/SOI, Dynamic SOL language that's why these variables are also called as “Non PL/SQL variables". We can also use these variables in PL/SQL to evecute when subprograms having OUT, INOUT parameters. In oracle we are creating bind var bles by using following 3 steps process. Step 1: (Creating a bind variable) ‘Syntax:- variable s Step 2: (using bind variable) ‘When we are using bind variable then we must use colon (:) operator in front of the bind variable name. Synti c= #; Step 3: (display value from bind variable) |F you want to display value from bind variable then we must use print command at a SOI. prompt at following syntax. ‘Syntax: print ; Example: sql> variable g number, sql> declare PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. ‘Sql> print g; (or) ‘Sql> print Output: 6 450 PL/SQL Data types and Variables: L_Itsupports all SAL databases (Scalar Data Types) + Boolean Data types. 2. Composite Data types 3. Ref Objects 4. Large Objects (LOBS) > CLOB, BLOB, BFILE 5. Bind Variables (or) Non PL/SQL variables DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. Ea Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT Curso’ is a private SQL memory area which is used to process multiple records and also this is a “record by record” process, All database systems having two types of static cursor, these are. 4) Implicit eursor 2) Explictt cursor licit Cursor: (Static Cursor} For SQL statements returns multiple records is called “explicit cursors” and also this is “record by record” ‘process. Explicit cursor memory area is also called as “active set area”. Eick : 4. Declare 2. Open 3. Fetch 4. Close L_ Declare: In “Declare” section of the PL/SQL block we are defining the cursor using following syntax. Syntax: cursor carer name> ie selec from where condition; [group by, having. ete] Example: Sab declare tureor ede caloct* fromm omp where at» 2000 2 Open: nall databases whenever we are opering the cursor then only database servers retrieve data from table into cursor memory area because in all database systems when we are opening the cursors then only cursor “Select” statements ae executed. Syntaxe cpen ; ‘This statement ‘used in “Executable Section” of the PL/SQL block. Note: Whenever we are opening the cursor “Implicit” cursor pointer always points to the “First Record” inthe cursor. ; 3. Fetch: (Fetching data from cursor memory area) Using fetch statement we are fetching data from cursor memory area into PL/SQL variables. Syntax: fetch into , , 4. Close: Whenever we are closing the cursor all the resources allocated from cursor memory area is automatically released. Syntax: close ; DURGA SOFT, #202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 036 kK Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT Example declare ‘cursor €1 is select ename, sal from emp; ‘v_ename varchar2 (20); visal_ number (10): begin openccl; fetch c1 intov_ename, v_sal; dbms_output put_tine(v_ename || ‘* |] v.sal); fetch €1 into v_ename, v_sal; Write PL/SQL explicit cursor program to display all employee name and their salary from emp table using %6notfound attribute? Ans: declare ‘cursor ct is select ename, sal from emp; vv_ename varchar2(20); vsal_number(10); begin ‘opencl; lov fetch c1 into v_ename, v_sal; exit when cl%notfound; dbms_output.put_line(y_ename ||°’|| v_sal); end loop; closet; end; t > White a PL/SQL cursor program to display total salary from emp table without using sum functions? Ans: declare ‘cursor e1 is aclect sel from emp; v_sal number{10); ‘8 number(30} == 0; begin open ci; oop fetch cl into v sal; exit when c1%notfour nzsntv sal; ‘end loop; doms_output.put_line( Total salaryis:" 11° I] a); lose el; end; ? ‘Output: Total salary is: 29225, Note: When a resource table have NULL valve column and also when we are performing summation based on ‘that column then we must use "NVL)". Examole n:= ne{milty sal.0); DURGA SOFT, #202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 036 Ea Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT > Write PL/SQL program to display first 5 highest salary employees from emp table using “Srowcount” attribute? Ans: declare + ‘cursor c1 is select ename, sal from emp; v.ename varchar2(20); visal_number(10); begin open ei; loop fetch cl into v_ename, v_sal dbms_output.put_line(v_ename |] || yall exit when clsérowcount: end loop; close ci; end; / > Write PL/SQL program to display even number of records from emp table using “Strowcount” attributes? Ans: declare ‘cursor cl is select enamne, sal from emp; v.ename varchar2{20); visal_number(10}; + begin ‘open cl; loop fetch cl into v_ename, v_sal; exit when ci¥%notfound; if mod{c1%rewcount, 2] =0 then Write @ PL/SQL cursor program which display all employees and their salores from emp table usine séfound attributes? Ans: dectare cursor ci is select * from emp; iemp%romypes begin ‘openci; fetch cl into while (c196found) loop dlbms_output. put fine(iename |||] ial) fetch et into end loop; close el; end DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. Ea Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT 3. rowcount: This attribute always returns umber datatype Le. it counts number of records fetches from the cursor memory area. Syntax: cursomame%rowcounts Exemple declare cursor Chis select ename, sal from emp; Wename varchar2{10); visal_number(20}; beain open cl; fetch c1 Into v_ename, v_sal ddoms_output put line(v_ename ||" I] v_sal); fetch e1 into v_ename, v_sal Weitea explicit cursor program to display 5" record from emp table using “Yérowcount” attribute? ans: declare ‘cursor ¢1 is select * trom emp; Femp%rowtype; begin open cl; loop fetch cl intol; exit when ci%notfound; if cA%rowcount = § then dbms_output.put_line(ename || ** || isal); endif; end loop; 3250 DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. Ew Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT Note: By using cursor we cam also transfer data from one Oracle table into another Oracle table, arrays and ‘operating system files > Write a PL/SQL cursor program to transfer ename, sal who are getting more than 2000 salary from emp table into another table? Ans: sab create table target{sno number(10), ename varchar2(20}, sal number(20)}; sq deciare ‘cursor cLis select * from emp where sal> 2000; i emp%rowtype; nnumber(10}; begin open et; loop fetch cL into |; exit when 1Sénotfound; n= cl%rowcount; Insert into target values (n, Lename, ial) end loop; close e2; end: t Output: select from targets DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. En Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT Using éursor “for loop” we are eliminating explicit cursor life cycle, Here we are fo need to use “open, fetch, lose” statements explicitly. Whenever we are using cursor “for loop” internally oracle server only open the ‘cursor then fetch data from the cursor and close the cursor automatically. ‘Syntax: for in Joop statements; end loop; > Data transferred from cursor to index variable Note: In cursor “for loop” index variable internally behaves like a record type variable (%erowtype). ‘This cursor “for loop” is used in “executable section” of the PL/SQL block. Cursor “for loop" is also called as “shortcut method” of the cursor. > Write a PL/SQL cursor program to display all employee names and their salaries from emp table using cursor “For loop"? Ans: declare cursor cl is select * from emp; begin foriine. loop ‘abms_output.put_hme(i.ename | ° [| |.salj ‘end loop; end; / ote: we can also eliminate “declare section” of the cursor by using cursor “for loop”. In this case we must specify cursor select stetement in place of cursor name within cursor “for loop”. ‘Syntax for in select statement) toop statements; end loon, begin for in (select * from emp) loop dbms_output.put_line Lename ||" "|| sal) ‘end loop; end; / DURGA SOFT, #202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 036 Ez Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT Using éursor “for loop” we are eliminating explicit cursor life cycle, Here we are rio need to use “open, fetch, close” statements explicitly. Whenever we are using cursor “for loop” Internally oracle server only open the ‘cursor then fetch data from the cursor and close the cursor automatically. ‘Syntax: for cindex variable name>in censor name> loop statements; lend loop; > Data transferred from cursorto index variable Note: In cursor “for loop” index variable internally behaves like a record type variable (%erowtype) This cursor “for loop" is used in “executable section” of the PL/SQL. Block. Cursor “for loop” is also called as “shortcut method” of the cursor. > Write 2 PL/SQL cursor program to display all employee names and their salaries from emp table using cursor “For loop’ Ans: declare cursor c1is select * from emp; begin foriined oop in select statement) loop statements; end loop; Example begin for iin (select * from emp) oop ddbms_output.put_line (Lename ||" *|{ Ls) end loop; end; / DURGA SOFT, #202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 036 Ez Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT > Write a cursor program to display 5* record from emp table by using cursor "For loop”? Ans: dectare cursor el is select * from emp; begin for iin ct loop Wet%¥rowcount = 5 then ddbms_output.put_jine (Lename ||’ I] endif; end loop; i, I Output: MARTIN 1250 > Write a PL/SQL cursor program which displays total salary from emp table without using sum function with using cursor “For loop"? Ans: declare cursor cLis select * from emp; ‘ni number(10) := 0; begin fortined loop nt isal; end loop; ‘dbms_output.put_line("Total salary is? I] a}; end; / Output: Total salary is: 29250 Example: declare cursor €1is select * from emp; begin Fortinet loop sal> 2000 then dbms_output.put_line{ename ||" 'H]i.sal) else ddbms_output.put_tine(i.ename |j* 'I | ‘tow salary’); end if; end loop; end; / Output: DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. Ea Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT In Oracle, we can also pass parameters in to the explicit cursor same like @ procedure in parameters, this type of cursor is also called as “Parameterized Cursor”. In “Parameterized Cursors” we are defined formal parameter when we are declaring a cursor, whereas we are passing actual parameter when we are opening the cursor. ‘Note: in Oracle, whenever we ate defining formal parameters in “cursors, procedures, functions” then we are not allowed to use datatype “size” In formal parameter declaration, Syntax d: ‘cursor ( ) is select * from where = ; Syntax2: open (actual parameter); > Write a PL/SQL parameterized cursor program for passing deptno is a parameter that display employee details from emp table based on passed deptno? Ans: declare ‘cursor cX(p_deptno number) is select * from emp vihere deptno = p_deptno; emptrowtype; begin open e1(20);, loop fetch e1 into exit when ex%notfound; dbms_outputput_ine(iename ||" |] ial] ‘| | ideptno); ‘end loop; close c2; end; t Output: CLARK 3550. 10 KING 6200 10 MILLER 3100 10 > Write a PL/SQL cursor program using parameterized cursor for passing job as a parameter from emp table then display the employees working as CLERK and ANALYST and also display final output statically by following format? Employees working as CLERK ‘SMTi ‘ADAMS dames MILLER, Employees working as ANALYST scorT FORD DURGA SOFT, #202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 036 Ea Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT ans: declare cursor ci{p_job varchara) is select * from emp where job = p_job; empserowtype; begin ‘open ci(‘CLERK'); ddbms_output.put._line( Employees working as Clerks!) loop fetch cl into I; exit when cl%notfour <ébrns_output put_line(iename); end loo; close ci; ‘open ci(‘ANALYST}; dbms_output.put_line('Employees working as Analysts’) loop fetch ct into i; exit when c1%notfound; dims_output.put_line(i.ename); end loop; close ct; end; / Note 1: Before we are reopening the cursor we must close the cursor properly otherwise Oracle server returns an error. “ORA-06511: Cursor is already open’. Nate 2: When we are not opening the cursor but we are trving to perform operations on the cursor then (Oracle server returns an error “ORA-1001: Invalid Cursor”. Example: (Converting to Parameterized cursor Shortcut method of Cursor) declare cursor cl (p_deptno number) is select * from emp where deptno = p_deptno: begin for iin e1(10) {oop dbms_output.put_tine (Lename ||‘ ’|| isal ||’ ‘If ideptno); ‘end loop; end: i Output: CLARK 3550 10 KING 6200 10 MILLER 3100 10 DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. Ea Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT Applving same tech nother example declare cursor ci{p job varchar2) is select * from emp where job = p_job; begin dbms_output.put_lne (Employees working as Clerks); foriinei{CLERK) toon dbms_output.put.tine (name); ‘end loop; ddbms_output.put_line (Employees working as Analysts}; for iin cX(ANALYST) loop dbms_output put_line (i.ename); end loop; end; i Output: Employees working at Clerks ‘SMITH ‘ADAMS JAMES MILLER Employees working as Analysts SCOTT FORD Note: In oracle we can also defined more than one cursor in single PL/SQl block and also we ate allow to past fone cursor value into another cursor, whenever we are passing one cursor value Into another cursor then receiving cursor must be in “parameterized cursor”. Generally in relational databases when we are implementing master-detalled reports then only we ate defining multiple cursors. > Write a PL/SQL citsor program to retrieve all deptno from dept table by using explicit cursor and also pass these deptno from this explicit cursor into another parameterized cursor which returns employee details from emp table based on passed deptno? Ant dedare ‘cursor €1 is select deptno from dees; cursor c2 (p_deptno number) is select * from emp where deptno = p_deptno: tegin fortinct loop ‘dbms_output put ine "My Department Number for jin c2(i.deptno) Joop srowlype; > Write a PL/SQL. cursor program which display total salary from emp table using “sum()"? Ans: declare ‘cursor c1Is select sum(sal] a from emp; Tet%rowtype; begin ‘open ct; fetch ct into i; ddbms_output.put_tine (Total salary is" [| "| 1. dose et; end; / Output: Total salary is: 40425 > Write a PL/SQL cursor program using parameterized cursor for passing deptno as parameter that display total number of employees, total salary, minimum salary, maximum salary of that deptno from emp table? Ans: declare ‘cursor c1(p_deptno number) is select count(*) a, sums) b, min(sal) ¢ max(sal) d from emp where deptno = p_deptno; tea%rowype; begin ‘open c1(Edeptno}; fetch c1 Into; cébms_output.put_line( Numbers of employees ate |°* |] ial ddbms_output.put_line!"Total Salary is: "* || .b); ddbms_output.put_line(’Minimum Salary 1] "" li ddbms_output.put_ine( Maximum Salaryis:"}| "|| id); dose el; end; / Output: Enter value for deptno: 10; Numbers of employees are :3 ‘Total Salary is: 10885 ‘Minimum Salary is: 2600 ‘Maximum Salary is: 5400 DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. Ez Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT > Write a PL/SQL cursor program which is used to modify salaries of the employees in emp table based on following conditions: {LIF job = ‘CLERK’ then increment sal~> 100 2. f job= ‘SALESMAN’ then decrerment sal ~> 200 dectare ‘cursor c1is select * from emp; i empsérowtype; begin open ct; loan fetch cL into |; exit when ci%notfound; IfLJob = "CLERK then update emp set sal al + 100 where empno = j.empno; elsif Ljob='SALESMAN’ then update emp set sal = sal - 200 where empno = i.empno; end if ‘end loop; close ct; end; / ftp selort ene erp: DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. El Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT For SQL staiements returns single record is called implicit cursor. implicit cursor memory area is also called as context area, In oracle whenever PL/SQL block having “select...Into” clause (or) pure DML statements then oracle server internally automatically allocates a memory area, this memory area Is also called as “SQL area” (or) “context area’ (or) “implicit area”. ‘This memory area returns a single record when PL/SQL block contains “Select... into” clause. This memory area also returns multiple records when PL/SQL block contains pure DML statements, but these multiple records does not controlled by user explicitly Le. these all records processed ata time by SQl- engine. Sample dociare v_ename varchar2(10}; visal_ number(10}; begin select ename, sal into v_ename, v_sal from emp where empno = &no; dbms_output-put.fine(v_ename |] "| v_salj end; ! ‘Along with this memory area Oracle server internally automaticslly created “4” memory locations. This ‘memory location behaves like 2 variable. The variables are identified through “Implicit Cursor Attributes”. ‘These Implicit Cursor Attributes are: 3) sqltinotfound 2) sqlssfound . 3) sqlstisopen 4) sqlt%roweount In all databases always “sqlMGisopen” returns false, whereas “sql%notfound”, “sqbfound” attributes returns Boolean value elther true (of) false and also “sqWrowcount” attribute always returns number datatype. Example begin delete from emp where ename = if sqifound then dbms_output.put_line('u r record is deleted’), end if if sqlénotfound then cdoms_output.put_inet'u rrecord doesnot exis’) end if end; t Output: u Frecord does not exist Bample erin update emp sot sal = sal + 100 were job = ‘CLERK’ dbms_output.put_line('Affected number of clerks are: || "" || sqlXrowcount); end; / Output: Affected numbers of clerks are: 4 ‘welcome’, DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. Ew Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT Exception is an error occurred during runtime, whenever runtime errer is occurred use an appropriate exception name in exception handles under exception section within PL/SQL. block. Oracle has 3 types of “Exceptions”. 1. Predefined exceptions 2. User defined exceptions 3. Unnamed exceptions 1. Predefined exceptions Orade provided 20 predefined exception names for regularly “Occurred runtime errors”. Whenever run time errors occurred use appropriate predefined exception name in exception handler under exception section of the PL/SQL block Syntax: when then when then statements; when others then statements; Predefined Exception Names 1. no_data_found (ORA-1403) 2. too_many_rows (ORA-1422) 2. rero_divide (ORA-1476) A. invalid_cursor (ORA-1001) 5. cursor_already_open (ORA-6511) 6. dup_val_on_index (ORA-0001) 7. tnvalid_number (ORA-1722)*** 8 value_error (ORA-6502}*** DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. Ez Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT 1) no_data_found: When a PL/SQL. blocks having “select...into" clause and also if requested data not available in a table through this clause then Oracle server retums an error. ‘ORA-1403: no data found. For handling this error then Oracle provided “no. data_ found” exception name. Example: declare v_ename varchar2 (20); visa number (20); begin select ename, sal intov_ename, vs ddbms_output put_line (v_sal); exception when no_data_found then ‘dbms_cutputput_line (‘your employee does not exist’; end; ! Output: Enter value for no: 7902 ‘WARD 3000 Enter value for no: 1111 Your employee does not exist 2) too_many_rows: In PL/SQL blocks whenever “select...into” clause try to return multiple records from a table (or) try to return multiple values ata time from a single column then Oracle server returns an error. ‘ORA-1422: exact fetch returns more than requested umber of rows. For handling his error ny sus" predefined exception name, le provided “wou. + Example: declare v_sal number (10); begin select sal into v_sal from emp; dbms_output put_line (v sal); exception when too_many_rows then 2000 then else update emp set sal= sal + 100 where empno = 7368; endif; ‘excoption when athen ddbms_output.put_fine'Salary already high’ end; f ‘Output: Salary already high > Write a PL/SQL program using following table whenever user entered empno is more than 5 or less than 1 ( create table test (empno number(10), ename varcher2(10)); sql> insert into test values(....); cals colact * ror toet; ENAME 1 ‘SMITH zz ‘AUN | 3 ‘WARD 4 JONES 5 ‘MARTIN Ans: declare aexception; vename varchar2{10}; vLempne number(10); begin v_empno := &empno; if v_empno> 5 orv_empno <1 then raises; else ‘select ename intov_ename from test where empro = v_empno; dbms_output.put line (v_ename}; end if; exception whena then ‘dbms_output.put line ('u r empno is out of range’ end; / DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. Ea Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT Output: Enter value for empno: 8 wrempnoisout of range saL>/ Enter value for empno: 2 ALLEN "Note: In oracle whenever requested data not available in 2 table by using explicit cursor program then oracle server does not retum any message. To overcome this problem we must use “user defined exception” in an ‘explicit cursor. Example: declare cursor el is select * from emp where deptno = &deptno; Temp%rowtype; a exception; begin open cli loop fetch cl into i; exit when c1%notfound; dbms_output.put_| end foo; if e1%rowcount = Othen cond if; close ci; ‘exception when a then dbms_output put_tine('u ¢ deptno does not exist’); end; / 11" [1 tdeptno); Output: Enter value for deptno: 10 Sab/ Enter value for deptno: 90 Urdeptno does not exist DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. Ez Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT If we want to handle otlier than Oracle 20 predefined exception name errors then we ai2 using “Unnamed Exceptions”. in this method we are creating our own exception name and associate that exception name with ‘appropriate error number by using “EXCEPTION_INITI). ‘Syntax: pragma exception_jnit (, Write a PL/SQL program to handle -2291 error number by using exception_init() based on emp, dept table? Ans: declare a exception; pragma exception intfa,-2291); begin insert into emp (empné, eneme, deptno) values (‘abe 50}; ‘exception when a then ‘dbms_output.put_line (‘not to insert other than primary key values’); end; / Output: not to insert other than primary key values ESE TREES age ABER oO? a Raica_appilication_errar ic an aracie predefined exception procedure ic available in “dbme_ctandard” packoge {sql> dese dbms,_ standard). Im oracle if you want to display user defined exception messages in more descriptive form then only ‘we are using this procedure i.. if you want to display user defined exception messages as same as oracle error displayed format then we must use “raise_application_emror” procedure. Ralse_application_error is used either ir executable section or in exception section of the PL/SQL block. This procedure accepts two parameters. ntax:raise_application_error (h; Error number -> between -20000 to -20999 Message up ta S12 characters Example: declare a exception; begin Hf to_char{sysdate, ‘DY ‘exception wher.a then ‘alse_application_error(-20234, "My exception ralsed on Friday’); end; # Output: ORA-20234: my exception raised on Friday Note: Raise_application_error is an exception procedure that’s why when condition is true it raise a message and also stop the execution and also contr.’ does not goes to remaining program. Whereas “put fine” Is normal procedure whenever condition is true it display message and alo control goes to remaining program. DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. Ez Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT farce Hehe bis Sutpie put_line Wraikeappleation. erent) Put_ine procedure is a normal procedure whenever we are raising a inessage conditionally then it raise 3 ‘message when condition is true and also control goes to remaining program, Wheres “raise_application_error” is an exception procedure that’s why when condition is true it raise 2 message and also control doesn’t goes to remaining PL/SQL block. Example 4: (put fine) begin IF to_char(sysdate, ‘DY')= "FRI then ddbms_output.put_tine(‘my exception raised on Friday’); cdbms_output.put_line("tomorrow there is no cass’); end if end; / Output: ‘my exception ralsed on Friday ‘tomorrow there is no cless Baample2: aise_application_error) begin ‘if to_chorloyadate, DV} FRI then ‘aise_exception_error|-20324, 'my exception raised on Friday’); dbms_output.put_line(tomorrow there is no class; endif, end; i ‘Output: ORA-20324: my exception raised on Friday [Note: Generally, ‘raise_application_error” procedure used in triggers because whenever condition is true it raises a message and also it stops invalid data entry according to condition because this is en exception procedure. Whereas “dbms_output.put_fine” procedure doesn’t stop invalid data entry into our table when condition is true aiso. Example: begin raise_application_error(-20123, "frst error message’); ‘exception ‘when others then rsice_application_ertor(-20456, ‘second error meseage’} end; / (Output: ORA-20456; second error message. DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. Ea Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT 1m PL/SQL block whenever we sre using more than one “ralse_application_error” procedure then oracle server returns last “ralse_application_error” procedure message, because “ralse_application_error” procedure internally having an optional 3 parameter. ‘This parameter returns Boolean value by default this parameter returns "false", that's why it replaces all previous “raise_application_error” procedure messages. ‘To overcome this problem if you want to display all above “raise_application_error” message we must use Boolean value “true” with 3 parameter. Syntax: ralse_application_error (, ); begin raise_application_error (20123, first error message) exception wwhon othors thon raite_application_error (-20856, ‘second error message’ false); end; ! Output: ORA-20456: second error message. Solution: begin raise_application_error (20123, "first error message’); exception ‘when others then raise_application_error (-20456, ‘second error message’ true); end; / Output: ‘ORA-20456: second error message. ‘ORA-20123: first error message. DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. Ea Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT In PL/SQL if you want to catch oracle error nuraber, erro number with error messages then oracle provided 2 error trapping function in PL/SQL these are: 1) SQLCODE 2) SQLERRM ‘These two predefined functions are used in “when others then” clause (default handler) or we can alse ue ‘within our own exception handler. In Oracle, if we want to know which run time error is occurred for a particular PL/SQL block at execution time ‘then we must use SQLCODE(). Example; declare v_sal number(10); begin select sal into v_sal from emp; dbms_output.put_line (v_sal}; exception when others then ‘Ubr_vutputput_tne (SaLcoDE}; doms_output.put_line (SOLERRM); end: / Output: 1822 ‘ORA-01422: exact fetch returns more than requested number of rows, Note: Generally if you want to find out which error is occur at runtime then we must use SQLCODE() and also by using SO:CODE{} we are allow to handle exception without using predefined exception name. In PL/SAL in place of default message by using SQLCODE(} we are allow to collect possibility exception and by sing these exception we are allow to handle exceptions within exception section by using following 3 steps. Stepa: declare _ ssl number(10}; begin select saliato v_sal from emp where deptno = &deptno; / Enter value for deptno: 10 Any error occurs. Step 2 (Collecting error number) declare v_sal number (30); begin select sa ito v_salfrom emp where deptno = &deptno; ddbms_outpvt.put line (v_sall; exception ‘When no_data_found then Write a PL/SQL program which stores error number, error number with error message of a PL/SQL block into another table? *** Ans: ae sal> create table target(ermo number(10}, errmsg varchar2 {200)); declare vierrno number(0}; vLerrmsg varchar2(200}; visal number{10}; begin select sal into v_salfrom emp; exception when others then ‘v.erme = SQLCOOE: vLerrmsg = SOLERRM; Insertinto target values {v_errmo, v_errmmsg); end; I sqb> select * from target; Values SQLCODE return values: Meaning 0 No Errors Negative [-ve) Oracle errors 400 No data found i {User Defined Exceptions Generally, SLCODEL returns numbers where as SOLERRM() returns error number with error messages. Example: declare ‘a exception; begin raise 3; exception when athen ‘dbms_outputput. tine (salcode); -tbms_output.put_tine (sqlerra); ond; / Output: 1 User Defined Exception DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. Ea Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT Note: in Oracle, If we want to view special meaning of the SQLCODE return values then we must pass SQLCODE (or) SALCODE return value into SQLERRM function within executable section of the PL/SQL block. Example: begin ut 7 (satenam (saLcoDn), ; Note: In oracle whenever we are using explicit cursor if requested data not available in a table then oracle server does not return any error message. To overcome this problem for handling this block we are using either user defined exception or by using predefined exception “no_data_ found” by using raise statement. > Write @ PL/SQL explicit program if user enter deptno does not exist in emp table then handled exception by using no_data found through raise statement? Ans: declare ‘cursor cl is select * from emp where deptno = &deptno; iemp%rowtype; begin ‘open ct; loop fetch into exit when cl%notfound; ddbms_output put_tine (Lename }|*" |] isal |] "1 i deptno}; end loop; ifea%rowcount = Othen raise no_data_found; endif; dose ca; exception When no_data_found then ddbms_output.put_line('u r requested deptno is not available in emp table), end; I Output Enter value for deptno: 90 Ur requested depino isnot available in emp table. DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. En Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecomOracle 19 C (SQL/PLSQL) DURGA SOFT Sub programs are name PL/SQL block which is used to solve particular task. Oracle has two types of sub programs. 2) Procedures May or may not return value 2) Functions ->Mustreturna value Stored Procedure: Procedure is a named PL/SQL block which is used to solve particular taskand also procedure may or may not return a valves. In Oracle, whenever we are using create or replace keyword in front of the procedure then those procedures are internally automaticaly, permanently stored in database, that’s why these procedures are also called as “stored Procedures”. Generally, procedures are used to improve performance of the application because in all database procedures internally having one time compilation. By default one time compilation program units improves performance of the application. In oracle every Procedure having two parts these re: 1) Procedure Specification 2) Procedure Body In Procedure specification we are specifying name of the procedure and type of the parameters Whereas a Procedure body we are solving actual task. Syntax: Create [or replace] procedure (formal parameters) ‘s/as variable declarations, cursor, user defined exception; begin {exception} ‘end [procedure name]; Formal Parameters Syntax: [mode] datatype; Different kind of modes:IN, OUT, IN OUT Toview errors: ‘Syntax: show errors; DURGA SOFT, # 202, 2nd Floor, HUDA Maitrivanam, Ameerpet, Hyderabad - 500 038. Ea Phone | 72 07 21 24 27, 80 96 96 96 96, 92 42 21 21 43 | www.durgasoftonlinecom

You might also like

• The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  

  From Everand

  The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  Mark Manson

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (5825)
• The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  

  From Everand

  The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  Brene Brown

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1093)
• Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  

  From Everand

  Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  Chris Voss

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (852)
• • Magazines
  • Podcasts
  • Sheet music
• Principles: Life and Work

  

  From Everand

  Principles: Life and Work

  Ray Dalio

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (612)
• The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  Jeannette Walls

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1720)
• Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  

  From Everand

  Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  Angela Duckworth

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (590)
• Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  Jesmyn Ward

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1194)
• Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  

  From Everand

  Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  Margot Lee Shetterly

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (903)
• Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  

  From Everand

  Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  Phil Knight

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (541)
• The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  

  From Everand

  The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  Stephen Chbosky

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2105)
• The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  

  From Everand

  The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  Ben Horowitz

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (349)
• Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  

  From Everand

  Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  Ashlee Vance

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (474)
• Bad Feminist: Essays

  

  From Everand

  Bad Feminist: Essays

  Roxane Gay

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1029)
• The Outsider: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Outsider: A Novel

  Stephen King

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1871)
• Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  

  From Everand

  Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  Carmen Maria Machado

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (823)
• The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  

  From Everand

  The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  Viet Thanh Nguyen

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (122)
• The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  

  From Everand

  The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  Siddhartha Mukherjee

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (271)
• Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  Frank McCourt

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (443)
• Brooklyn: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Brooklyn: A Novel

  Colm Tóibín

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (1948)
• The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  

  From Everand

  The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  Meik Wiking

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (403)
• A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  Fredrik Backman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (4772)
• Steve Jobs

  

  From Everand

  Steve Jobs

  Walter Isaacson

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (809)
• The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  

  From Everand

  The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  Thomas L. Friedman

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2259)
• The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  Garth Stein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (4208)
• The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  

  From Everand

  The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  Sarah M. Broom

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (98)
• Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  

  From Everand

  Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  Gilbert King

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (266)
• A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  

  From Everand

  A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  Betty Smith

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1930)
• Yes Please

  

  From Everand

  Yes Please

  Amy Poehler

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1903)
• A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  

  From Everand

  A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  Dave Eggers

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (231)
• Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  

  From Everand

  Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  Doris Kearns Goodwin

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (234)
• The Woman in Cabin 10

  

  From Everand

  The Woman in Cabin 10

  Ruth Ware

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2525)
• Wolf Hall: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Wolf Hall: A Novel

  Hilary Mantel

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (3973)
• Fear: Trump in the White House

  

  From Everand

  Fear: Trump in the White House

  Bob Woodward

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (738)
• John Adams

  

  From Everand

  John Adams

  David McCullough

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2409)
• On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  

  From Everand

  On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  Naomi Klein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (74)
• The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  M.L. Stedman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (789)
• Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  Jennifer Egan

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (880)
• The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  John Le Carré

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (104)
• The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  

  From Everand

  The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  George Packer

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (45)
• Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  

  From Everand

  Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  Jay Sekulow

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (137)
• Little Women

  

  From Everand

  Little Women

  Louisa May Alcott

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (105)

Footer menu

Back to top

About

• About Scribd
• Everand: Ebooks & Audiobooks
• SlideShare
• Press
• Join our team!
• Contact us
• Invite friends

Support

• Help / FAQ
• Accessibility
• Purchase help
• AdChoices

Legal

• Terms
• Privacy
• Copyright
• Do not sell or share my personal information

Social

• Instagram Instagram
• Twitter Twitter
• Facebook Facebook
• Pinterest Pinterest

Get our free apps

About

• About Scribd
• Everand: Ebooks & Audiobooks
• SlideShare
• Press
• Join our team!
• Contact us
• Invite friends

Legal

• Terms
• Privacy
• Copyright
• Do not sell or share my personal information

Support

• Help / FAQ
• Accessibility
• Purchase help
• AdChoices

Social

• Instagram Instagram
• Twitter Twitter
• Facebook Facebook
• Pinterest Pinterest

Get our free apps

• Documents

Language:

English

close menu

• English(selected)
• Español
• Português
• Deutsch
• Français
• Русский
• Italiano
• Română
• Bahasa Indonesia

Learn more

Copyright © 2024 Scribd Inc.

Language:

English

close menu

• English(selected)
• Español
• Português
• Deutsch
• Français
• Русский
• Italiano
• Română
• Bahasa Indonesia

Learn more

Copyright © 2024 Scribd Inc.