Hypothesis Testing for One

Population Parameter
Glyzel Grace M. Francisco
STAT1200: Management Science
2nd Semester, 2022-2023

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

 DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, you would be able to:

1. Formulate a null and alternative hypothesis in words and in symbols.

2. Apply the complete the process of hypothesis testing for a particular
problem.
3. Make a nontechnical conclusion with respect to the claim in alternative
hypothesis context.
4. Perform z-test and t-test for One Population Mean

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 DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS Components of Hypothesis Testing
Test of Hypothesis - to make decisions regarding unknown population
parameter values based on sample data
Hypothesis - standard procedure for testing a claim about a property of a
population based on sample data. It is a claim or statement about a property
of a population.
Null Hypothesis (𝑯𝒐 ) Alternative Hypothesis (𝑯𝒂 𝒐𝒓𝑯𝟏 )
hypothesis that differs from the null
must contain the condition of equality
hypothesis
Equal (=) Not equal to (≠)
Less than or equal to (≤) Greater than (>)

Greater than or equal to (≥) Less than (<)

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 DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS

Symbol Definition Example (claim)

• greater than • The mean weight is greater than 50kg

> 𝜇 > 50kg (𝑯𝒂 )
• more than • The mean weight is more than 50kg

< • less than • The mean weight is less than 50kg 𝜇 < 50kg (𝑯𝒂 )
• The mean weight is greater than or
• greater than or equal to
≥ equal to 50kg 𝜇 ≥ 50kg (𝑯𝒐 )
• at least
• The mean weight is at least 50kg
• The mean weight is less than or equal
• less than or equal to
≤ to 50kg 𝜇 ≤ 50kg (𝑯𝒐 )
• at most
• The mean weight is at most 50kg
= • equal • The mean weight is equal to 50kg 𝜇 = 50kg (𝑯𝒐 )
≠ • not equal • The mean weight is not equal to 50kg 𝜇 ≠ 50kg (𝑯𝒂 )
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 DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS Hypothesis
Formulate the 𝐻0 and 𝐻𝑎 of the ff:
Since it contains the
1. Test the claim that the population mean is 75. (𝜇 = 75) 𝑯𝒐 condition of equality
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 75 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 75

2. A company is interested to test the claim that the mean number of sick leave taken by its
employees per year is at least 10 days. (𝜇 ≥ 10 days) 𝑯𝒐 Since it contains the condition
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 ≥ 10 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 10 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 of equality

3. A researcher wants to test the claim that the certain brand of soda contains amount of
sugar with a mean different from the 39g amount indicated on the label. (𝜇 ≠ 39𝑔) 𝑯𝒂
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 39𝑔 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 39𝑔 Since it does not contain the condition of equality

4. The instructor claims that her student’s mean score is not lower than 50. (𝜇 ≥ 50) 𝑯𝒐
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 ≥ 50 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 50 Since it contains the condition of equality

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 DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS Components of Hypothesis Testing
Test statistic - (𝒕𝒄 𝒐𝒓 𝒛𝒄 )
• value used in making a decision
• found by converting the sample statistic to a score(𝑧 𝑜𝑟 𝑡)

Critical region/Rejection region

• set of all values of the test statistic that would cause to reject 𝐻0

Critical Value
• value/s that separate the critical region from the values that would not lead to
rejection of 𝐻0

Level of significance 𝜶
• probability of making the mistake of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true
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 DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS Components of Hypothesis Testing
Tail of Distribution • Extreme regions bounded by the
critical values

Left-tailed test Two-tailed test Right-tailed test

𝛼 𝛼/2 𝛼/2 𝛼
Acceptance Acceptance Acceptance
Region Region Region

Critical Value Critical Value Critical Value Critical Value

𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 𝜇𝑜 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇𝑜 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 𝜇𝑜
The CR is in the extreme left The CR is in the two extreme The CR is in the extreme
region under the curve. regions under the curve. right region under the curve.
Note: The shaded part is the rejection region and 𝛼 is the level of significance
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 DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS Components of Hypothesis Testing
Decision rule
statement that indicate the rule for rejecting Ho
Decision
• Reject Ho
2-T 𝑡𝑐 > 𝑡𝛼,𝑛−1
• Fail to Reject Ho 2
R-T 𝑡𝑐 > 𝑡𝛼,𝑛−1
Decision criterion L-T 𝑡𝑐 < −𝑡𝛼,𝑛−1
• Reject Ho if the test stat falls within the critical region
• Fail to Reject Ho if the test stat does not fall within the critical
region

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 DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS Components of Hypothesis Testing

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 DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS Components of Hypothesis Testing

Type I error
• The mistake of Rejecting 𝐻𝑂 when it is actually true
𝛼 - probability of committing a Type I error

Type II error
• The mistake of Failing to Reject 𝐻𝑂 when it is actually false
𝛽- probability of committing a Type II error

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 DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS Type I and Type II Errors
True State of Nature
𝐻0 is TRUE 𝐻0 is FALSE
Type I error
We decided to reject the 𝐻0 Correct Decision
(Reject True 𝐻0 )
Decision
Type II error
We fail to reject the 𝐻0 Correct Decision
(Fail to Reject False 𝐻0)

𝑯𝟎 : the defendant is not guilty (innocent) 𝑯𝒂 : the defendant is guilty

True State of Nature
𝐻0 is TRUE 𝐻0 is FALSE
Type I error:
We decided to reject the 𝐻0 Correct Decision
Innocent person goes to jail
Decision
Type II error:
We fail to reject the 𝐻0 Correct Decision
Guilty person goes free
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 DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS Guidelines in Hypothesis Testing

a. Identify the claim. State the null (Ho) and alternative (Ha) hypothesis.
b. Determine the test statistic, critical value, and tail of the distribution where
the rejection region is located.
c. Formulate the decision rule.
d. Compute the value of the test statistic.
e. Make a decision. ( whether to reject or fail to reject Ho)
f. Draw the conclusion by answering the original claim.

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 DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS Hypothesis Testing
One Sample z-test
One Population (𝝈 is known)
One Samples
Parameter One Sample t-test
(𝝈 is unknown)
Paired Sample z-test
Hypothesis
Testing (𝜎1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎2 are known)
Dependent Samples
Paired Sample t-test
(𝜎1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎2 are unknown)
Two Population
Independent Sample z-test
Parameter
(𝜎1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎2 are known
Independent Sample t-test
Independent Samples
(𝜎1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎2 are unknown and 𝜎1 = 𝜎2 )

Independent Sample t-test

(𝜎1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎2 are unknown and 𝜎1 ≠ 𝜎2 )

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 DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS Hypothesis Testing for One Population Mean

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 DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS Example 1
Suppose a bottle-filling operation is supposed to have a mean of 500ml.
Assume it is normally distributed with a standard deviation of 4ml. A random
sample of 16 bottles yields a sample average of 498.5. Is there sufficient
evidence, at α = 0.01, that the process mean is not equal to
500 ml?

• 𝜎 𝑖𝑠 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛

• Claim: the process mean is not equal to 500 ml

• α = 0.01, 𝜇 = 500𝑚𝑙, 𝑥ҧ = 498.5𝑚𝑙, 𝜎 = 4ml, n=16

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 DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS Example 1
Since it does not contain the
• 𝜎 𝑖𝑠 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 condition of equality
• Claim: the process mean is not equal 500 ml (𝜇 ≠ 500𝑚𝑙) 𝑯𝒂
1. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇𝑜
𝑯𝒐 : 𝝁 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒍 𝑯𝒂 : 𝝁 ≠ 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒍 (𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑚)
2. test-statistic: z-test or t-test (z-test when 𝜎 is known, otherwise, use t-test)
tail of distribution: left-tailed, right-tailed, or two-tailed
Tail of distribution Null hypothesis (Ho) Alternative hypothesis (Ha) test-statistic: z-test
Two-tailed 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑜 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇𝑜 (since 𝜎 is known)
tail of distribution:
Right-tailed 𝜇 ≤ 𝜇𝑜 𝜇 > 𝜇𝑜
Two-tailed
Left-tailed 𝜇 ≥ 𝜇𝑜 𝜇 < 𝜇𝑜

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 DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS
-𝑍𝑐 < −𝑍𝛼/2
Example 1
3. Decision Rule 𝑍𝑐 > 𝑍𝛼/2
Reject 𝐻𝑜 if 𝑍𝑐 > 𝑍𝛼/2 (see slide 14 for your reference)
Given: α = 0.01, 𝜇=500𝑚𝑙, 𝑥 ҧ=498.5𝑚𝑙, 𝜎=4ml, n=16
𝑍𝛼/2 = 𝑍0.01/2 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟕𝟓 (see next slide)
Reject 𝑯𝒐 if 𝒁𝒄 > 𝟐. 𝟓𝟕𝟓
4. Computation Acceptance
𝑥ҧ − 𝜇𝑜 498.5 − 500 Region
𝑍𝑐 = 𝜎 = = −𝟏. 𝟓 0.01
ൗ 𝑛 4ൗ 0.01 0.5-0.005 0.5-0.005 2
= 0.005
16 = 0.005 = 0.495 = 0.495
2

𝑍0.005 = −2.575 𝑍0.005 = 2.575

Rejection Rejection
Region Region
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 DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS Example 1

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑠 0.495

2.57 + 2.58
𝑍0.01/2 = = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟕𝟓
2

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 DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS Example 1
5. Decision
Since −1.5 > 2.575, we fail to reject 𝐻𝑜

6. Conclusion
At 1% level of significance, there
is no sufficient evidence to Acceptance
Region
support the claim that the process 0.01
= 0.005
mean is not equal to 500 ml 0.01
= 0.005
0.5-0.005 0.5-0.005 2
2 = 0.495 = 0.495
(see next slide for the wording of final
conclusion)
𝑍0.005 = −2.575 𝑍0.005 = 2.575
Rejection Rejection
Region Region

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 DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS

Claim: 𝝁 ≠ 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒍 ✓
Decision: Fail to reject 𝑯𝒐
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 DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS Example 2
In a study of distances travelled by buses before the first major engine failure, a
sample of 191 buses resulted in a mean of 96,700 miles and a standard
deviation of 37,500mi. At the 0.05 level of significance, test the manufacturer’s
claim that mean distance travelled before a major engine failure is more than
90,000 mi.

• 𝜎 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
• Claim: mean distance travelled before a major engine failure is more than
90,000 mi

• α = 0.05, 𝜇 = 90000𝑚𝑖, 𝑥ҧ = 96,700𝑚𝑖, s= 37500mi,

n=191, df=n-1=190
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 DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS Example 2
• 𝜎 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
• Claim: the mean distance travelled before a major engine failure is more
than 90,000 mi
Since it does not contain the
(𝝁 > 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒊) 𝑯𝒂 condition of equality

1. 𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 ≤ 90000𝑚𝑖 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 90000𝑚𝑖 (𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑚)

2. test-statistic: t-test (since 𝜎 is unknown)
tail of distribution: Right-tailed
Tail of distribution Null hypothesis (Ho) Alternative hypothesis (Ha)
Two-tailed 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑜 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇𝑜
Right-tailed 𝜇 ≤ 𝜇𝑜 𝜇 > 𝜇𝑜
Left-tailed 𝜇 ≥ 𝜇𝑜 𝜇 < 𝜇𝑜
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 DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS Example 2
3. Decision Rule
Reject 𝐻𝑜 if 𝑡𝑐 > 𝑡(𝛼,𝑑𝑓) (see slide 14 for your reference)
Given: α = 0.05, 𝜇 = 90000𝑚𝑖, 𝑥ҧ = 96,700𝑚𝑖, s= 37500mi, n=191, df=n-1=190
𝑡(𝛼,𝑑𝑓) = 𝑡(0.05,190) = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝟓(see next slide)
Reject 𝑯𝒐 if 𝒕𝒄 >1.645

4. Computation
Acceptance
𝑥ҧ − 𝜇𝑜 96700 − 90000 Region
𝑡𝑐 = 𝑠 = = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟐
ൗ 𝑛 37500ൗ
0.05
191
𝑡0.05,190 = 1.645
Rejection
Region

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 DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS Example 2
Alpha
tail
α = 0.05
Tail: one-tailed
df=n−1=190

𝑡 0.05,190 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝟓

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 DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS Example 2
5. Decision
Since 2.4692 > 1.645, we reject 𝐻𝑜

6. Conclusion
At 5% level of significance, the sample data
support the claim that the distance travelled
before a major engine failure is more than
90,000 miles Acceptance
Region
(see next slide for the wording of final conclusion)
0.05

𝑡0.05,190 = 1.645
Rejection
Region
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 DEPARTMENT of
STATISTICS

✓ ✓

Claim: 𝝁 > 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒊

Decision: Reject 𝑯𝒐
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