INTRODUCTION

• Increase in the construction of buildings both

residential and commercial in modern trend is towards
taller structures.
• The effects of lateral loads like wind loads,
earthquake loads and other forces are of
increasing importance.

• Almost every designer is faced with the

problems of providing adequate
strength and stability
against lateral loads.

3
 EARTHQUAKE
Earthquakes produce horizontal and vertical ground
motions that shake the base of a structure. Because the
movement of the rest of the structure is resisted by the
structure’s mass (inertia),ground shaking creates deformations
in the structure, and these deformations produce forces in the
structure.
 WIND (TYPHOON)
The magnitude and duration of wind loads vary with
geographical locations, the heights of structures
aboveground, the types of terrain around the structures, the
proximity of other buildings, the location within the structure,
and the character of the wind itself.
TECHNIQUES TO RESIST LATERAL FORCES

Shear walls Bracing

Dampers
Rollers Isolation.

Light weight
materials
 SHEARWALL
• Vertical Plate Reinforced Concrete Wall

• Generally starts at the foundation

• Goes through full building height

• Shear wall has high in-plane

stiffness and strength which can be
used to simultaneously resist large
horizontal loads and support
gravity loads
• Designed to provide the needed
resistance to horizontal loads

• Excellent structural system to

resist earthquake

• Deep vertical cantilever beams

that provide lateral stability
to structures

9
• The shear wall acts as a
vertical cantilever beam.

A simple building with

shear walls at its ends. Ground
motion enters the building and
creates inertial forces which
move the floor
diaphragms. This
movement

is resisted by the shear

walls, and the forces
are transmitted back
down to the foundation.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
SHEAR WALL
• NON-LOAD-BEARING - Non–load-bearing walls
are those that support only their own weight and perhaps
some lateral loads.

• LOAD-BEARING - Load-bearing walls with solid

rectangular cross sections may be
designed as were columns subject to axial
load and bending, or they may be
designed by an empirical
method given
TYPES OF SHEARWALL

Plane (simple rectangular); plane with

flanges; coupled; framed with or
without infill; column
supported and
core type .
 Shear
Wall
System
Elements:
Base Block/
Base Isolator

Composite
Steel Coupling
Beam
Elements:

Seismic
Detailing
ADVANTAGES OF SHEARWALL
• In past earthquakes Large number of RC frame
buildings damaged or collapsed but the Shear wall
buildings performed very well

• Effective in reducing the cost construction

and in minimizing earthquake damage to
Structural elements and Non-structural
elements like glass windows, building
contents etc.

• Easy to construct : Straight forward

reinforcement detailing;
Easily implemented at site
ADVANTAGES OF SHEARWALL
 Lesser lateral displacement than frames
 BURJ KHALIFA
Project Name The Burj Tower Pinnacle

Duration 47Months (Feb. ’05 ~ Dec. ’08) Spire

Cost 876,000,000 USD
Owner EMAAR Properties Communication
(L160)
Floors Above 160 floors
Height Above 800m Office (L153)

Usage Hotel, Residence, Office

Observatory
(L123)

Residence
(L108)

Hotel (L39)
BURJ KHALIFA
“We cannot afford to build concrete
buildings meant to resist severe
earthquakes without shear walls.”
:: Mark Fintel, a noted consulting
engineer in USA
GEOMETRY OF WALLS
• Shear walls are oblong in cross-
section, i.e., one dimension of
the cross-section is much larger
than the other.

• While rectangular cross-section

is common, L- and U-shaped
sections are also used .

• Thin-walled hollow RC
shafts around the
elevator core of buildings
also act as shear walls,
and should be taken
advantage of to resist
earthquake forces.
 PLACEMENT OF SHEAR WALLS
• Located symmetrically to reduce ill
effects of twist
• Symmetry can be along one or both
the directions
• Can be located at exterior
or interior

23
•More effective when located along exterior perimeter
of building
•Enclosures around lift wells
•Staircase walls
•External walls
•Some of partition walls
can be made to act as
shear walls.
 The shape and plan position of the shear wall influences the
behavior of the structure considerably.

 Structurally, the best position for the shear walls is in the

center of each half of the building.

 This is rarely practical,

however, since it dictates the
utilization of the space, so
they are positioned
at the ends.
ARCHITECTURAL ASPECT
FORCES ACTING:
Shear walls resist two
types of forces: Shear forces
and uplift forces.

• Shear forces are

generated in stationary
buildings: By external
forces like Wind and
Waves.

• Uplift forces
greater on tall short
walls and Less on
low long walls.
 Shear walls are designed as
cantilever beams subjected to shear, axial
and bending stresses, limiting the actual
deflection brought by lateral loads to be
lesser than allowable and that the
tension stress due to lateral loads
is less than the compression
stress due to weight
loads.
 SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF WALLS
• Factors governing seismic behavior of shear walls:

– Ductility

– Stiffness

– Soil structure interaction effects

– Period of structure

15
 REINFORCEMENT IN SHEAR WALLS
 Steel reinforcing bars are to be provided in walls in
regularly spaced vertical and horizontal grids
 The vertical and horizontal
reinforcement in the wall can
be placed in one or two parallel
layers called curtains.
 Horizontal reinforcement
needs to be anchored at
the ends of walls.
• The minimum area of reinforcing steel
to be provided is 0.0025 times the
cross-sectional area, along each of the
horizontal and vertical directions.

• This vertical reinforcement should be

distributed uniformly across the wall
cross-section.
 TYPES OF SHEAR WALL
CONSTRUCTION
1. CROSS WALL CONSTRUCTION :
A number of cross and long walls acting both as load bearing walls and
shear walls to resist horizontal .loads.
• MASONRY BUILDINGS :Ht. Range limited to 3-4 storeys due to
weakness of masonry in tension.

• RCC SOLID WALL CONSTRUCTION: Very stiff & very efficient.

ADVANTAGES:
• Very stiff system.
• Walls can be made act both functional walls as well
as structural walls.
DISADVANTAGES:
• Walls must be permanent.
• Large openings cannot be provided
CROSS WALL
2. SHEAR WALLS ACTING WITH FRAMES :A
combination for shear walls and frames or
columns.

ADVANTAGES :
• Provide flexibility of planning.
• Feasibility of providing large spans.
 TYPES OF SHEAR WALLS
(Based on materials)

RC Shear Wall
 TYPES OF SHEAR WALLS
(Based on materials)

Plywood Shear Wall

 TYPES OF SHEAR WALLS
(Based on materials)

Mid ply Shear Wall

 TYPES OF SHEAR WALLS
(Based on materials)
RC Hollow Concrete Block Masonry Wall
 TYPES OF SHEAR WALLS
(Based on materials)

Steel Plate Shear Wall

 LOADS ON SHEAR WALLS

Reference:
National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010
Design of Reinforced Concrete 9th Edition by Mc Cormac & Brown, 2005
ACI 318-11 Code Edition
 LOADS ON SHEAR WALLS
• Shear Walls are primarily used to resist
lateral forces but, It can also support
vertical bearing forces and bending
moments.
 LOADS ON SHEAR WALLS
• Shear Walls are primarily used to resist
lateral forces but, It can also support
vertical bearing forces and bending
moments.
 LOADS ON SHEAR WALLS

• Shear walls are designed

as cantilever beams
subjected to shear, axial
and bending stresses,
limiting the actual
deflection brought by
lateral loads to be lesser
than allowable and that
the tension stress due to
lateral loads is less than
the compression stress
due to weight loads.
 LOADS ON SHEAR WALLS

• Shear walls are designed

as cantilever beams
subjected to shear, axial
and bending stresses,
limiting the actual
deflection brought by
lateral loads to be lesser
than allowable and that
the tension stress due to
lateral loads is less than
the compression stress
due to weight loads.
 LOADS ON SHEAR WALLS

• Shear walls are designed

as cantilever beams
subjected to shear, axial
and bending stresses,
limiting the actual
deflection brought by
lateral loads to be lesser
than allowable and that
the tension stress due to
lateral loads is less than
the compression stress
due to weight loads.
 LOADS ON SHEAR WALLS

• Shear walls are designed

as cantilever beams
subjected to shear, axial
and bending stresses,
limiting the actual
deflection brought by
lateral loads to be lesser
than allowable and that
the tension stress due to
lateral loads is less than
the compression stress
due to weight loads.
DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR
SHEAR WALLS
 DESIGN PROCEDURE
TRIVIA:

“Strength of shear walls is almost always

governed by their flexural resistance
instead of shear. That is why their name is
something of misnomer.”
DESIGN PROCEDURE
1. Thickness, h

Must be sufficient to permit the proper

placement & vibration of the concrete.
As much as possible, use uniform
thickness of shear wall for economy.
DESIGN PROCEDURE
1. Thickness, h
ACI section 14
Provision:
• h ≥ 1/30 of least
surrounding lateral
supporting member
spacing (Non-load
bearing wall)
• h ≥ 1/25 of least
surrounding lateral
supporting member
spacing (load
bearing wall)
• h ≥ 4”
DESIGN PROCEDURE
2. Effective Depth, d

d = 0.8 lw
where
lw = horizontal wall
length between
faces of supports.
 DESIGN PROCEDURE
3. Ultimate Shear Strength at any
horizontal section of wall, Vu

Vu = Ø10√fc’hd > Vuload

for Thickness
Sufficiency
(ACI 11.10.3)
 DESIGN PROCEDURE
4. Nominal Concrete Shear Strength, Vc

English Units:

For less detailed analysis:

𝑁𝑢
𝑉𝑐 = 2 1 + 𝑓𝑐 ′ ℎ𝑑 (𝐴𝐶𝐼 𝑒𝑞𝑛. 11 − 8)
500𝐴𝑔

For more detailed analysis:

′
𝑁𝑢𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = 3.3 𝑓𝑐 ℎ𝑑 + (𝐴𝐶𝐼 𝑒𝑞𝑛. 11 − 29)
4𝑙𝑤
0.2𝑁𝑢
𝑙𝑤 1.25 𝑓𝑐 ′ +
𝑉𝑐 = [0.6 𝑓𝑐 ′ + 𝑙𝑤ℎ ] ℎ𝑑 (𝐴𝐶𝐼 𝑒𝑞𝑛. 11 − 30)
𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑤
−
𝑉𝑢 2

Where Vu and Mu is taken at the critical section for shear

 DESIGN PROCEDURE
4. Nominal Concrete Shear Strength, Vc

SI Units:
0.3𝑁𝑢 𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑉𝑐 = 1 + ℎ𝑑 (𝐴𝐶𝐼 𝑒𝑞𝑛. 11 − 8)
𝐴𝑔 6

𝑁𝑢𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = .25 𝑓𝑐 ′ ℎ𝑑 + (𝐴𝐶𝐼 𝑒𝑞𝑛. 11 − 29)
4𝑙𝑤

2𝑁𝑢
𝑙𝑤 𝑓𝑐 ′ +
𝑉𝑐 = [0.5 𝑓𝑐 ′ + 𝑙𝑤ℎ ] ℎ𝑑 (𝐴𝐶𝐼 𝑒𝑞𝑛. 11 − 30)
𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑤 10
−
𝑉𝑢 2
 DESIGN PROCEDURE
5. Critical Section for Shear

At a distance from the

base lw/2 or hw/2
(whichever is lesser)
 DESIGN PROCEDURE
6. Check if shear reinforcement is needed

Ø𝑉𝑐
If Vu < Minimum Horizontal
2
&Vertical Reinforcement not needed

Ø𝑉𝑐
If Vu ≥ Minimum Horizontal
2
&Vertical Reinforcement needed as per
section 11.10.9 or Chapter 14

If Vu ≥ ØVc Find the Nominal Shear

stress to be carried by steel, Vs
 DESIGN PROCEDURE
7. Nominal Steel Shear stress, Vs

Vu = ØVc + ØVs
 DESIGN PROCEDURE
8. Horizontal Shear Reinforcement Size, Steel
Ratio (ρh) & Spacing (S2)

𝐴𝑣𝑓𝑦𝑑
Vs =
S2
Note:
S2 ≥ lw/5 , 3h or 18”
(ACI 11.10.9.3)

𝐴𝑣 𝐴𝑣
ρh = = ≥ 0.0025
Ag hS2
(ACI 11.10.9.2)
 DESIGN PROCEDURE
9. Vertical Shear Reinforcement Size, Steel
Ratio (ρn) & Spacing (S1)
vertical shear
reinforcing contributes
to the shear strength of
a wall by shear friction.
ℎ𝑤
ρn ≥ 0.0025 + 0.5(2.5 - )
lw
( ρh – 0.0025) > 0.0025
(ACI 11-32)

Note:
S2 < lw/3 , 3h or 18”
(ACI 11.10.9.5)
 DESIGN PROCEDURE
9. Vertical Shear Reinforcement Size, Steel
Ratio (ρn) & Spacing (S1)

For Lesser detailed calculation

(Vertical Reinforcement for high walls
are less effective than for low walls):

If hw/lw < 0.5

Vertical Reinforcement Req’d
= Horizontal Reinforcement Req’d

If hw/lw > 2.5

Vertical Reinforcement Req’d
= 0.0025 h S1
 DESIGN PROCEDURE
10. Ultimate Bending Moment due to Load, Mu

Mu = all ultimate Moments

produced by in plane
horizontal & vertical
load forces and moments
@ the base of the wall
as critical section
 DESIGN PROCEDURE
11. Vertical Flexural Reinforcement Area of
steel (As), Bar Size, No. of Bars (N)

Design Sequence:
𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑦
𝑅𝑢 = ;𝑚= ;
Øh𝑑 2 0.85fc′

1.4 1 2𝑚𝑅𝑢
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ;𝜌= 1− 1− > 𝜌 min
fy m 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌ℎ𝑑 ; 𝑁 =
.25π(𝑑𝑖𝑎)2
(both ends since Lateral Bending Forces
and Moments could come from
either direction)
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
(English Units)

Design the reinforced

concrete wall shown if
fc’ = 3000 psi
and fy = 60000 psi
SAMPLE PROBLEM

Thickness Sufficiency

h = 8”
> 1/30(beam/Column support)]
> 4” OK

𝑉𝑢 = Ø10 𝑓𝑐 ′ ℎ𝑑

𝑑 = 0.8𝑙𝑤 = 96"
𝑽𝒖 = 𝟑𝟏𝟓. 𝟓 𝒌 > 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝒌 𝑶𝑲
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Critical Section from base of the wall
(lesser of two values):

1. hw/2 = 14/2 = 7’
2. lw/2 = 10/2 = 5’

Vu = 240 k

Mu = 240(14 – 5)
= 25,920 in.-k

Nu = 0
Compute Vc (lesser of two values):
0.2𝑁𝑢
𝑙𝑤 1.25 𝑓𝑐 ′ +
𝑙𝑤ℎ
1. 𝑉𝑐 = [0.6 𝑓𝑐 ′ + 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑤 ] ℎ𝑑
−
𝑉𝑢 2

12𝑥 10 1.25 3000+0

= [0.6 3000 + 25920 12 10 ] (8)(96)
240
− 2

= 156.7k

𝑁𝑢𝑑
2. 𝑽𝒄 = 3.3 𝑓𝑐 ′ ℎ𝑑 + 4𝑙𝑤
= (3.3 3000(8)(96) + 0
= 𝟏𝟑𝟖. 𝟖 𝒌
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Check if shear reinforcement is needed

Ø𝑉𝑐 0.75(138.8)
= = 52.05 𝑘 < 𝑉𝑢
2 2
Ø𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 138.8 = 104.1 𝑘
< 𝑉𝑢 𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑!

Nominal Steel Shear stress, Vs

Vu = ØVc + ØVs
Vs = 181.2 k
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Horizontal Shear Reinforcement Size, Steel
Ratio (ρh) & Spacing (S2)

Using 2 layers of #4 Bars

(12mm dia)

𝐴𝑣𝑓𝑦𝑑
Vs = S
2
2 0.2 60 96
181.2 =
S2
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Horizontal Shear Reinforcement Size, Steel Ratio
(ρh) & Spacing (S2)

S2 = 12.7“ = 12”
< lw/5 , < 3h , < 18” OK

𝐴𝑣 2(0.2)
ρh = Ag = (8)(12) = 0.00417
≥ 0.0025 OK
Use 2 layers
#4 Bars (12mm dia)
horizontal stirrups
sp. @ 12” o.c.
 Vertical Shear Reinforcement Size, Steel Ratio
(ρn) & Spacing (S1)
Using 2 layers of #4 Bars (12mm dia)
ℎ𝑤
Min ρn = 0.0025 + 0.5(2.5 - )( ρh – 0.0025)
lw
12 𝑥 14
= 0.0025 + 0.5(2.5 - )( 0.00417 – 0.0025)
12 x 10

Min ρn = 0.00342
> 0.0025 OK
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Vertical Shear Reinforcement Size, Steel Ratio
(ρn) & Spacing (S1)

2(0.2)
S1 = (8)(0.00342)
= 14.62”
S1 = 14”
< lw/3 , 3h or 18” OK

Use 2 layers
#4 Bars (12mm dia)
Vertical stirrups
sp. @ 14” o.c.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Vertical Flexural Reinforcement Area of steel (As), Bar
Size, No. of Bars (N)

Design Sequence:
Mu = (240)(14)
= 3360 ft-k @ base of wall

𝑀𝑢
𝑅𝑢 =
Øh𝑑 2
12 3360 1000
= = 607.6
0.9(8)(96)2
𝑓𝑦 60000
𝑚= = = 23.53
0.85fc′ 0.85(3000)
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.000023
fy 60000
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Vertical Flexural Reinforcement Area of steel (As), Bar
Size, No. of Bars (N)

Design Sequence:
1 2𝑚𝑅𝑢
𝜌= 1− 1−
m 𝑓𝑦

1 2(23.53)(607.6)
= 1− 1−
23.53 60000
= 0.0118 > 𝜌 min 𝑂𝐾
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Vertical Flexural Reinforcement Area of steel (As), Bar Size,
No. of Bars (N)

Design Sequence:
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌ℎ𝑑
= 0.0118 8 96 = 9.06 𝑠𝑞. 𝑖𝑛.

Try #9 bars 1.1” (28 mm dia)

𝐴𝑠 9.06
𝑁= 2
= 2
= 9.43
.25π(𝑑𝑖𝑎) .25π(1.1)
Use 10 pcs #9 Bars (28mm dia)
Vertical Bars each end
( Assuming lateral loads could
come from either direction )
Final Design
Note: d =120 − 7
= 113in>0.8lw
As = 7.32 sq.in.
(10 #8 (25mm)bars at
each end)

If this same wall were

subjected to
significant axial load, the
method used to calculate
As for flexure would have
to be revised to
include its effect using
interaction diagram
 End.
• See you next meeting.
• Be ready for your quiz. =)