VOCABULARY

• abase demoted
• pulchritude loveliness
• despotic cruel
• persiflage praise glowingly
• dexterity manual skill
• amorphous shapeless
• penchant fondness
• transmuted changed
• rancor bitterness
• carnal worldly
• mundane ordinary
• profanity obscenity
• apocalyptic prophetic
• emulating imitating
• impertinent irrelevant
• imminent near
• loquacious verbose
• voracious very eager
• abandoned left behind
• conflagration large fire
• volition will
• esoteric understandable by few
• aplomb composure/relaxed/calmness
• queue line
• docile manageable
• brusque rude
• eloquent articulate
• frugality thriftiness
• imperative essential
• swathe wrap around
• flair weakness
• euphoria state of well-being
• erudite learned
• sine qua non indispensable
• soiree evening party
• connoisseur expert in taste
• chauffeur driver
• mesdames madame
• renaissance rebirth
• acapella without accompaniment
• alter ego close and inseparable friend

PHRASES and STATEMENTS

• Amor con amor se paga Love begets love
• Caveat emptor Let the buyer decide
• Ad nauseam excessive degree
• Coup de grace death blow

CORRELATION
• prodigy-offspring
• formally-unconventionally
• formerly-heretofore
• ready-at the same time
• species-variety
 FIGURES OF SPEECH
• Simile (Pagtutulad)
• Metaphor (Pagwawangis)
• Hyperbole (Pagmamalabis)
• Personification (Pagsasatao)
• Onomatopoeia (Paghihimig)
• Alliteration (Pag-uulit)
• Irony (Pag-uyam)
• Apostrophe (Pagtawag)
• Synecdoche (Palit-saklaw)
• Metonymy (Palit-tawag)
• Litotes (Pagtanggi)
• Paradox (Salantunay)
• Antithesis (Tambisan)
• Allegory
• Oxymoron
• Anaphora
• Euphemism
• Understatement
like, as
direct comparison
exaggeration
human attributes
sounds
repetition of sounds
(tounge twister)
opposite to what actually
meant or sarcasm
calling inanimate objects
parts to whole
related but not part
negating its opposite
contradicting statements
with truth
juxtaposition of contrasting
ideas in balanced phrases
fictional beyond literal
two opposite/contrasting words
repetition at the beginning
substitution of an inoffensive term
making a situation seem less
important or serious
 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
• Zero Conditional always true or factual

• First Conditional possibilities in the present or in the future

• Second Conditional imaginary situations in the present or in the future

• Third Conditional imaginary situations in the past

IN - city, municipality, province, country, world

ON - street, avenue, boulevard
AT - exact

IN - month, year, decade

ON - weeks, days
AT - hours, minutes

IN - jeepney, tricycle (di nakakatayo)

ON - plane, bus, train (nakakatayo)

IN - printed materials
ON - electronics

STRESS placement of emphasis on syllables

JUNCTURE pauses or rests
PITCH highness or lowness of sound
VOLUME loudness or softness of voice
INTONATION rising and falling
POSTURE way a body is carried while speaking
 PANGUNGUSAP
Karaniwan nauuna ang panaguri
Di-Karaniwan nauuna ang simuno, may panandang 'ay'

ANTAS NG WIKA
• Balbal pangkalye
• Kolokyal impormal
• Lalawiganin dayalekto
• Pambansa
• Pampanitikan

BARAYTI NG WIKA
• Idyolek tatak ng isang pagkatao
• Dayelek partikular na rehiyon o lalawigan
• Sosyolek partikular na grupo
• Etnolek pangkat etniko
• Ekolek loob ng bahay
• Pidgin walang pormal na estraktura
• Creole pinaghalo-halo
• Rejister/Jargon espesyalisasyon

PAGBABAGONG MORPEMIKO
• Asimilasyon pang, pam
• Metatesis gitlapi (fillers) "in"
TEORYA NG WIKA
• Bow-wow hayop o tunog ng kalikasan
• Ding-dong bagay sa paligid
• Pooh-pooh masidhing damdamin
• Yo-he-ho puwersang pisikal
• Ta-ta kumpas o galaw ng kamay
• Ta-ra-ra Boom De Ay ritwal

PONEMA
kaibahan ng isang salita mula sa isa pang salita
• Ponemang Malayang Nagpapalitan
✓ madumi/marumi
• Ponemang Segmental
✓ katinig, patinig, diptonggo, klaster
• Ponemang Suprasegmental
✓ haba, tono, antala, diin

MORPEMA
pinakamaliit na yunit ng isang salita na nagtataglay ng kahulugan
• Morpemang Malaya
✓ salitang-ugat
• Morpemang Di-Malaya
✓ unlapi, gitlapi, hulapi, kabilaan, laguhan
LEKSIKON
mga salita na ginagamit sa isang wika ng nga mananalita
nito, "bokabularyo"
• Pagtatambal balatsibuyas
• Akronim NSO
• Pagbabawas o Clipping dok, direk
• Pagdaragdag bossing
• Paghahalo o Blending crispylicious

SINTAKS/PALAUGNAYAN
pagsasama o pag-uugnay ng mga salita para makabuo ng
pangungusap

ANYO NG PANGUNGUSAP
• Payak
✓ isang kaisipan lamang (isang sugnay na makapag-iisa)
• Tambalan
✓ ginagamitan ng pangatnig (dalawang sugnay na
makapag-iisa)
• Hugnayan
✓ (sugnay na makapag-iisa at sugnay na di makapag-iisa)
• Langkapan
✓ (dalawang sugnay na makapag-iisa at isang sugnay di
makapag-iisa)