VARIABLE LOAD ON POWER SYSTEM

19EEE212_ Electrical Energy Systems-1

DR. PREETHA PK, AMRITA VISWAVIDYAPEETHAM

 COURSE SYLLABUS
• Unit 1
Introduction-Structure of Electric Power System-Conventional, Deregulated Structure, Grid Structure Micro-grid and Smart Grid Structure;
Methods of electric power generations – Conventional- Renewable Energy based generation, need for interconnected system- necessity of
EHV transmission: EHVAC and HVDC transmission, Variable load on power system- Load Curve and Load
Duration Curve, Tariff-Types, Power factor improvement.
• Unit 2
Introduction to Modeling and performance analysis, Transmission line Models- Line parameter estimation- symmetrical and unsymmetrical
spacing of lines, bundled conductor, double circuit lines- corona- Regulation, Efficiency, Real and reactive power flow in transmission lines-
Harmonics- Effects in power system, THD. Compensation- shunt and series compensation.
• Unit 3
Insulators and Underground cables -classification and grading. Mechanical design of transmission lines. Distribution systems –Types and
comparison–Ring main- Radial distribution. Representation of power system: Power system components model, Single line diagram and per
unit representation, reactance/impedance diagram, Bus Admittance and Impedance matrix.
• Lab Practice: Hardware experiments, simulation experiments and field visit – Structure of Electric Power System, modeling and
performance analysis of transmission and distribution systems, power system representation etc.
 UNIT 1

Power System Conventional EHVAC/HVDC

Deregulated
Structure Systems

Power
Renewable
Generation Conventional
Energy Based
Methods

Load on Power Load Curves Tariff Structure

Power factor
System Load factors Improvement
 VARIABLE LOAD ON POWER SYSTEM

• The load on Power Station varies from time to time due

to uncertain demands of the consumers and is known as
variable load on power station.
• The art of determining the per unit (i.e. one kWh) cost of
production of Electrical Energy is known as Economics
of Power Generation.
TERMS COMMONLY USED IN SYSTEM OPERATION

1. Connected Load
The Sum of Continuous rating of all the equipments connected
to Electrical Supply System is known as Connected Load.
Load Item Number Wattage / unit Total Watts

lamps 6 60 360
tubes 4 40 160
fans 5 60 300
5A socket 10 100 1000
Power plug 3 1000 3000
CONNECTED LOAD = sum of total wattage 4820 W
 TERMS COMMONLY USED IN SYSTEM OPERATION

2. Firm power
• Firm Factor is defined as, the theoretical (imaginary) value of power which
a power plant (Hydro, Thermal etc) is supposed to produce throughout a
year or at all time.

• For Example: In case of hydro power plant with reservoir, the firm power
is that power which a hydro electric plant supplies for 95% of the time.

• However, it is not necessary that firm power should be produced

throughout the year & available under emergency conditions.
 TERMS COMMONLY USED IN SYSTEM OPERATION

3. Cold Reserve:
• Defined as the reserve generating capacity which is available for service but is not in operation.

• It is the total available capacity of generating sets in reserve for which the starting up may take
several hours

4. Hot Reserve:

• Defined as the reserve generating capacity which is available in operation but is not in service.

• If we have a hydroelectric generator of rating 100 MVA, but currently supplies only 70 MVA. In
this case we have 30 MVA hot reserve that can be loaded immediately by simply opening the
valve to hydro turbine
TERMS COMMONLY USED IN SYSTEM OPERATION

5. Spinning Reserve:
• Defined as the generating capacity which is connected to bus and is ready
to take load, but is at the moment unloaded

• In certain stations of the system some machines are kept on line but are
kept only partially loaded to meet almost instantaneously any contingency
of loss of a generator feeding the load.

• The amount of spinning reserve is based on generator outage statistics

and subjective judgement
 CURVES USED IN SYSTEM OPERATION/ANALYSIS

• Load-curve
• load duration curve

Variation of load with respect to time

 LOAD CURVE
• The Load Curve represents load on the generation station (MW) recorded at
the interval of half hour or hour (time) against the time in chronological order.

• The curve which gives load of a whole day with respect to time (24 Hours) is
daily load curve.

• The monthly load curve can be obtained from the daily load curve of the
month. For this purpose, average values of power over a month at different
times of the day are calculated.

• The yearly load curve is obtained by considering the monthly load curve of
that particular year.
 LOAD CURVE

• The daily load curve shows the variation of load on the

power station during different hours of the day.

• The area under the daily load curve gives the number
of unit generated in the day.

• Unit generated/day= Area (in kWh) under daily load

curve.

• The highest point on the daily load curve represents the

maximum demand on the station on that day.
 LOAD CURVE

The area under the daily load curve

divided by the total number of hours
gives the average load on the station
in that day.
 LOAD CURVE

• Load curve decides the installed capacity of a power station.

• The load curves helps in selecting the size & number of generating units in
the most economical manner
• It decides the operating schedules of the power station, i.e., the sequence in
which the different generating units should run.
• The load curve estimates the generating cost.
• Load factor can be found from load curve (will be dealt with later)
ACTUAL AND SIMPLIFIED LOAD CURVES
BASE LOAD & PEAK LOAD FROM LOAD CURVE
LOAD DURATION CURVE
 LOAD DURATION CURVE

• When the load elements of a load curve are arranged in the order of
descending magnitudes, the curve thus obtained is called a load
duration curve.

• The load duration curve is obtained from the same data as load curve
but the ordinate representing the maximum load is represented to the
left and the decreasing loads are represented to the right in the
descending order.
 LOAD DURATION CURVE

• The area under the load duration curve and the corresponding chronological load
curve is equal and represents total energy delivered by the generating station.

• Load duration curve gives a clear analysis of generating power economically.

Proper selection of base load power plants and peak load power plants becomes
easier.

• The load duration curve readily shows the number of hours during which the
given load has prevailed.
TERMS/FACTORS AFFECTING THE COST OF GENERATION

• Connected load • Load factor

• Average load or Average demand • Diversity factor

• Maximum load or Maximum demand • Plant capacity factor,

• Demand factor • Plant use factor

 CONNECTED LOAD

The Sum of Continuous rating of all the equipments connected to

Electrical Supply System is known as Connected Load.

Load Item Number Wattage / unit Total Watts

lamps 6 60 360
tubes 4 40 160
fans 5 60 300
5A socket 10 100 1000
Power plug 3 1000 3000
CONNECTED LOAD = sum of total wattage 4820 W
 AVERAGE DEMAND/LOAD

The average of loads occurring on the power station in a given period

(day or month or year) is known as average load or average demand.
 MAXIMUM DEMAND (MD)

• Maximum demand or peak demand or

maximum load

• It is the greatest demand of load on the

Power Station during a giving period

• The knowledge of Maximum Demand is

very important as it helps in determining
the installed capacity of the power station
 DEMAND FACTOR

• Defined as the ratio of Maximum Demand on the Power Station to its

Connected Load

• The value of Demand factor is usually less than 1.

• It is excepted because maximum demand on the power station generally

is less than the connected load.

• It can never be greater than 1

• The knowledge of Demand Factor is vital in determining the capacity of

the plant equipments.
LOAD FACTOR
 LOAD FACTOR
• The load factor may be daily, monthly or yearly load factor based on the time
period considered
• The value of load factor is always less than 1
• The Load Factor is used to measure the utilization rate or the efficiency of usage of
electrical energy
• A low load factor means high maximum demand and low utilization rate.
• Low Load factor means, the capacity of electrical energy remains inactive for a
long time. This will increase the per-unit cost of electrical energy to the consumer.
• To reduce the peak demand, shift some load from peak time to non-peak time.
• The high value of Load Factor means the load is using electrical energy more
efficiently.
• High Load Factor gives more saving of electrical energy.
 LOAD FACTOR FROM LOAD CURVE

• The area under the load curve gives the total energy generated [kWh or units
generated]

• The area under the curve divided by the total numbers of hours gives the
Average load.

• Maximum demand is the peak power from load curve

• The ratio of the area under the load curve to the total area of
the rectangle in which it is contained gives the load factor.
LOAD FACTOR FROM LOAD CURVE
 DIVERSITY FACTOR

• The Ratio of the sum of individual maximum demands to the maximum demand on
power station is known as Diversity Factor

Diversity factor is more than 1 since all individual maximum demands may not
occur simultaneously

Higher the diversity factor, lower the station maximum demand, lower will be the
energy cost
PLANT CAPACITY FACTOR
 PLANT CAPACITY FACTOR

• The plant capacity factor is an indication of the reserve capacity of the plant.

• Reserve Capacity = Plant Capacity – Maximum Demand

• The reserve capacity maintains the reliability of electricity system as it ensures that
there is more supply available than the demand.

• If the system has the capacity which is exactly equal to the demand, there can be
electricity shortage when just one power plant cannot operate as usual or there is a
sudden increasing demand.
 PLANT USE FACTOR

• It is the ratio of kWh generated to the product of plant capacity and the
number of hours for which the plant was in operation.