Structure of Electric Power System

19EEE212_ ELECTRICAL ENERGY SYSTEMS-1

DR. PREETHA PK, AMRITA VISWAVIDYAPEETHAM

 Course Syllabus
• Unit 1
Introduction-Structure of Electric Power System-Conventional, Deregulated Structure, Grid Structure Micro-grid and Smart
Grid Structure; Methods of electric power generations – Conventional- Renewable Energy based generation, need for
interconnected system- necessity of EHV transmission: EHVAC and HVDC transmission, Variable load on power system-
Load Curve and Load Duration Curve, Tariff-Types, Power factor improvement.

• Unit 2
Introduction to Modeling and performance analysis, Transmission line Models- Line parameter estimation- symmetrical and
unsymmetrical spacing of lines, bundled conductor, double circuit lines- corona- Regulation, Efficiency, Real and reactive
power flow in transmission lines- Harmonics- Effects in power system, THD. Compensation- shunt and series compensation.
• Unit 3

Insulators and Underground cables -classification and grading. Mechanical design of transmission lines. Distribution systems
–Types and comparison–Ring main- Radial distribution. Representation of power system: Power system components model,
Single line diagram and per unit representation, reactance/impedance diagram, Bus Admittance and Impedance matrix.
• Lab Practice: Hardware experiments, simulation experiments and field visit – Structure of Electric Power System,
modeling and performance analysis of transmission and distribution systems, power system representation etc.
 Unit 1
Conventional,
Power System Smart Grid, Regulated &
Micro Grid Deregulated EHVAC/HVDC
Structure Structure Systems
Structure

Power
Renewable
Generation Conventional
Energy Based
Methods

Load on Power Load Curves Tariff Structure

Power factor
System Load factors Improvement
Structure of Electric Power System

 Generating stations, transmission lines and the distribution systems

are the main components of an electric power system.

 Generating stations and distribution system are connected through

transmission lines, which also connect one power system (grid, area)
to another.

 A distribution system connects all the loads in a particular area to the

transmission lines
Conventional structure
 Structure of Electric Power System
 Electric power is generated at a voltage of 11 to 33 kV which then is stepped
up to the transmission levels in the range of 66 to 400 kV (or higher).
 As the transmission capability of a line is proportional to the square of its
voltage, research is continuously being carried out to raise transmission
voltages.
 Power transmission at high voltages will increase its efficiency.
 As electricity is transmitted over long distances, there are inherent energy
losses (I2R losses) along the way.
 Higher the voltage, the lower the current for transmitting same amount of
power. The lower the current, the lower will be the resistance losses in the
conductors, thereby increasing the efficiency.
Structure of Electric Power System
 In India highest commercial AC transmission voltage is 765 kV
[Raichur to Sholapur] and 800 kV is the highest DC transmission voltage

 In Madhya Pradesh there is one km transmission line which transmits the

power at 1200 kV but this line is under testing condition. This is world’s
highest transmitting voltage.

 China is the only country which transmits the power at 1000 kV .Every
other country has maximum 765 kV for transmitting the electrical power.
 Grid Systems
• Generating stations and distribution systems are interconnected through
transmission lines

• Transmission system of a particular area is called a grid

• Different grids are interconnected through tie-lines to form a regional

grid (also called power pools)

• Different regional grids are further connected to form a national grid

 National grid

 The National Grid is the high-voltage electricity transmitting network,

connecting power stations and major substations and ensuring that electricity
generated anywhere in India can be used to satisfy demand elsewhere.

 The National Grid is owned, and maintained by Power Grid Corporation of India
and operated by Power System Operation Corporation (POSOCO).

 It is one of the largest operational synchronous grids in the world with

393.389 GW of installed power generation capacity as of 31 Dec 2021.
Source : Central Electricity Authority (CEA)
 Reasons of interconnection

 Economic advantage of interconnection is to reduce the reserve generation

capacity in each area
 If there is sudden increase in load or loss of generation in one area, it is
possible to borrow power from adjoining areas
 Cooperative assistance is one of the planned benefits of interconnected
system
 Interconnected systems are always economical and reliable
 August 2006
Five Regional Grids
Two Frequencies
North synchronized
With Central Grid
March 2003
West synchronized NEW Grid
With East & Northeast

October 1991 South

East and Northeast Grid
synchronized Dec 2013
One Nation, One Grid,
Central Grid One frequency

North

East
West
Northeast
South

Five Regional Grids Installed Capacity 412.212 GW as on Feb 2023

Five Frequencies
On 31st December 2013, Southern Region was connected to Central Grid in
Synchronous mode with the commissioning of 765kV Raichur-Solapur
Transmission line thereby achieving

‘ONE NATION’-‘ONE GRID’-‘ONE FREQUENCY’.

India's grid is connected as a wide area synchronous grid (interconnected

grid) nominally running at 50 Hz. The permissible range of the frequency
band is 49.95-50.05 Hz, effective 17 September 2012.

Union Government regulates grid frequency by requiring States to pay more

when they draw power at low frequencies.
 Hierarchical setup of LDC
NATIONAL LOAD
DESPATCH
NLDC
CENTRE

REGIONAL LOAD
DESPATCH NRLDC WRLDC ERLDC SRLDC NERLDC
CENTRE

STATE LOAD
DESPATCH
SLDC SLDC SLDC SLDC SLDC
CENTRE

AREA LOAD SUB LDC SUB LDC SUB LDC SUB LDC SUB LDC
DESPATCH
CENTRE

REMOTE TERMINAL
UNIT
(AT SUB-STATIONS &
GENERATING STNS
RTU RTU RTU RTU RTU
Regulated Power Structure
conventional
 Deregulation

• In Regulated power sector, there is only one company (mostly state

owned) that produced, transmitted, distributed and sold electric power
and services(Vertical Integrated structure)

• Deregulation is the process of changing rules and regulations that

control electric industry to provide customers the choice of electricity
suppliers

• Deregulation concept came in 1990s, encourages competition

• The consumer is assured of good quality power supply at competitive

price
 Deregulation

• Deregulation needs Restructuring which involves disassembly of the

power industry and reassembly into another form

• Structure of deregulation is evolved in terms of Genco (Generation

Company), Transco(Transmission Company), Disco (Distribution
Company) and ISO (Independent System Operator)

• Consumers are given choice to buy energy from different retail

energy suppliers who in turn buy energy from Genco in a power
market
Structure of Deregulated Power System
• Mostly, customers communicate with a retailer, demanding energy.

• The retailer contacts the generating company and purchases the power from it and
makes it transferred to its customer’s place via regulated T & D lines.

• The ISO is the one responsible for keeping track of various transactions taking
place between various entities.

• A customer can also enter into a bi-lateral contract with a generator directly for
supply of the required energy.