President University_ACC_Hj

Statistics, Problem Solving, and

Decision Making for Accountants
Statistik, Pemecahan
Masalah, dan Pengambilan
Keputusan untuk Akuntan
Session 1:
Introduction to statistics
Pengantar statistik
Statistics, Data, &
Statistical Thinking
 Learning Objectives
1. Define Statistics
2. Describe the Uses of Statistics
3. Distinguish Descriptive & Inferential Statistics
(Membedakan Statistik Deskriptif & Inferensial)
1. Define Population, Sample, Parameter, and
Statistic
2. Define Quantitative and Qualitative Data
3. Define Random Sample (sampel secara acak)
 Learning Objectives
(cont’)
In this chapter you learn:

• How Statistics is used in business

• The sources of data used in
business
• The types of data used in business
 What is Statistics?
Definition
• Statistics is the science of collecting,
organizing, presenting, analyzing, and
interpreting quantitative or numerical data.
• Statistik adalah ilmu yang mengumpulkan,
mengatur, menyajikan, menganalisis, dan
menafsirkan data kuantitatif atau numerik.
Specification
• Branch (cabang) of mathematics
• Course of study
• Facts and figures
• Measurement taken on a sample
 Basic Concepts of Statistics
Statistics is concerned with:

• Processing and analyzing data

• Collecting, presenting, and transforming
data to assist decision makers
 What Is Statistics?

1. Collecting Data Data Why?

e.g., Survey Analysis
2. Presenting Data
© 1984-1994 T/Maker Co.
e.g., Charts & Tables
Decision-
3. Characterizing Data
Making
e.g., Average

© 1984-1994 T/Maker Co.

 Why study statistics?
• Numerical information is everywhere.
Statistics will be very useful in order to
understand and process these numerical
information.
• Statistical Techniques are used to make
decisions that affect our daily lives.
• Knowledge of statistical methods will help
you understand how decisions are made
and give you a better understanding of
how they affect you.
Source: Lind, D.A., Marchall, W.G. & Wathen, S.A. , Basic Statistics for
Business & Economics 5th Edition
 Application Areas

• Economics • Engineering
– Forecasting – Construction
(peramalan/prediksi) – Materials
– Demographics

• Business
• Sports – Consumer Preferences
– Individual & Team – Financial Trends
Performance
 Statistical Methods
Statistical
Methods

Descriptive Inferential
Statistics Statistics
 Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics

• Descriptive Statistics uses data

gathered on a group to describe or reach
conclusions about that same group only.
• Descriptive statistics gives numerical or
graphics procedures to summarize a
collection of data in a clear and
understandable way.
• Helps us to simplify large amount of data
in a sensible way.
• Memberikan gambaran terhadap data
 Descriptive Statistics
1. Involves
(melibatkan) $
50
• Collecting Data
• Presenting Data 25
• Characterizing Data
0
2. Purpose Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
• Describe Data
X = 30.5 S2 = 113
 Inferential Statistics
• Inferential Statistics uses sample
data to reach conclusions about the
population from which the sample was
taken
• Provides procedures to draw
inferences about a population from a
sample.
(Memberikan prosedur untuk menarik
kesimpulan tentang populasi dari
sampel.)
 Inferential Statistics
1. Involves
• Estimation Population?
• Hypothesis
Testing

2. Purpose
• Make decisions about
population characteristics
 Basic terminologies
VARIABLES AND CONSTANT
• CONSTANT - Characteristics of
objects, people, or events that does
not vary.
(yg tidak berubah)

• VARIABLE -A variable is a
characteristic or condition that can
change or take on different values.
(yg dapat berubah) 14
 Parameter vs. Statistic
• Parameter — descriptive measure of
the population
– Usually represented by Greek letters
• Statistic — descriptive measure of a
sample
Parameter Statistic
– Usually represented by Roman letters
Average µ M
Standard Deviation s
Regression coef ρ r
 Key Terms
1. Population (Universe)
• All items of interest • P in Population
& Parameter
2. Sample • S in Sample
• Portion of population & Statistic

3. Parameter
• Summary measure about population
4. Statistic
• Summary measure about sample
 Population and Sample
• POPULATION - The entire group of individuals,
objects, or measurements of interest.
• SAMPLE - a subset, or part, of the population of
interest
• Usually populations are so large that a researcher
cannot examine the entire group. Therefore, a
sample is selected to represent the population in a
research study. The goal is to use the results
obtained from the sample to help answer questions
about the population.

17
 Population vs Sample

population
A E F
B LY
Z M N
R Q
C D V X K
P W
P O T G J U
S
I H
sample

From: Sirug, Basic Statistics

 Types of Data
Types of
Data

Quantitative Qualitative
Data Data
 Types of Data

DATA

Qualitative or attribute Quantitative or numerical

(type of car owned)

discrete continuous
(number of children) (time taken for an exam)
 Data Level, Operations,
and Statistical Methods
Data Statistical
Meaningful Operations
Level Methods
Nominal Classifying and Counting Nonparametric

Ordinal All of the above plus Ranking Nonparametric

Interval All of the above plus Addition, Parametric

Subtraction

All of the above plus

Ratio Multiplication, and Division Parametric
 Levels of Measurement
and Measurement Scales
Differences between Highest Level
measurements, true Ratio Data
zero exists (Strongest forms of
measurement)

Differences between
measurements but no Interval Data
true zero
Higher Levels
Ordered Categories
(rankings, order, or Ordinal Data
scaling)

Categories (no ordering Lowest Level

or direction) Nominal Data (Weakest form of
measurement)
 Levels of Measurement
and Measurement Scales
EXAMPLES:
Differences between Height, Age, Weekly Food
Ratio Data measurements, true zero
Spending
exists

Differences between Temperature in Fahrenheit,

Interval Data measurements but no true Standardized exam score
zero

Service quality rating,

Ordered Categories (rankings,
Ordinal Data order, or scaling) Standard & Poor’s bond
rating, Student letter grades

Categories (no ordering or Marital status, Type of car

Nominal Data direction) owned
 Quantitative Data
Measured on a numeric 4
scale. 943
• Number of defective 52
items in a lot.
21
• Salaries of CEO's of 120 12
oil companies. 8
• Ages of employees at 71 3
a company.
 Qualitative Data
Classified into categories.
• College major of each
student in a class.
• Gender of each employee
at a company.
• Method of payment
(cash, check, credit card).
$ Credit
 COLLECTION OF DATA
• Types of Data According to Source
• Primary Data – data that comes from
original source
– Data from personal accounts
• Secondary Data – data that has been
previously gathered by other
individuals or agencies
– Data from newspapers, pamphlets,
books
 Methods of Data Collection
Direct or Interview Method- person to
person exchange between the
interviewer and the interviewee
Indirect or Questionnaire Method-
written responses are given to prepared
questions
Registration Method- enforced by
certain laws/rules
Observation Method
Experiment Method
 Random Sample
Every sample of size n has an equal chance of
selection.
 Statistical
Computer Packages
1. Typical Software
• SAS
• SPSS
• MINITAB
• Excel

2. Need Statistical
Understanding
• Assumptions
• Limitations
 Conclusion
1. Defined Statistics
2. Described the Uses of Statistics
3. Distinguished Descriptive & Inferential
Statistics
4. Defined Population, Sample, Parameter,
and Statistic
5. Defined Quantitative and Qualitative Data
6. Defined Random Sample