CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

Geocomputation is an approach to both human and geographical systems which seeks to exploit
recent developments in geographic information science (GIS) for the solution of the real-world
problems.
Geocomputation is a research field where computational technology and methods are applied to
geographic data. We are in the midst of a fundamental change that affects how computers are used
in handling geographic data.
GeoComputation is linked by name to what is broadly termed as computational science with which
it is clearly related and shares many of its aims. In broad terms, computational science involves
using computer to study scientific problems and it seeks to complement the use of theory and
experimentation in scientific investigation.
It seeks to gain understanding principally through the use and analysis of mathematical models and
computer simulation of processes performed using the availability of high performance computing.
It is largely or wholly the computational approach to scientific investigation in which computer
power is used to supplement and perhaps in some areas supplant more traditional scientific tools.

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 1.1 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The purpose of geocomputation is to analyze and understand spatial data using computational
methods. It combines principles and techniques from computer science, geography, and spatial
analysis to solve complex problems related to geographical data. Geocomputation focuses on the
development and application of algorithms, models, and software tools to process, analyze,
visualize, and interpret spatial data.
Overall, the purpose of geocomputation is to leverage computational methods and tools to address
spatial problems, analyze spatial data, and support decision-making processes in various domains
such as urban planning, environmental management, transportation, and public health.
geocomputation is employed to tackle spatial complexity, support decision-making processes,
optimize resource allocation, develop predictive models, integrate diverse datasets, and enhance
visualization and communication of spatial information. Its applications span various domains and
play a vital role in addressing real-world challenges.

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 1.2 PROBLEM WITH EXISTING SYSTEM

Geosystems rely on the availability of high-quality and consistent spatial data from various
sources. However, data quality issues such as inaccuracies, incompleteness, and inconsistency can
persist. Integrating heterogeneous datasets with varying formats, resolutions, and coordinate
systems can be challenging, leading to data interoperability problems.
The user experience and ease of use could be improved to make geospatial tools more accessible
to a broader range of users. Additionally, ensuring accessibility for individuals with disabilities
and providing multilingual support are areas that require attention.
While there are numerous analytical methods and algorithms available within geosystems, certain
spatial analysis techniques may still be limited or less developed compared to non-spatial
counterparts. Advancements in novel spatial analysis algorithms and methodologies are needed to
address specific geospatial challenges effectively.
However, challenges persist in terms of data availability, data sharing policies, and establishing
universally accepted standards. These issues can hinder collaboration and limit the potential for
interoperability between different geosystems. The user experience and ease of use could be
improved to make geospatial tools more accessible to a broader range of users. Additionally,
ensuring accessibility for individuals with disabilities and providing multilingual support are areas
that require attention.

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 1.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM

Geocomputation techniques are used in GIS to perform various spatial analyses. These include
proximity analysis, overlay operations, network analysis, spatial interpolation, spatial clustering,
and spatial statistics. Geocomputation algorithms enable the identification of patterns,
relationships, and trends within spatial data, helping to derive meaningful insights.
Geoprocessing involves operations such as data transformation, data integration, data aggregation,
and data enrichment. Geocomputation algorithms enable the manipulation of spatial data to derive
new information or create derived datasets.
Geocomputation plays a crucial role in GIS-based spatial modeling. Spatial models represent real-
world processes and phenomena using mathematical and computational techniques. These models
can be used to predict future scenarios, assess the impact of different factors, and support decision-
making processes.
Geocomputation techniques are utilized to automate repetitive tasks and streamline GIS
workflows. GIS software often provides scripting capabilities (e.g., Python scripting) that allow
users to develop custom scripts and automate geoprocessing tasks. Geocomputation algorithms
can be leveraged within these scripts to perform complex spatial operations and analyses
efficiently.
Geocomputation is employed in GIS for data visualization and cartographic representation. GIS
platforms offer various tools to create interactive maps, charts, and visualizations. Algorithms
assist in the creation of visually appealing and informative visualizations that aid in understanding
spatial patterns and communicating spatial information effectively.

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 1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

Geocomputation techniques are applied to create visually appealing and informative

representations of spatial data. It involves the development of interactive maps,
charts, and visualizations that enhance the understanding and communication of
spatial information. Geocomputation enables the visualization of complex spatial
patterns, trends, and relationships. These models represent real-world processes and
phenomena and are used to simulate and predict spatial patterns and dynamics.
Geocomputation algorithms enable the creation and calibration of spatial models,
such as agent-based models, cellular automata, spatial regression models, and
optimization models.The scope of geocomputation is broad and encompasses
various aspects of spatial analysis, modeling, and computation. Geocomputation
combines principles from computer science, geography, and spatial analysis to
address complex spatial problems using computational methods and tools.

FIG 1.4.1 PROPOSED MODEL

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 CHAPTER-2
SPECIFICATIONS
2.1 WHAT IS GEO-COMPUTATION
Data Integration: Geocomputation using data science requires the integration of spatial data with
other relevant datasets. It is essential to ensure seamless integration and interoperability between
spatial data and non-spatial data sources. This may involve preprocessing, data cleaning, and
transforming datasets into a unified format suitable for data science analysis.

Spatial Data Processing: Geocomputation using data science involves the processing and
manipulation of spatial data. This may include operations such as spatial joins, aggregation,
buffering, geometric calculations, and spatial indexing. Implementing efficient algorithms and
techniques for spatial data processing is crucial for achieving optimal performance and accurate
results.

Feature Extraction: In geocomputation, it is often necessary to extract meaningful features from

spatial data. Data science techniques, such as feature engineering and dimensionality reduction,
can be employed to identify and extract relevant spatial attributes or derive new features that
capture important spatial patterns and characteristics.

Spatial Data Analysis: Geocomputation using data science involves applying analytical methods
to extract insights and patterns from spatial data. This may include statistical analysis, machine
learning algorithms, data mining techniques, spatial regression models, and spatial clustering.
Leveraging appropriate data science techniques helps in uncovering complex relationships and
patterns in the geospatial domain.

Geovisualization: Data science techniques can enhance geovisualization by enabling the creation
of interactive and informative visual representations of spatial data. This involves utilizing data
visualization libraries and techniques to effectively communicate geospatial insights to
stakeholders and decision-makers.
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Model Evaluation and Validation: Geocomputation using data science requires rigorous
evaluation and validation of models. This involves applying appropriate validation techniques
such as cross-validation, assessing model performance metrics, and conducting spatial validation
methods specific to geospatial analysis.

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 2.2 WHAT IS GIS

GIS has numerous applications across various industries and disciplines, including urban
planning, environmental management, transportation, natural resource management,
emergency response, public health, and many more.

How does GIS work?

GIS technology applies geographic science with tools for understanding and collaboration. It helps
people reach a common goal: to gain actionable intelligence from all types of data.

Maps are the geographic container for the data layers and analytics you want to work with. GIS
maps are easily shared and embedded in apps, and accessible by virtually everyone, everywhere.

GIS integrates many different kinds of data layers using spatial location. Most data has a geographic
component. GIS data includes imagery, features, and basemaps linked to spreadsheets and tables.

Spatial analysis lets you evaluate suitability and capability, estimate and predict, interpret and
understand, and much more, lending new perspectives to your insight and decision-making.

Apps provide focused user experiences for getting work done and bringing GIS to life for everyone.
GIS apps work virtually everywhere: on your mobile phones, tablets, in web browsers, and on
desktops.

FIG 2.2.1 APPLICATIONS OF GIS

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 2.3 REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATIONS

R programming in GIS offers a flexible, powerful, and extensible environment for

geospatial data analysis, modeling, and visualization. Its integration with GIS software
and strong statistical capabilities makes it a popular choice for GIS professionals and
researchers.
While Python can do most of what R can do, we typically can use a two-pronged approach in GIS.
Because you can do most work in both languages, it usually comes down to whatever you feel most
comfortable using.

While R is good at visualization and statistical analysis, Python is particularly good at working with
file systems, networks, web scraping, and automation.

Web mapping requires the integration of code to display data, so someone in this role will need to
be familiar with this language. Other roles, like that of a GIS developer, will involve developing
geospatial applications and software — a role heavily dependent on code.

FIG 2.3.1 USAGE OF R

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 CHAPTER-3
LITERATURE SURVEY

PILOT RPP:
"Pilot RPP" stands for "Pilot Research and Development Project." In the context of
geocomputation, a pilot RPP refers to a small-scale research and development project that aims to
explore and test new ideas, methods, or technologies related to geocomputational analysis.

A pilot RPP typically involves a limited scope and duration, focusing on a specific research question
or problem. It serves as a preliminary investigation to assess the feasibility and potential of a
particular approach before scaling it up to larger projects or applications.

The main objectives of a pilot RPP in geocomputation may include:

1. Testing and evaluating new algorithms or models: The project may involve developing and
implementing novel computational algorithms or models for geospatial analysis. These methods
can be tested on a smaller scale to assess their performance, accuracy, and efficiency.

2. Assessing data availability and quality: Geocomputation heavily relies on geospatial data. A pilot
RPP may involve exploring available data sources, assessing data quality, and identifying any
limitations or challenges in data collection, processing, or integration.

3. Prototyping and software development: The project may include developing prototypes or
software tools to facilitate geocomputational analysis. These prototypes can be used to demonstrate
the functionality and usability of the proposed methods or technologies.

4. Analyzing the feasibility and impact: A pilot RPP aims to assess the feasibility of implementing
geocomputational approaches in real-world scenarios. It may involve analyzing the potential impact
of the proposed methods on decision-making processes, resource management, or spatial planning.

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Overall, a pilot RPP in geocomputation provides an opportunity to explore new ideas, refine
methodologies, and gather preliminary results and feedback before embarking on larger-scale
projects or applications.
Q-FULL TREE:
In the context of geocomputation, a "full tree" typically refers to a decision tree algorithm used for
classification or regression tasks. Decision trees are a popular machine learning technique in
geocomputation due to their ability to handle spatial data and provide interpretable results.

A full tree refers to a decision tree that is grown until all the training data points are perfectly
classified or predicted without any errors. In other words, the tree is expanded until it reaches its
maximum depth, with each leaf node representing a pure subset of the training data.

Here's a simplified step-by-step process for constructing a full decision tree in geocomputation:

1. Data preparation: Collect and preprocess the geospatial data for the analysis. This may involve
cleaning the data, handling missing values, normalizing or standardizing variables, and splitting the
data into training and testing sets.

2. Tree growth: Begin with a root node representing the entire training dataset. At each node,
evaluate different splitting criteria (e.g., Gini index or information gain) to determine the best
attribute and value to split the data. Partition the data based on the selected attribute and value,
creating child nodes. Repeat this process recursively until all the training data points are perfectly
classified or predicted, or until a stopping criterion is met (e.g., a predefined maximum depth or a
minimum number of data points in a leaf node).

3. Pruning (optional): After growing the full tree, pruning techniques can be applied to reduce
overfitting and improve generalization. Pruning involves removing branches or nodes that
contribute less to the overall predictive accuracy or have little impact on the final results.

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4. Evaluation: Assess the performance of the full decision tree using appropriate evaluation metrics
such as accuracy, precision, recall, or mean squared error. Validate the tree using the testing dataset
to estimate its predictive power on unseen data.

It's important to note that constructing a full decision tree may lead to overfitting, where the model
becomes too complex and performs poorly on new data. To address this, various pruning techniques
and regularization methods are commonly applied to improve the generalization ability of the
decision tree.

Additionally, in geocomputation, decision trees can also be combined with ensemble methods such
as random forests or gradient boosting to further enhance the predictive performance. These
ensemble methods aggregate multiple decision trees to reduce bias and variance, providing more
robust and accurate geospatial predictions.

FIG 3.0.1 Q FULL TREE

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 EXISTING MODELS:
A geocomputation and
geovisualization
comparison of Moran and
Geary eigenvector spatial
filtering
RPP for Geocomputation:
Partnering on Curriculum
in Geography and
Computer Science
Spatio-temporal indexing
of the Quikscat wind data
Table 3.1 LITERATURE SURVEY
Moran Handle geospatial big data from
Coefficient; different perspectives. High-performance Computing
Geary Ratio (HPC), parallel computing, and cloud
computing are common architectures for efficient big
data processing. The article
“GeoComputation over the Emerging Heterogeneous
Computing Infrastructure
Pilot RPP for This RPP will provide the foundational knowledge
Geocomputation upon which future strategy for scaling-up RPPs can be
designed, developed, and implemented in other states
and regions.
The Q-full-tree The Q-tree is a multidimensional indexing structure in
the family of space partitioning kd-tree [10] based
indexing methods. The splitting of an overfull
container enables the new border to be added to the
parent Qnode.
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 CHAPTER-4
IMPLEMENTATION

Implementing GIS (Geographic Information Systems) using data science and the R programming
language involves leveraging the capabilities of R's geospatial packages and data manipulation
libraries to analyze, visualize, and manipulate geographic data. Here are the steps to get started:

1. Install R and required packages: Install R from the official R website (https://www.r-project.org/)
and set it up on your system. Install the necessary packages for geospatial analysis in R, such as
"sf," "raster," "mapview," "leaflet," and "tidyverse." You can install packages using the
`install.packages()` function in R.

2. Import geospatial data: Load your geospatial data into R. R supports various file formats, such
as shapefiles, GeoJSON, and raster data. Use functions like `st_read()` from the "sf" package or
`raster()` from the "raster" package to import your data.

3. Geospatial analysis: Utilize the spatial analysis capabilities of R to perform geocomputational

tasks. This can include spatial operations like buffering, intersecting, and overlaying, as well as
geostatistical analysis, spatial clustering, and spatial regression. The "sf" and "raster" packages
provide numerous functions for such analysis.

4. Visualization: Create interactive and static maps to visualize your geospatial data. R offers
several packages for this purpose, including "mapview," "leaflet," and "ggplot2." These packages
allow you to generate maps with various layers, symbols, colors, and annotations to effectively
communicate your results.

5. Model building and prediction: Apply machine learning and statistical modeling techniques to
geospatial data. R provides a wide range of packages for modeling and prediction, such as "caret,"
"randomForest," "xgboost," and "glm." You can build predictive models to analyze patterns,
forecast values, or classify geographic features.

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6. Reporting and sharing: Document your analyses and results using R Markdown, a tool for
creating reproducible reports. R Markdown allows you to combine code, text, and visualizations in
a single document, making it easy to share your work and findings with others.

These steps provide a general outline for implementing GIS using data science and R programming.
However, the specific tasks and techniques may vary depending on the nature of your geospatial
data and the analysis objectives. R's extensive ecosystem of packages and the flexibility of the
language make it a powerful tool for geocomputational analysis and GIS tasks.

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 4.1 SOURCE CODE

#INSTALLING PACKAGES
install.packages(c("cowplot", "googleway", "ggplot2", "ggrepel",
"ggspatial", "libwgeom", "sf", "rnaturalearth", "rnaturalearthdata")

library("ggplot2")

library("sf")

library("rnaturalearth")
library("rnaturalearthdata")

world <- ne_countries(scale = "medium", returnclass = "sf")

class(world)

ggplot(data = world) +
geom_sf()

ggplot(data = world) +
geom_sf() +
xlab("Longitude") + ylab("Latitude") +
ggtitle("World map", subtitle = paste0("(", length(unique(world$NAME)), " countries)"))

ggplot(data = world) +
geom_sf(color = "black", fill = "lightgreen")

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ggplot(data = world) +
geom_sf(aes(fill = pop_est)) +
scale_fill_viridis_c(option = "plasma", trans = "sqrt")

ggplot(data = world) +
geom_sf() +
coord_sf(crs = "+proj=laea +lat_0=52 +lon_0=10 +x_0=4321000 +y_0=3210000 +ellps=GRS80
+units=m +no_defs ")

ggplot(data = world) +
geom_sf() +
coord_sf(crs = "+init=epsg:3035")

ggplot(data = world) +
geom_sf() +
coord_sf(crs = st_crs(3035))

ggplot(data = world) +
geom_sf() +
coord_sf(xlim = c(-102.15, -74.12), ylim = c(7.65, 33.97), expand = FALSE)

ggsave("map.pdf")
ggsave("map_web.png", width = 6, height = 6, dpi = "screen")

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CHAPTER 5
RESULTS

FIG 5.0.1 WORLD MAP

FIG 5.0.2 GLOBE

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 5.1 WORLD MAP

FIG 5.1.1 COUNTRIES ON WORLD MAP

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 5.2 INDIA MAP

FIG 5.2.1 INDIA MAP

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5.3 SPECIFIED LOCATION

FIG 5.3.1 LOCATION ON MAP

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 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the integration of data science techniques with geocomputation provides significant
advantages for analyzing and interpreting geographic data. By leveraging the capabilities of data
science and programming languages like R, geocomputation enables researchers and practitioners
to extract valuable insights from spatial and attribute data, and make informed decisions in various
domains such as environmental sciences, urban planning, agriculture, and disaster management.

Overall, the integration of data science with geocomputation expands the analytical possibilities,
enhances decision-making processes, and opens new avenues for understanding and addressing
complex spatial problems. It empowers researchers, analysts, and policymakers with powerful tools
and methods to extract knowledge from geospatial data and contribute to effective spatial planning,
resource management, and sustainable development.

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 CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES

[1] RPP for Geocomputation: Partnering on Curriculum in Geography and Computer Science

[2] SPATIO-TEMPORAL INDEXING OF THE QUIKSCAT WIND DATA Felix R. Rodr ´ ´ıguez,
Manuel Barrena

[3] Geocomputation with R - Book by Jakub Nowosad, Jannes Münchow, and Robin Lovelace

[4] Hands-On Programming with R: Write Your Own Functions and Simulations
Garrett Grolemund

WEBSITES:

[1] https://r.geocompx.org/

[2] https://jakubnowosad.com/ogh2022/#/title-slide

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