7 Social SEM-1 Textbook

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SOCIAL STUDIES
Class - VII (Semester - I)
Text Book Development Committee
Sri. S. Suresh Kumar IAS
Commissioner of School Education & State Project Director,
Samagra Shiksha AP, Amaravati.
Smt. Vetriselvi. K IAS
Special Officer, English Medium Project, O/o CSE, AP, Amaravati.
Dr. B. Pratap Reddy MA., B.Ed., Ph.D.
Director - SCERT, AP, Amaravati.
Sri. K. Ravindranath Reddy MA., B.Ed.
Director - Government Textbook Press, AP, Amaravati.
Co - Ordinator
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Dr. Katabathina Subramanyam

M.Sc., M.A., M.Ed., M.Phil., Ph.D.
Professor SCERT, AP.
Editors
Dr. P. Hariprakash M.A., Ph.D. Professor
Dept. of Econimics, AU, Visakhapatnam
Dr. P. Chenna Reddy, M.A., Ph.D,
Dean, Dept.of History, Culture and Archaeology, P.S.Telugu University,
Srisailam, Kurnool Dt.
Sri. K. Dasapathi Rao Rtd. Lecturer,
IASE, SPSR Nellore Dt.
Sri. K. Lakshminarayana, Prinicipal
DIET, Dubacherla,West Godavari Dt.
Acknowledgements to
Dr. Raj Vedam
Prof., Houston University, U.S.A.
Dr. Vinod Sen
Asst. Prof. Economics, IGNTU, Madhyapradesh
Dr. K. Chandra Sekhar RIE
Ajmer
Published by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati.
i
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© Government of Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati
First Published 2021

New Impression - 2022, 2023
All rights reserved
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a similar condition including this

condition being imposed on the
subsequent purchaser.
The copyright holder of this book is
the Commissioner of School
Education, Amaravati, Andhra
Pradesh.
This book has been printed on 70 G.S.M. SS Maplitho

Title Page 200 G.S.M. White Art Card
Free distribution by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh
Printed in India
at the A.P. Govt. Textbook Press
Amaravati
Andhra Pradesh
ii
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Subject Co-ordinator
Sri. Rakurthi Trimurthulu
M.A.(Eco.), M.A.(Eng.), M.Ed.,
Faculty, SCERT, AP
Authors
Dr. S. Maheswara Rao, S.A. Smt. Y. A. Mahalaxmi, AGCDO

ZPHS, Ravikamatham, Visakhapatnam Dt. KGBV Wing, Samagra Siksha, AP.
Sri. A.Abdul Rahim, S.A. Sri. T. Venkataiah, Gr-II HM

ZPHS, Divamdinne, Kurnool Dt. Z.P.H.S, T.K.M.Peta, Chittoor Dt.
Dr. B. Sankara Rao, S.A. Kum. P.Aswini, SGT

ZPHS, Gangachollapenta, Vizianagaram Dt. MPPS, Kondurupalem, SPSR Nellore Dt.
Sri. G. Subrahmanyam, S.A. Sri. R. Prasada Rao, S.A.

Z.P.H.S, Thulluru, Guntur Dt.
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ZPHS, Machavaram, East Godavari Dt.
Smt. M.Swarna Latha, S.A. Sri. B. Pakkeerappa, S.A.

ZPHS, Rachapalli, YSR Kadapa Dt. ZPHS, Gugudu, Ananthapuram Dt.
Smt. R. Raja Rajeswari, S.A. Sri. K. Goutham Babu, S.A.

ZPHS (Girls), Muddanur, YSR Kadapa Dt. ZPHS, Gajjalakonda, Prakasam Dt.
Smt. T. S. Malleswari, Lecturer (P) Sri. D. Murali Krishna, S.A.

ZPHS, Veerammakunta, West Godavari Dt.
SIET, SCERT, AP.
Sri. S. Rambabu, S.A.
Smt. G.A.J. Deevenamma
ZPHS, Garudabilli ,Vizianagaram Dt.
Programming Officer, SCERT, AP
Dr. Y. Raghu,
Academic Consultant, Dept. of History and Archaeology,
Yogi Vemana University,YSR KadapaDt.
Illustrators
Sri. K.V. Sambasiva Rao, Drawing Teacher

SNGH, Chebrolu, Guntur Dt.
Sri. K.Srinivasa Rao,
Drawing Teacher
ZPHS, Bondapalli, Vizianagaram Dt.
Cover Page & Designing
Stockassortment, Bapatla
iii
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FOREWORD
The Government of Andhra Pradesh has unleashed a new era in school education by
introducing extensive curricular reforms from the academic year 2020-21. The
Government has taken up curricular reforms intending to enhance the learning outcomes
of the children with focus on building solid foundational learning and to build up an
environment conducive for an effective teaching-learning process. To achieve this
objective, special care has been taken in designing the textbooks to achieve global
standards.
There are twelve lessons in the textbook. These lessons are developed based on
six themes i.e., Diversity on the earth, Production exchange and livelihood, Political
systems and governance, social organisations and inequalities, religion and society,
culture and communications. This book will help the students to study different aspects
of our social life about diversity of land and people, how people get their livelihood,
how people acquire for their common needs and manage them, why all people in our
society are not equal, how people try to bring about equality, how people worship
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different Gods in different ways, and finally how they communicate with each other and
build a culture which is shared by them.
We are grateful to Honourable Chief Minister Sri.Y.S. Jagan Mohan Reddy for
being our source of inspiration to carry out this extensive reform in the education
department. We extend our gratitude to Sri Botcha Satyanarayana, Honourable Minister
of Education for striving towards qualitative education. Our special thanks to Sri. Budithi
Rajsekhar, IAS, Special Chief Secretary, School Education, Sri. S. Suresh Kumar, IAS,
Commissioner, School Education and State Project Director, Samagra Shiksha,
Smt. Vetriselvi.K, IAS, Special Officer, English Medium Project, A.P, for their constant
motivation and guidance.
We convey our thanks to the textbook writers who studied curriculum from
Massachusets to Singapore and recommended best practices across the globe to reach
global standards. Our heartfelt thanks to NCERT, SCERTs of Kerala, Tamilnadu,
Maharashtra,Chhattisgarh and Gujarat in designing the textbooks. We are also thankful
to our textbook writers, editors, artists and layout designers for their contribution in
the development of this textbook. We invite constructive feedback from the teachers
and parents in further refinement of the textbook.
Dr. B. Pratap Reddy,

Director,
SCERT – Andhra Pradesh
iv
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Pledge | ç|ÜÈã
India is my country. All Indians are my brothers and sisters.
I love my country and I am proud of its rich and varied heritage.
I shall always strive to be worthy of it.
I shall give my parents, teachers and all elders respect,
and treat everyone with courtesy. I shall be kind to animals.
To my country and my people, I pledge my devotion.
In their well-being and prosperity alone lies my happiness.
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SOCIAL STUDIES
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1. The Universe and The Earth July 2-33
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2. Forests August 34-65

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3. Learning Through Maps August 66-95
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4. Delhi Sultanate September 96-123
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5. Kakatiya Kingdom September 124-151
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6. Vijayanagara Empire October 152-178
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Teacher Corner Student Corner

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1 The Universe and the Earth
The learner is able to

l understand the origin of the Universe and the
Solar system.
l understand the components of the
Environment.
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l appreciate the role of minerals in human life.

l know about the important realms of the Earth.
1.1. The Universe
l locate various water bodies on the world map.
l describe relations among the components of 1.2. The Solar System
the environment. 1.3. Environment
l know the factors effecting air and water 1.4. Factors of pollution
pollution.
1.5. Disasters
l suggest preventive measures of disasters.
Fig-1.1 : The Universe

Introductory Picture - 1.1
Fig-1.1: The Universe
7th Class Social Studies 2 The Universe and the Earth
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l What things do you observe from the picture 1.1.

l Which among them appear during the day, and which things appear during the
night.
l What do we call all these objects collectively?
You have observed many interesting items in the given picture. Various sizes and
shapes of objects can be noticed. Some are luminous in a dark background. They resemble
the galaxies, stars in the vast Universe. You have learnt the concepts about the Earth and
Solar system in the previous classes. Let us discuss more in detail about the origin of the
Universe, the Solar system, the Earth and Environment in detail.
The Universe and The Earth
The Universe The Solar Environment Factors of Disasters

system Pollution
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Natural
Origin of the Origin of the Components of
Universe Solar System the Environment
Man-Made
Natural Human Human-Made
Non-Living Organs Living Organs
Lithosphere Interior of Biosphere

(Land) the Earth (Animals, Plants)
Hydrosphere
(Water)
Atmosphere (Air) Layers of the

Atmosphere
We have learnt about Our Earth in the solar system in the previous class. Recall the
planets in the solar system once. You know our Earth is the only planet that has living
beings. In this chapter, we will learn more about the Universe and the Earth on which we
live on.

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1. The Universe :
The Universe is a vast space that contains many
The word Universe is originated
unimaginable elements. It includes the Sun, Planets,
from the Latin word
the Milky way Galaxy and all the other Galaxies. “universum” which means all
Nobody knows how big the Universe is. The range of matter and all space.
the Universe is infinite. The universe is expanding
The science that studies the Universe is called about 70 km per second.
Astronomy. This is called cosmology in the Russian ASTRONOMER
language and astronomy in the English language. An astronomer is a scientist
Scientific research in astronomy began with the Italian who studies the stars, planets
astronomer named Galileo. He made a device called a and other natural objects in
telescope. When Galileo first looked at the sky through space.
this instrument, he saw many wonders unknown to
him. Many astronomers have been searching about
l What are the observations
the Universe since the time of Galileo. There is no
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of Galileo?
consensus among scientists on the origin of the
Universe.
1.1. Origin of the Universe: l Collect some more
There are many theories about the origin of the information about the
Universe. One among them is the Big Bang theory. Universe.
Big Bang Theory : The Big Bang theory was first

proposed by a Belgian astronomer named Georges
Lemaitre. He strongly believed that the present-day
Universe began and has been expanding from a tiny
atom about 13.7 billion years ago. That tiny atom was
like a small ball with infinite temperature and infinite Fig.1.2. Big Bang Theory
density.
Due to the increasing temperature and density of
that atom, it exploded and shattered into small pieces Refer atlas or go through the
internet and collect
all over the Universe. As a result Stars, Galaxies,
information about two more
Planets, Satellites and celestial objects are formed in galaxies in the Universe. (Take
the Universe. The expansion of the Universe is the help of your teacher if you
occurring till today. need.)
Go through the internet and explore the Big Bang

Theory and list the things you have observed.

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According to Astronomers, at least 125 billion

Galaxies are there in the Universe. The distance
from one edge of the Galaxy to the other is A light-year is a unit of distance. It
1,20,000 light-years. The milky-way is the Galaxy is the distance that light can travel
in one year. Light moves at a
in which our Solar system is located.
velocity of above 3,00,000 km per
second.
Go through the internet and collect information about two (ancient and modern)
Indian astronomers and discuss in the classroom.
1.2 Solar System :

Our Solar system is made up of the Sun
and the eight planets. Those planets are
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus and Neptune. The Solar system also
has Satellites, Comets, Asteroids, and
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Meteoroids. Scientists estimated that our Solar

system was formed about 4.6 billion years ago.
Fig-1.3: Solar System
Go through the library or internet and collect information about why Pluto is removed
from Planet System.
1.2.1 Origin of the Solar system :
There are many theories about the origin of the Solar system. Some of the important
theories among them are :
a. Geocentric Theory: This theory was proposed by an Egyptian astronomer named
Ptolemy. According to this theory, the Earth is at its centre, the Sun and the
other celestial bodies revolved around it. This theory believes that the Earth is
the centre of the Universe.
b. Heliocentric Theory: This theory was
proposed by the Polish astronomer
named Nicolaus Copernicus. E
According to this theory, the Sun is at
its centre, the Planets, Satellites and E S E
other celestial bodies revolve around
it. E E
E
c. The Nebular Hypothesis : According
to this theory, the planets were
formed out of a cloud of dust and gases E
associated with the Sun. This theory
was developed by Immanuel Kant. Fig-1.4: Heliocentric theory

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l Collect the Information and fill the following Table.
Name of the Planet No. of Natural satellites Features of the Planet
The Earth: Earth is the only Planet in the Solar system that is
capable of supporting life as we know it. It has the right temperature
because it is neither too close to the Sun nor too far from it. So,
the living things survive on the Earth. What do you observe in your
surroundings? We can observe people, trees, animals, mountains,
roads, buildings etc., living together. Let's learn more about the
environment that contains all of these. Fig-1.5: The Earth
1.3 Environment :
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An environment is a natural system that works with all living and non-living
things including plants animals and micro-organisms in an area. It is a combination of both
the natural and man-made components. It is our basic life supporting system. It provides
us the air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we eat and the land we live on. It also
includes micro-organisms, animals, plants and human beings.
The word “Environment” is derived from the Why do we celebrate June 5th
French word-Environer/ Environner meaning as World environment day?
‘neighbourhood’. Find out the significance of the
l Every year we celebrate June 5th as 'World day with the help of your
Environment Day'. teacher.
Observe the things in the Fig. 1.6 and categorize them under the headings
in the given table.
Natural Environment Human Environment Man-made Environment

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1.3.1 Components of the Environment :

The things in the environment can be classified into three categories as Natural,
Human and Man-made components.
COMPONENTS OF THE
ENVIRONMENT
Natural Man-Made Human
Individual Family,
Bridge,
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Community,
Non-Living Things Buildings, Parks,
Religion,
(Abiotic) Industries,
Educational,
Land (Lithosphere) Monuments
Economic
Air (Atmosphere) and Roads etc.
and Political etc.
Water (Hydrosphere)
Living Things
(Biotic)
Animals, Plants,
Insects, Birds
1.6 Components of the Environment

1.3.1.Natural Environment :
The natural environment comprises of land, water, air, living organisms like plants
and animals. You are well aware of the meanings of the Lithosphere, Hydrosphere,
Atmosphere and Biosphere in your previous class. Let us learn a few more facts about these
natural elements in the environment. These are also called natural realms of the Earth.

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1.3.1 |s«esÁD+ jîTT¿£Ø n+Xæ\T :

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e¯Z¿]£ +#áe#áTÌ.
|s«esÁD+ýË
n+Xæ\T
dV² È eÖqe ]Ôá eÖqe

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e+Ôîq, uóe H\T, e«¿ìï>·Ôá Å£³T++

<«qeH\T, deÖÈ+, eTÔá+,
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1.6 |s«esÁD+ jîTT¿£Ø n+Xæ\T

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esÁDeTT\T n Å£L& n+{²sÁT.
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NATURAL
ENVIRONMENT
Lithosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere Biosphere
Mountains, Troposphere, Humans, Birds

Hills, Ocean, Sea Stratosphere, Insects,
Plateaus, Plains, River, Lake Mesosphere, Plants
Valleys and
Troposphere and Pond Thermosphere, and Animals
Deserts Exosphere
1.7 Components of Natural Environment

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Observe the components of natural environment in Fig 1.7 and write those
components under the right headings given in the table. You can add some more
components if any.
Lithosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere Biosphere
Mountains Ocean Troposphere Humans
l How is Biosphere different from other natural elements of the Earth?

l The Biosphere would not have survived without the other three spheres.
Why?

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dV²È |s«esÁD+
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m&sÁT\T È+ÔáTeÚ\T
1.7 dV² È |s«esÁD n+Xæ\T
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l ÔásÁ eTÖ&T esÁDeTT\T ýñÅ£+& JyesÁDeTT eTqT>·& kÍÐ+#áýñ<T. m+<TÅ£?

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1.3.1A. Lithosphere :
The solid part of the Earth is called Lithosphere. It
The word “Lithosphere”
is made up of rocks and minerals and is covered with a
originates from the Greek
thin layer of soil. It is an irregular surface with various
words ‘Litho’ which means
landforms such as Mountains, Plateaus, Plains, Valleys, stone or rock and ‘Sphaira’
Deltas, Deserts etc. These landforms are divided into which means sphere or ball.
three types: the first order, the second order and the
l Every year April 22nd is
third order. celebrated as 'World
Earth Day'.
l With the help of your teacher, fill

the following table related to land · Why do we celebrate April 22nd as
forms by getting information from World Earth day? Find out the
different sources like internet, significance of the day with the
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library, etc. help of your teacher.
First order land forms Second order land forms Third order land forms
List the things which are used in our daily life and write
down the names of related minerals.
Name of the things Related minerals
Refer library books or go through the atlas and know more about different types
of land forms. Now try to know the process of how land is formed in your
locality. (You can discuss with your teacher about the above concept.)

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1.3.1m.¥ý²esÁDeTT :
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(|Õ uó²eq ne>±V²q ¿Ãd+ MTsÁT MT bÍ<ó«jáTTÔÃ #á]Ì+#áe#áTÌ).

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Interior of the Earth

If we observe, the Earth is made up of 2. Mantle
different layers like an Egg. These layers differ from 3.b Inner
Core
one another in thickness and also in their physical
and chemical composition. The earth consists of
three layers. They are named as follows: 3.a Outer Core
1.Crust
1. Crust 2. Mantle 3. Core
Collect more information through library
books and discuss with your teacher to know about Fig.1.8. Interior of the Earth
the interior of the Earth.
The Lithosphere is the domain that provides us with land for agriculture and human
settlements. The thin soil layer of lithosphere helps us for agricultural development and
gives us food. The rocky layer of the lithosphere provides us with minerals for industries
and supports industrial development. It also provides us with forests and grasslands for
grazing.
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l Write a few more uses of the Lithosphere.

l List the human activities that cause change in the Lithosphere.
l Suggest measures to protect the Lithosphere.
1.3.1B. Hydrosphere : All the water bodies

present on the Earth’s surface are
collectively known as Hydrosphere. The
The word “Hydrosphere” originates
Earth is known as “Watery Planet” as it is
the only planet containing water in from the Greek words ‘Hydor’ which
abundance. The presence of life on our means water and ‘Sphaira’ which
planet is mainly due to its water and air. means sphere or ball.
About 2/3 (71%) of the Earth’s surface is
l Every year March 22nd is celebrated
covered by hydrosphere. Only 1% of water
is useful to our needs. The remaining 99% as 'World water Day'.
of water is in the form of ice, saline water
etc.
It consists of various sources of water l Why do we celebrate March 22nd as
and different types of water bodies like World water day? Find out the
Rivers, Lakes, Seas, Oceans, etc. Some part significance of the day with the help
of water is found deep down under the of your teacher.
Earth among rocks and it is called ground
Why can’t we use total water on
water. Hydrosphere provides water to all
l
the Earth?
living organisms.

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uóÖ$T n+ÔásÒÛ>·+ : 2. uóÖ çbÍysÁeTT

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l ¥ý²esÁDeTT jîTT¿£Ø eT]¿= |jÖî >±\T çyjáT+&.

l ¥ý²esÁDeTTýË eÖsÁTÎÅ£ ¿±sÁDeTjûT« eÖqe ¿±sÁ«¿£ý²bÍ\ C²_ÔqTÔájÖá sÁT #ûjTá +&.
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n+~dT+ï ~. |jîÖÐ+#áT¿Ãýñ¿£ bþÔáTHeTT?

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l Browse internet or go through the atlas l Locate all Oceans in the world map.
and know more about different water
bodies across the world. (If necessary, l Locate major Seas in the world map.
take the help of your teacher or elders.)
l How is water being used for different purposes in your school? Observe the
places/situations in which water is being wasted !
l What measures do you follow to prevent the wastage of water?
l Suggest measures to increase ground water. What will happen if all the ice melt?
1.3.1D. Atmosphere:
The thin envelop of air surrounding the Earth is called atmosphere. It extends several
hundred kilometers upwards from the Earth’s surface.
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The word “Atmosphere” originates from

the Greek words ‘Atmos’ which means
vapour and ‘Sphaira’ which means sphere
or ball.
l Every year Sep 16th is celebrated as
Fig:1.9 Composition of the
World Ozone Day.
Atmosphere
Why do we celebrate September 16th as World Ozone day?

Find out the importance of the day with the help of your
teacher.
The atmosphere is a mixture of several gases.
Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide are important gases
of the atmosphere. Oxygen is regarded as the “breath
of life”; without it, life would not be possible. The pie-
chart Fig:1.10 (Layers of the atmosphere) gives you the
percentage of different gases of air.
The atmosphere is usually divided into five layers
starting from the Earth’s surface. They are Troposphere,
Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere and Exosphere.
There is no sharp boundary between them. Fig:1.10 Layers of the Atmosphere

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l n+Ôá s ¨ \ + (+³Â s {Ù ) , n{²¢ d t <Çs

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l Go through the online educational sources to know more about different layers
of the atmosphere, air pressure and various winds. (If necessary, take the help
of your teacher).
The atmosphere provides Oxygen(breath of life) for all animals including human beings
and Carbon dioxide for plants. Carbon dioxide helps the plants in the photosynthetic
process. Atmosphere protects us from the harmful rays and scorching heat of the Sun. The
water vapour and dust particles which are in atmosphere support to form clouds and
thereby give rains.
l What happens if the l Collect the information through internet

Carbon dioxide level about Oxygen levels in different areas i.e.
increase in the atmosphere.? the industrial area, the traffic area and the
greenery area. Write the reasons and suggest
l How can we increase
the measures to improve the Oxygen levels.
Oxygen level in the
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atmosphere?
1.3.1E. Biosphere:
Biosphere is an environment where
micro organisms, plants, animals, and humans
live together. It is a zone of the Earth where
land, water and air interact with each other.
The word “Biosphere” originates from

the Greek words ‘Bios’ which means
life and ‘Sphaira’ which means sphere
or ball.
Fig:1.11 Biosphere
l List the different living organisms in l Why is Biosphere considered a

your surroundings and categorize separate natural domain of the
them into plants and animals in a table. Earth?
l How Biosphere depends on the l What measures do you suggest to
Lithosphere and the Hydrosphere. protect Biosphere?

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l n+Ôás¨\ $<« eqsÁT\ <Çs yÔesÁD+ jîTT¿£Ø $$<ó bõsÁ\T, yjáTT |Ó&q+ eT]jáTT $$<ó
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q ú{ì $] eT]jáTT <óÖ [ ¿£D²\T yûT|Ö \qT @sÁÎsÁº Ôá<Çs esü\T |&ýû ² #ûkÍïsTT.
l bÍ]çXæ$T¿£ çbÍ+Ôá+, ç{²|¿¾ ù mÅ£Øe>± +&û

l yÔesÁD+ýË ¿±sÁÒH &îÕ Â¿Õà& kÍsTT çbÍ+Ôá+ eT]jáTT |#áÌ<q+ ¿£*Ðq çbÍ+Ôá+ e+{ì
|]ÐÔû @$T ÈsÁT>·TÔáT+~? $$<ó çbÍ+Ô\ýË ¿ìàÈH kÍsTT\ >·T]+º
l yÔesÁD+ýË ¿ìàÈH kÍsTT mý² +³Âs{Ù <Çs deÖ#s d¿£]+º, +<TÅ£
|+#áT¿Ãe#áTÌ? ¿±sÁD²\T eT]jáTT ¿ìàÈH kÍsTT\qT yîTsÁT>·T
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|sÁ#á&¿ì #ásÁ«\qT dÖº+#á+&.

1.3.1. JyesÁD+ :
dÖ¿£JeÚ\T, yîTT¿£Ø\T, È+ÔáTeÚ\T, eT]jáTT
eÖqeÚ\T ¿£*d¾ +&û esÁD² JyesÁD+ n+{²sÁT.
~ uóÖ$T, úsÁT eT]jáTT >±* ÿ¿£<ÔÃ ÿ¿£{ì
¿£*dçbÍ+Ôá+.
JyesÁD+ (jîÖd¾ÎjáTsY) nHû |<+ ç^Å£

|<ýÉqÕ »jîÖdtµ eT]jáTT »dÎÕ sµ qT+&
<ÒÛ$+º+~. »jîÖdtµ n+fñ Je+ eT]jáTT
»dÕÎsµ n+fñ >ÃÞø+ ýñ< +Ü.
ºçÔá+:1.11.JyesÁD+
l MT |]ds\ýË $$<ó JesXø\ C²_Ô

ÔájÖá sÁT #ûd¾ y{ì ÿ¿£ |{¿¼ì ý£ Ë yîTT¿£Ø\T l »»JyesÁD+µµ uóÖ$T jîTT¿£Ø »»ç|Ôû«¿£ dV²È
eT]jáTT È+ÔáTeÚ\T>± e¯Z¿£]+#á+&. esÁD+µµ>± m+<TÅ£ |]>·Dì+#á&TÔáT+~?
l JyesÁD+, ¥ý²esÁD+ eT]jáTT Èý²esÁD+ l JyesÁDeTTqT sÁ¿+ì #á&¿ì MTsÁT @ #ásÁ«\T
MT< mý² <ósÁ|& +~. dÖºkÍïsÁT?

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1.3.2. Human Environment:

Our surroundings which are formed with human beings are called human
environment. It consists of individual, family, community, religious, educational, economic,
political situations (for better understanding, observe the Fig:1.6 components of
environment). Historically, after the settled life was formed, human beings started depending
on one another. It resulted in the establishment of human environment.
Collect and list the elements of the human environment in your surroundings
and find out how they are formed.
1.3.3.Human-made Environment:
Our surroundings which are made by the human beings are called man-made
environment. It consists of buildings, factories, parks, roads, bridges, projects, monuments,
etc. (for better understanding, observe the Fig:1.6 components of the environment).
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Early humans adapted themselves to the natural surroundings. They led a simple
life and fulfilled their needs using the nature around them. As a result of settled life and
the industrial revolution, human beings have to change and use the natural environment
to their advantage. It led to the formation of so many elements of human made environment
and the change in natural environment.
l How did the establishment of man-

l Collect the information from your made environment cause change in
elders about how natural natural environment? How is it
environment was when he/she was harmful to us?
your age. l Is there any need to protect natural
l Prepare a poster based on the environment? What can you do for
collected information. this.
1.4. Factors of pollution :

Addition of various impurities to the environment is pollution. It is an undesirable
change in chemical, physical and biological characteristics of air, water and soil. Pollution
causes health problems to all the living beings.
1.4.1. Factors of Air pollution : Ash, salt particles, smoke, acid rain, fuel consumption,
industrial dust, CFC, etc.
1.4.2. Effect of Air pollution : Air pollution causes global warming, changes in climatic
conditions, acid rains, declining farmland, extinction of animal species and respiratory
health problems.

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1.3.2. eÖqe |s«esÁD+:

eÖqeÚ\ÔÃ @sÁÎ&q |]ds\qT eÖqe |s«esÁD+ n+{²sÁT. ~ e«¿ìï, Å£³T++, deÖÈ+,
eTÔá, $<«, ]¿£, sÈ¿¡jáT |]d¾ÔáT\qT ¿£*Ð +³T+~ (d]jî®Tq ne>±V²q ¿Ãd+, ºçÔá+:1.6
|s«esÁD n+Xæ\T >·eT+#á+&). #]çÔá¿£+>± d¾sÁ J$Ôá+ @sÁÎ&q ÔásÁTyÔá, eÖqeÚ\T ÿ¿£]|Õ ÿ¿£sÁT
<ósÁ|& J$+#á&+ çbÍsÁ+_ó+#sÁT. ~ eÖqe |s«esÁD kÍ|qÅ£ <]rd¾+~.
MT |]ds\ýË eÖqe |s«esÁD+ jîTT¿£Ø n+Xæ\qT d¿£]+º C²_Ô ÔájáÖsÁT #ûjáT+&.

n$ mý² @sÁÎ&¦jîÖ Ôî\TdT¿Ã+&?
1.3.3.eÖqe ]Ôá |s«esÁD+:
eÖqeÚ\T ÔájáÖsÁT #ûdq¾ |]ds\qT eÖqe ]Ôá |s«esÁD+ n+{²sÁT. ~ uóe H\T,
¿£s>±s\T, <«qeH\T, sÃ&T¢, e+Ôîq\T, çbÍCÉÅ£¼\T eT]jáTT kÍsÁ¿£ ºVä\T yîTT<ýÉÕq y{ì ¿£*Ð
+³T+~ (d]jî®Tq ne>±V²q ¿Ãd+, ºçÔá+ 1.6 ýË |s«esÁD n+Xæ\T >·eT+#á+&).
~eT eÖqeÚ\T dV² È |]ds\ÔÃ eTqT>·& kÍÐ+#á³+ýË ÔáeTqT ÔeTT n\y³T #ûdT Å£HsÁT.
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ysÁT kÍ<ósÁDyîTq® J$Ô >·&b ÍsÁT. y] #áT³Ö¼ q ç|¿£ Ü |jîÖÐ+#áTÅ£ y] neds\qT
rsÁTÌÅ£HsÁT. d¾sÁ yd+ eT]jáTT bÍ]çXæ$T¿£ $|¢e+ |*Ôá+>±, eÖqeÚ\T dV²È yÔesÁD² ÔáeTÅ£
nqTÅ£L\+>± mý² eÖsÁTÌ¿ÃyýË eT]jáTT mý² |jÖî Ð+#áT¿ÃyýË HûsTÁ ÌÅ£HsÁT. ~ eÖqe ]Ôá
|s«esÁD²¿ì d++~ó+ºq nHû¿£ n+Xæ\T @sÁÎ&{²¿ì eT]jáTT dV²È yÔesÁD+ýË eÖsÁTÎ\Å£
<]rd¾+~.
l eÖqe ]Ôá |s«esÁD kÍ|q dV²È

l MT |<\Ý qT+&, ysÁT MT ejáTdTàýË yÔesÁ D +ýË eÖsÁ T ÎÅ£ mý²
q|Ú&T dV² È yÔesÁD+ mý² +<Hû ¿±sÁDyîT+® ~? ~ eTqÅ£ mý² Vä¿£s+Á ?
< >·T]+º deÖ#s d¿£]+#á+&.
l d¿£]+ºq deÖ#sÁ+ <ósÁ+>± ÿ¿£ bþds¼ qY T l dV²È |s«esÁD² |]sÁ¿ì+#*àq
ÔájÖá sÁT #ûjáT+&. nedsÁ+ +<? B¿ì úeÚ @$T
#ûjTá >·\eÚ?
1.4. ¿±\Tw« ¿±sÁ¿±\T :
|s«esÁD+ýË¿ì $$<ó sÁ¿±\ eT*H\T #ûsÁ& ¿±\Tw«+ n+{²sÁT. ~ >±*, úsÁT eT]jáTT Hû\
jîTT¿£Ø sÁkÍjáTq, uóÜ¿£ eT]jáTT Je \¿£D ²\ýË ny+#óúá jáT eÖsÁTÎ ÔîdT +ï ~. ~ n JeÚ\ýË sÃ>·«
deTd«\Å£ ¿±sÁDeTòÔáT+~.
1.4.1 yjáTT ¿±\Tw«+ jîTT¿£Ø ¿±sÁ¿±\T : Ö&<, |ÚÎ ¿£D²\T, bõ>·, eT¢ esÁü+, +<óq $jîÖ>·+,
bÍ]çXæ$T¿£ <óÖ [, ¿Ã¢sÃ bþs¢ Ã ¿±sÁÒqT¢ yîTT<ýqÕÉ $.
1.4.2 yjáTT ¿±\Tw«+ ç|u²ó e+ : >±* ¿±\Tw«+ e\¢ uóÖ>ÃÞø+ yû&î¿£Ø&+, yÔesÁD+ýË eÖsÁTÎ\T
se&+, eT¢ esü\T Å£sÁe&+, bõ>·eT+#áT mÅ£Øe>± Å£sÁe&+, e«ekÍjáT ¿¹ ç Ô\ ¿¡D Ôá, È+ÔáT C²ÔáT\T
n+Ôá]+ºbþe&+ eT]jáTT XæÇd¿ÃXø sÃ>·« deTd«\T e+{ì$ d+uó$kÍïsTT.
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1.4.3. Prevention of Air Pollution:

There are various air pollution control technologies and land use planning strategies available
to reduce air pollution. (Ask your teacher for more preventive methods of air pollution.)
l Make a list of different human activities that cause air pollution.

l Suggest measures to reduce air pollution.
l With the help of your teacher, draw a diagram with the events that cause air
pollution.
1.4.4. Water Pollution:

Any physical, biological or chemical change in water quality that adversely affects
living organism can be considered as water pollution.
1.4.5. Causes of water pollution:
The water gets polluted by various causes like different types of wastages as follows :
1. Industrial effluents have a wide variety of organic and inorganic pollutants. e.g.,
paper and pulp mills, dying textile industries etc.
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2. The fertilizers and chemical industries are also a problem of water pollution.
This is a serious environmental issue.
l Make a list of different human activities that cause water pollution.

l Suggest measures to reduce water pollution.
l Collect the information (paper clips etc.) regarding water pollution and display in
your class.
l With the help of your teacher, draw a diagram with the events that cause water
pollution.
1.4.6. Ways to Conserve Natural Resources like Air and Water:

l Increasing the capacity of renewable resources by recycling and reusing.
l Planting of more and more plants to save our forest resources.
l Seeking alternatives to non-renewable resources.
l By increasing the use of bio-gas and bio-fuels.
l Avoid the dumping of industrial wastes into the river bodies. It is a measure to
protect the rich marine life.
l Optimal use of water.
l Prepare two slogans about conservation of natural resources.

l Prepare a poster on conservation of water.

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1.4.3. yjáTT ¿±\Tw« ysÁD:

yjáTT ¿±\TcÍ« ÔáÐZ+#á&¿ì $$<ó yjáTT ¿±\Tw« jáT+çÔáD kÍ+¹¿Ü¿£Ôá\T eT]jáTT uóÖ $jîÖ>·
ç|D²[¿± eP«Vä\T n+<Tu²³TýË HsTT. (bÍ<ó«jáTT\ <Çs ¿±\Tw« ysÁD |<ÆÔ Tá \qT
Ôî\TdT¿Ã+&).
yjáTT ¿±\TcÍ«¿ì ¿±sÁDeTjûT« $$<ó eÖqe ¿±sÁ«¿£ý²bÍ\ C²_ÔqT sÁÖbõ+~+#á+&.

l
yjáTT ¿±\TcÍ« ÔáÐ+Z #á&¿ì #ás«Á \qT dÖº+#á+&.

l
MT bÍ<ó«jáTT dVä jáT+ÔÃ, yjáTT ¿±\TcÍ«¿ì ¿±sÁDeTjûT« d+|T ³q\ÔÃ ÿ¿£ ºçÔ
l
^jáT+&.
1.4.4.ú{ì ¿±\Tw«+ :
ú{ì HD«ÔáýË @<îHÕ uóÜ¿£, Je ýñ< sÁkÍjáT¿£ eÖsÁTÎ È]Ð < e\¢ JeÚ\|Õ <TçwÎuó²e+
@sÁÎ&q³¢sTTÔû < ú{ì ¿±\Tw«+>± |]>·Dkì ÍïsTÁ .
1.4.5. ú{ì ¿±\TcÍ«¿ì ¿±sÁD²\T: $$<ó e«sÆ\ ¿±sÁD+>± úsÁT ¿£\Tw¾ÔáeTeÚÔáT+~: n$,
1. bÍ]çXæ$T¿£ ¿±\TcÍ«\ýË nHû¿£ sÁ¿±\ d+çBjáT eT]jáTT n¿£sÁÒqÛ ¿±\Tw« ¿±sÁ¿±\T HsTT.
<., ¿±ÐÔá+ eT]jáTT ¿±ÐÔá|Ú>·TE¨, sÁ+>·T\T yûd eçdï|]çXøeT\T yîTT<\>·Tq$.
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2. msÁTeÚ\T eT]jáTT sÁkÍjáTq |]çXøeT\T Å£L& ú{ì ¿±\Tw« deTd«qT rçeyîT®q |s«esÁD
deTd«>± eÖsÌsTT.
l ú{ì ¿±\TcÍ«¿ì ¿±sÁDeTjûT« $$<ó eÖqe ¿±sÁ«¿£ý²bÍ\ C²_ÔqT sÁÖbõ+~+#á+&.

l ú{ì ¿±\TcÍ« ÔáÐ+Z #á&¿ì #ás«Á \T dÖº+#á+&.
l ú{ì ¿±\TcÍ«¿ì d++~ó+ºq deÖ#s (ysï |çÜ¿£ ¿ì|¢ Î¾ +>·T\T yîTT<ýqÕÉ $) d¿£]+º
MT ÔásÁ>·ÜýË ç|<]ô+#á+&.
l MT bÍ<ó«jáTT\ dVä jáT+ÔÃ, ú{ì ¿±\TcÍ«¿ì ¿±sÁDeTjûT« d+|T ³q\ÔÃ ÿ¿£ ºçÔ
^jáT+&.
1.4.6. >±*, úsÁT e+{ì dV²È eqsÁT\qT |]sÁ¿ì+#û eÖsZ\T :
l |Úq]ÇjîÖ>·+ eT]jáTT |ÚqsÁTÔÎ<q #ûjáT&+ <Çs |ÚqsÁTÔÎ<¿£ eqsÁT\ kÍeTsÆ« |+#á&+.
l eTq n³M d+|<q T ¿±bÍ&{²¿ì mÅ£Øe yîTT¿£Ø\qT H³&+.
l |ÚqsÁTÔÎ<¿£ÔáÅ£ M\T¿± eqsÁT\Å£ ç|Ô«eÖjáÖ\qT |jîÖÐ+#á&+.
l jîÖ>±«dt eT]jáTT jîÖ +<óH \ y&¿± |+#á&+.
l bÍ]çXæ$T¿£ e«sÆ\qT qB Èý²ýË¢ ¿£\|&+ eÖqT¿Ãy*. $\TyîqÕ deTTç< JeÚ\qT ¿±bÍ&T¿Ãe&¿ì
~ nedsyÁ Tî ®q #ás«Á .
l ú{ì d]jîT® q |<ÜÝ ýË $jîÖÐ+#áT³.
l dV²È eqsÁT\ |]sÁ¿£D >·T]+º Âs+&T H<\T ÔájáÖsÁT #ûjáT+&.

l ú{ì d+sÁ¿£D|Õ ÿ¿£ bþd¼sY d¾<Æ+ #ûjáT+&.

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1.5. Disasters:
Disaster is a serious disruption that occurs in the short or long term, causing
extensive human, physical, economic or environmental damage that exceeds the ability of
the affected community to use its own resources.
1.5.1.Types of Disasters
Natural Disasters: A natural disaster is a natural process l A flood is an overflow of
or phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or water that submerges land.
other health impacts, property damage, loss of
l An Earthquake means the
livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption
earths surface vibrates
or environmental damage.
under the influence of
Eg: A drought is a situation of prolonged shortage waves that are suddenly
of water supply, whether surface water or ground water. emitted inside the earth.
Man-made Disasters: These are the consequence of
technological or human hazards.
Preventive methods: Preparedness, safety tips can

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prevent injuries and make the difference in emergency.

Having information about disasters, having a plan to
move to a safe area in an emergency, having emergency
kits in hand, avoiding unnecessary damage and moving
to a safe area in your home in the event of an accident
causes less loss to life.
Fig:1.12. Floods
l Observe the given picture (Fig:1.13) and write your comment.

l Prepare two slogans about prevention of disasters.
l Prepare a list with the disasters that occured recently in your area.
Disaster Management: Disaster management is the continuous and comprehensive process
of planning, managing and implementing necessary or useful measures to prevent any
(disaster) risk or threat. Mitigating disaster severity or consequences, being prepared for
any disaster, capacity building, responding quickly to unforeseen disasters, estimating the
severity or magnitude of a disaster is called disaster management.
Disaster management in India is mainly about providing relief and rehabilitation to
people affected by natural disasters.
Tenth plan : For the first time, disaster management was defined as a developmental issue
in the tenth five-year plan. In the Tenth plan, policy guidelines for disaster control,
operational guidelines, specific development plans are suggested.

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1.5. $|ÔTá \ï T :
$|ÔáTï nHû~ dÇ\Î ýñ< BsÁé¿±*¿£+>± d+uó$+#û rçeyîT®q n+ÔásjáT+. B e\q $dÔáyîT®q
eÖqe, Xæ¯sÁ¿,£ ]¿£ ýñ< |s«esÁD qw+¼ d+uó$ dT+ï ~. ~ deÖC²¿ì < dÇ+Ôá eqsÁT\qT
|jîÖÐ+#áTÅ£Hû kÍeTs« <ÖsÁ+ #ûdTï+~.
1.5.1.$|ÔTá \ï sÁ¿±\T :
ç|¿£ Ü $|ÔTá \ï T : ç|¿£ Ü $|ÔTá ï nHû~ ÿ¿£ dV² È ç|ç¿ìjTá ýñ< esÁ< nHû~ kÍ<ósÁD+>± bõ&>±
l
<ÐÇwjáT+. B e\¢ çbÍD qw¼+, >±jáT+ ýñ< ÔásÁ sÃ>·« q uóÖ$T eTTÐbþjûTý²
ç|u²ó y\T, d¾ï qw+¼ , JeHÃbÍ~ó eT]jáTT deqT ¿ÃýËÎe&+, #ûd n~ó¿£ ú{ì ç|yV²+.
kÍeÖ¿£ eT]jáTT ]¿£ n+ÔásjáT+ ýñ< |s«esÁD qw¼+
d+uó$ kÍïsTT. uó Ö ¿£ + | + nq>± uó Ö $T
l
<: ¿£sÁTeÚ : |]Ôá\ úsÁT ýñ< uóÖ>·sÁÒÛ Èý²\ ú{ì n+ÔásÒÛ>·+ýË n¿£kÍÔáTï>±
dsÁ|sýË BsÁé¿±*¿£ ¿=sÁÔá @sÁÎ&û |]d¾Ü. $&T<\jûT« ÔásÁ+>±\ ç|uó²e+ÔÃ
eÖqe¿±sÁ¿£ $|ÔTá \ï T: $ kÍ+¹¿Ü¿£ ýñ< eÖqe ç|eÖ<\ uóÖ$T |]Ôá\+ ¿£+|¾+#á&+.
|s«Á ekÍH\T.
ysÁD² |<ÔÆ Tá \T: d+d¾<ÔÆ ,á ç|eÖ<\ ysÁDÅ£ uóç <Ô º{²Ø\T
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bÍ{ì+#á&+ <Çs >±jáÖ\T ¿±Å£+& y]+#á&+ eT]jáTT

nÔá«edsÁ |]d¾ÔáTýË¢ yû>·+>± dÎ+~+#á&+, $|ÔáTï\ >·T]+º
deÖ#sÁ+ ¿£*Ð+&³+, nÔá«edsÁ |]d¾ÔáTýË¢ dTsÁ¿ìÔáyîT®q
çbÍ+Ô¿ì yîÞø¢&¿ì ç|D²[¿£qT ¿£*Ð +&³+, nÔá«edsÁ edTï
kÍeTçÐ n+<Tu²³TýË +&³+, ç|eÖ<+ È]Ðq|ÚÎ&T MT +{ìýË
dTsÁ¿Ôì áyTî q® çbÍ+Ô¿ì #ûsTÁ ¿Ãe&+ e+{ì$ #ûjáT&+ <Çs ç|eÖ<
deTjáT+ýË çbÍD qcÍ¼\qT ÔáÐZ+#áe#áTÌ.
ºçÔá+ : 1.12 esÁ<\T
l ç|¿£Ø ºçÔ (ºçÔá+ : 1.13) >·eT+º MT y«K« sjáT+&.
l $|ÔTá \ï ysÁD >·T]+º sÂ +&T H<\T ÔájÖá sÁT #ûjTá +&.
l MT çbÍ+Ôá+ýË eT<ó«¿±\+ýË d+uó$+ºq $|ÔáTï\ C²_ÔqT ÔájáÖsÁT #ûjáT+&.
$|ÔTá ï sÁÇV²D : @<îÕH ($|ÔTá ï) ç|eÖ<+ ýñ< eTT|ÚÎqT y]+#á&¿ì nedsÁyîTq® ýñ< |jîÖ>·¿£syÁ îT®q
#ásÁ«\ÔÃ ç|D²[¿£ sÁÖbõ+~+#á&+, sÁÇV¾²+#á&+ eT]jáTT neT\T #ûjáT&+ jîTT¿£Ø sÁ+ÔásÁ eT]jáTT deTç>·
ç|ç¿ìjáTqT $|ÔáTï sÁÇV²D n+{²sÁT. $|ÔáTï rçeÔá ýñ< |]D²eÖ\qT ÔáÐZ+#á&+, @<îÕH $|ÔáTïqT
m<TsÃØe{²¿ì d+d¾<+Æ >± +&&+, kÍeTs« |+bõ+~+#á&+, nqT¿ÃÅ£+& d+uó$+#û $|ÔáTï\ |³¢
dÔáÇsÁ+>± dÎ+~+#á&+, $|ÔáTï jîTT¿£Ø rçeÔá ýñ< |]eÖD² n+#áH yûjáT& $|ÔáTï sÁÇV²D
n+{²sÁT.
uó²sÁÔ<á Xû +ø ýË $|ÔTá ï sÁÇV²D ç|<ó q+>± ç|¿£ Ü yî|Õ ¯ Ô«\ÔÃ u²<ó| & T ÔáTq ç|È\Å£ |Xeø Tq+
eT]jáTT |Úqsyd+ ¿£*Î+#á&+ e+{ì n+Xæ\Å£ d++~ó+ºq~.
|<e ç|D²[¿£: |<e |+#áesÁü ç|D²[¿£ýË yîTT<{kì Í]>± $|ÔTá ï sÁÇV²D »»n_óe~Æ n+Xø+µµ>± sÁs TT+#á&+~.
|<e ç|D²[¿£ $|ÔTá \ï jáT+çÔáD ¿Ãd+ $<óq eÖsÁ<Z s ôÁ ¿±\T, ¿±s«#ásD Á eÖsÁ<Z s ôÁ ¿±\T, ]Ýw¼ n_óe~Æ
|<¿¸ ±\T dÖº+ºq~.
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A perfect balance between the natural and human environment is essential. We must
learn to use our environment properly and live harmoniously.
Milky way : The galaxy which has Solar System.

Industrial revolution : The sudden changes in industrial sector (Production
sector).
Air pollution : Increase of harmful elements like carbon dioxide in air.
Photosynthesis : The process through which plants use sunlight to
synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water.
Gravitational force : The force between two objects in the universe.
I. Answer the following questions.

1. What do you know about the Universe?
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2. What do you mean by natural environment?

3. “Natural environment is different from the Man-made”. Justify your answer.
4. Prepare any two slogans on the protection of environment.
5. Write a list of different plants and animals that depend on each other.
6. Composition of atmosphere is getting changes now. Give reasons.
7. Prepare any two slogans on the protection of minerals that are available in the
Lithosphere.
II. Choose the correct answers.

1. The following is not a component of human environment. [ ]
a) Factory b) Religion c) Community d) None of these
2. Find out the odd one. [ ]
a) Plains b) Road c) Valley d) River
3. This is a threat to environment. [ ]
a) Growing plants b) Growing crops
c) Growing vehicles d) All
4. Which is the second layer of the interior of the Earth. [ ]
a) Mantle b) Inner Core
c) Outer Core d) Crust
5. Which theory is related to Origin of the Universe. [ ]
a) Geocentric b) Heliocentric
c) Big Bang d) All the above

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1. $XøÇ+ >·T]+º MTÅ£ @$T Ôî\TdT?
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2. dV²È |s«esÁD+ n+fñ @$T{ì?

3. »»dV²È |s«esÁD+ eÖqe ]Ôá |s«esÁD²¿ì _óq+>± +³T+~µµ MT deÖ<óH
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d¾) eTVä $kþÎÛ³q d¾<Æ+Ôá+ &) |eÕ ú
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III. Match the following.

Group- A Group-B
1. Lithosphere [ ] A. Natural domain of water
2. Biosphere [ ] B. Air which surrounds the Earth
3. Core [ ] C. Narrow zone where land, water
and air interact
4. Hydrosphere [ ] D. Rocky layer of the Earth.
5. Atmosphere [ ] E. Deep interior part of the Earth
IV. Fill up the following table.
Word Origin (word) and meaning Origin (language)

Biosphere
Lithosphere
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
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Environment
Solve the puzzle with the words related to given hints

Down
1. A system formed by the interaction
of all living organisms (9)
3. Blanket of air (10)
4. Our surroundings (11)
5. Life gas (6)
Across
2. Hard surface layer of the Earth
(11)
4. Planet which has life (5)
6. Natural domain of water (11)
7. A Human made environment (6)
l Prepare a poster showing the activities that destroy natural environment and
the activities that protect natural environment.
l Collect the information from your surroundings regarding water usage and its
wastage. Suggest how you control wastage of water.
Puzzle Answers : Down : 1. Biosphere 3. Atmosphere 4. Environment 5. Oxygen
Across : 2. Lithosphere 4. Earth 6. Hydrosphere 7. Bridge

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III. ÈÔá|s TÁ #áTeTT.

ç>·Ö|Ú -m ç>·Ö|Ú - _
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\TeÚ :
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2 Forests

l know the different climatic Regions
in the world and identify them in the
world map.
l understand the concept of the forest,
social forestry and differentiate 2.1. Climatic Regions
various forests.
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2.2. Concept of Forest

l analyse the issues related to
deforestation and identify the reasons. 2.3. Types of Forests
l appreciate the role of forests in 2.4. Uses of Forests
human life.
l create a table with the information 2.5. Issues and reasons for deforestation
regarding various forests. 2.6. Social forestry and Conservation of
l locate important forests in the outline Forests.
map of India & AP.
Fig-2.1: Forest
7th Class - Social Studies 34 Forests

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2 n&eÚ\T
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Answer the following questions

l Look at the Fig-2.1 and say what do you observe in the figure?
l What are the components you can see in the forest? Complete the given diagram.
l Express your views about the forest in your own words.
FORESTS
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Forests
Climatic Concept of Types of Uses of Issues and Social

Regions Forest Forests Forests reasons for forestry and
deforestation conservation
of forests
l Consumptive use
l Evergreen forests l Marketing Forest policies and
l Deciduous forests l Ecosystem Acts
l Thorn forests Research etc.
l l Urbanization
l Mangrove forests
l Home furniture
l Montane forests
l Fire wood
l Natural causes etc.

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l n&$ >·T]+º MT kõ+Ôá eÖ³ýË¢ çyjáT+&.
n&eÚ\T
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n&eÚ\T
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l dV²È ¿±sÁD²\T yîTT<\>·Tq$

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2.1. Climatic Regions:

Dear students first let us learn about the climatic regions in the world. The world has
several climatic zones. But geographers defined the climatic region based on temperature
and precipitation. There are seven climatic regions in the world. They are:
1. Equatorial / Tropical climatic Region:
It is found between 50 and 100 north and south latitudes of the equator. This region gets
heavy precipitation on an average 150cm/year. This region has the most favourable condition
for the growth of trees. This zone with dense forest is called “Selvas”. It is one of the least
populated areas in the world.The tribes inhabited in this region are Red Indians in the
Amazon basin, Pigmies in the Congo basin, etc. These tribal people still lead a primitive
life style such as hunting and Podu agriculture etc. eg-Angola.
2. The Savanna:
This zone extends from 100 to 200 North and South latitudes of the equator. Natural
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vegetation turns into dense forests towards the equator and wide grassland (Grass 1 to 6
m high) towards the higher latitudes. The people of this zone get their livelihood through
cattle grazing. eg-Kenya.
3. Desert Region:
These are located between 150 to 300 North and South latitudes, on the western
margins of the continents. Sahara Desert is the biggest desert in this region. Natural
vegetation in this region has thick barks and small leaves or no leaves at all. The people
tend to sheep, goats, camels and, horses which provide us milk, cheese, meat and wool.
eg-Iran.
4. Mediterranean climate:
These regions are located on the western margins of all the continents except Antarctica.
It has a pleasant climate with the charecteristics of dry summer, and moderate to high
rainfall in winter. Natural vegetation in this region is broadleaf evergreens, comprising
mainly of olive, cork-oak, etc. Commercial agriculture and dairying are practiced in large
forms, using modern methods and machines. eg-France.
5. The Steppe:
These grasslands extend in extensive continental areas. These semi-arid regions have
extremes of heat and cold. The low amount of rainfall restricts the natural vegetation to
grass and scrub. Extensive agriculture is practiced in this natural region. eg-Ukrain.

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2.1. oÔÃw d¾Ü bç Í+Ô\T :

|¾\\¢ Ö ç||+ #áeTTýË $$<ó oÔÃwd Ü¾ çbÍ+Ô\ >·T]+º yîTT<³>± Ôî\TdTÅ£+<+. ç||+ #áeTTýË
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1. uóÖeT<ó«¹sK / weT+&\ oÔÃwd¾Ü çbÍ+Ôá+:
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¿=qkÍÐdTHï sÁT. <: n+>Ãý².
2. deH\T:
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dV²È e¿£C²\+ uóÖeT<ó«¹sKÅ£ dMT|eTT>± q#Ã³ <³¼yîT®q n&eÚ\T>±qT, qÔá n¿±+Xæ\ yîÕ|Ú>±
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<: ¿Â H«.
3. m&] çbÍ+Ô\T:
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yûd$ýË bõ& yÔesÁDeTT, oÔ¿±\eTTýË ÿ¿£ eÖ~]qT+& n~ó¿£ esÁübÍÔá+ ¿£Ø& ç|<óq \¿£DeTT.
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5. d|¼ ÎÓ \T:
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eÚ+³T+~. $dï Ôá e«ekÍjáT+ ¿£Ø& neT\TýË eÚ+~. <: çÂ¿sTTH.

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6. Taiga:
These natural zones extend only between latitudes of 550 and 700 in the northern
hemisphere. The region is characterized with some of the highest climate differences in the
world. This natural zone is covered with Evergreen forest in the world. Fur trading is one
of the important and attractive commercial activities in this zone.eg-North Canada.
7. Tundra climate:
The Tundra region stretch between The Arctic and Polar regions. Winters are long and
bitterly cold. Adverse climatic conditions do not support for the growth of trees.People in
this zone depend on fauna for their food. eg-North Russia.
· Compare the climate of the various climatic regions.

· what is the impact of climate on natural vegetation in climatic
regions?
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· Locate a few important countries in various

climatic regions in the world map. · Go through library books
or internet to know more
· Prepare a table with various climatic regions about climatic regions.
and important countries in those regions.
The temperature, rainfall, soil are the main factors that determine the type of vegetation
in an area. Let us know the different types of forests in India and Andhra Pradesh with
their characteristic features and wildlife inhabitation there.
2.2. Concept of Forest :

Large area covered with trees or shrubs in natural habitation in a particular place is
called forest. Forests influence the amount of rainfall, soil development, regulation of streams,
ecological balance and reduce pollution in industrial areas. Forests are the places of survival
for the tribals. Forests are the natural habitat for animals and livelihood for human beings.
We get raw materials like timber, bamboo, beedi leaves, products like honey, lac, herbs, dye
colours etc.
People use forests in many ways viz. grazing of animals- sheep, goats. Some people
practice podu cultivation in the forests. Tribal people are living in forests in small habitations.
Some areas of forests are renowned as spiritual interest in hilly areas.
l Name the plants in forest which are l Know about Podu cultivation with
having medicinal values. the help of your teacher.

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6. fÉ>® ± çbÍ+Ôá+:
$ ÔáïssÁÆ >ÃÞø+ýË 550-700 ÔáïsÁ n¿±+Xæ\ eT<ó« ~ $d]ï +º eÚ+~. ç||+#áeTTýË n~ó¿£
yÔesÁD e«Ô«kÍ\T ¿£*Ð q çbÍ+Ô\ýË ~ ÿ¿£{ì. ~ ç||+#á+ýË nÜ |<Ý dÔáÔá V²]Ôá
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¿±sÁ«¿£ý²|eTT.<: ÔáïsÁ Â¿q&.
7. ³+ç& oÔÃwd¾Ü:
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· $$<ó oÔÃwd¾Ü çbÍ+Ô\ oÔÃwd¾Ü bþ\Ì+&.

· $$<ó oÔÃwd¾Ü çbÍ+Ô\ýË >·\ oÔÃwd¾Ü dV²È e¿£d+|<|Õ m³Te+{ì ç|uó²y #áÖ|ÚÔáT+~.
l ç||+ #á |³eTTýË $$<ó oÔÃwd Ü¾ çbÍ+Ô\T >·\ l oÔÃwd Ü¾ çbÍ+Ô\Å£ d++~ó+ºq
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eTTK«yîT®q <ûXæ\qT >·T]ï+#á+&. eT]+Ôá deÖ#s n+Ôás¨\+

l $$<ó oÔÃwd Ü¾ çbÍ+Ô\ýË eTTK« <ûXæ\ÔÃ |{¿¼ì £ <Çs, ç>·+<¸\jáT+ýË |Úd¿ï ±\
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2.2. n&eÚ\Å£ d++~ó+ºq uó²eq :
$Xæ\ çbÍ+Ôá+ýË dV²È |]d¾ÔáT\ýË #î³T¢, bõ<\ÔÃ Å£L&q ]Ýw¼ çbÍ+Ô n&$ n |¾\TkÍïsÁT.
ÿ¿£ çbÍ+ÔáeTTýË esÁübÍÔáeTT, Hû\\T, ú{ì ç|yV² jáT+çÔáD, bÍ]çXæ$T¿£ çbÍ+ÔýË¢ ¿±\Tw« ysÁD,
|s«esÁD deTÔê\«Ôá yîTT<ýqÕÉ y{ì n&eÚ\T ç|u²ó $ÔáeTT #ûkÍïsTT. ~eT C²ÔáT\ eTqT>·&Å £ n&eÚ\T
ç|<óq kÍes\T. ¿£\|, ÔásÁ $\TyîÕq n³M ÔáÎÔáTï\T eTqÅ£ \_ókÍïsTT. n&eÚ\T eq«çbÍDT\Å£ dV²È
ykÍ\T eT]jáTT eÖqeÚ\Å£ JeHÃbÍ<óT \Å£ \jáÖ\T. eTT& |<sýqÕÉ ¿£\|, yî<T sÁT, ;&Å£\T, ÔûH,î
\¿£Ø, eTÖ*¿£\T, sÁ+>·T\ e+{ì ÔáÎÔáTï\qT n&eÚ\ qT+& bõ+<TÔáTHeTT.
n&e Ú\ýË ed¾+ #û ç| È\T yûT ¿£ \ T, >=çÂ s\ e+{ì | X ø eÚ\ yû TÔá ¿=sÁ Å £ n&e Ú\qT
|jÖî Ð+#áTÅ£+³THsÁT. ¿=+Ôá eT+~ ç|È\T ¿£Ø& bþ&T e«ekÍjáT+ #ûdT ïHsÁT. n&eÚ\ýË ºq ºq
yd çbÍ+Ô\ýË ³$¿£ C²ÔáT\ ed¾dT ïHsTT. n&eÚ\ýË ¿= çbÍ+Ô\T <ó«Ü¿££ çbÍ+Ô\T>±
ç|d~¾ #Ý +î <sTT.
l n&eÚ\ýË Ww<ó $\Te\T ¿£*Ðq yîTT¿£Ø\ l MT bÍ<ó«jáTT dVä jáTeTTÔÃ bþ&T

|sÁ¢qT Ôî\Î+&. kÍ>·TqT >·T]+º #á]Ì+#á+&.

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2.3. Types of Forests :

Forests are divided into five
types based on climate, rainfall and For administrative convenience, the government
types of soils. They are
of India divided forests into three types. They are:
1. Evergreen forests. 1. Reserved forests.
2. Deciduous forests. 2. Protected forests.
3. Thorny forests. 3. Unclassified forests.
4. Mangrove forests. 1. Reserved forests: These are the forests where
5. Montane forests. the activities like hunting, grazing etc.are
prohibited and the rights of this land are
1. Evergreen forests:
reserved with the government.
These types of forests are 2. Protected forests: They are intended to protect
grown in the areas with high rainfall
certain species of flora and fauna. Excessive
(more than 200 cm) and
temperature (220C). Trees in this damage is not allowed here.
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area are very tall and they contain 3. Unclassified forests: No restrictions on
broad leaves. Due to these reasons’ collection of forest products for livelihood and
trees grow higher, extend their
branches like umbrella. The trees grazing of cattle in these forests.
in these forests remain green
throughout the year. Hence, they
are called evergreen forests. These
dense forests contain a large variety
of trees, plants, and creepers.
These forests are located in
the Himalaya region, North-eastern
states, and Western Ghats (Kerala).
We can see flora like Mahogany,
Ebony, Rosewood, Ivory wood. We
can also find different types of
animals (Fauna) like Lion-tailed
macaque, different types of snakes, Fig-2.2: Ever green Forest
and a variety of insects.
l Locate the ever-green forests in an outline

map of India.
l Why is a variety of flora and fauna found in ever green forests?

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2.3. n&eÚ\T-sÁ¿±\T :
oÔÃwd¾Ü, esÁübÍÔá+, Hû\sÁ¿£+
nHû n+Xæ\ <ósÁ+>± n&eÚ\qT
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1. dÔáÔá V²]Ôá nsÁD²«\T sÁ¿±\T>± $uó+º+~.
1. ]ÈsÁTÇ n&eÚ\T
2. Å£ s\TÌ n&eÚ\T
2. sÁ¿ìÔá n&eÚ\T
3. eTTÞøß n&eÚ\T
3. e¯Z¿]£ +#á n&eÚ\T
4. eT& n&eÚ\T
1. ]ÈsÁTÇ n&eÚ\T:
5. |sÁÇÔá çbÍ+Ôá n&eÚ\T
yû³, yûTÔá e+{ì ¿±sÁ«¿£ý²bÍ\qT ç|uóTÔáÇeTT ¿£Ø&
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n~ó¿£ kÍ+eÔáà]¿£ esÁübÍÔá+ 2. sÁ¿ìÔá n&eÚ\T:
(200 d.$T ¿£H mÅ£Øe) eT]jáTT ç|Ôû«¿£ e¿£C²\+, È+ÔáTC²ý²\qT sÁ¿ì+#á&¿ì @sÎ³T
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nsÁD²«\T |sÁT>·TÔsTT. ¿£Ø& nqTeTÜ+#á&eÚ.
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e¿±\T #ý² bõ&eÚ>± eÚ+&

$Xæ\|çÔ\qT ¿£*ÐeÚ+{²sTT. 3. e¯Z¿]£ +#á n&eÚ\T:
sÁ¿£yîT®q yÔesÁD |]d¾ÔáT\ e\q n&eÚ\ýË JeHÃbÍ~ó ¿=sÁÅ£ nedsyÁ Tî q® n³M
¿=eT\T $dï]+#á& >=&T>·Tý²>± ÔáÎÔáT\ï T d¿£]+#áe#áTÌ eT]jáTT |Xø eÚ\qT yûT|Ú¿Ãe#áTÌqT.
¿£|¾kÍïsTT. n&eÚ\T @&~
bõ&eÚH |#Ìá >± +&³eTT e\q
M{ì dÔáÔá V²]Ôá nsÁD²«\T n
|¾\TkÍïsÁT. çbÍ+ÔáeTT <³¼yîT®q
#î³T¢, yîTT¿£Ø\T eT]jáTT r>·\ÔÃ
+& +³T+~.
V¾²eÖ\jáT çbÍ+Ô\T, Xæq«
sçcÍ¼ \ T, | ¥ ÌeT ¿£ q TeT\T,
¹¿sÁÞýø ËqT n&eÚ\T |sÁT>·TÔsTT.
eTVä>·, muË, sÃCÙeÚ&, ×e]eÚ&
e+{ì e¿£ C²ÔáT\T n&eÚ\ýË ºçÔá+-2.2 dÔáÔá V²]Ôá nsÁD²«\T
|sÁ T >· T ÔsTT. $$<ó sÁ ¿ ±ýÉ Õ q
È+ÔáTeÚ\T <. \jáTH ³jáTýÙ¦
eT¿±¿ù (d¾+V²|Ú ÔÃ¿£ ¿ÃÜ), $$<ó l uó²sÁÔá<ûXø neÚ{Ù ýÉÕH |³+ýË dÔáÔá V²]Ôá nsÁD²«\qT
sÁ¿±\ d¯dbÍ\T, nHû¿£ sÁ¿±\ >·T]ï+#á+&.
¿¡³¿±\T n&eÚ\ýË eÚ+{²sTT.
l dÔÔá á V²]Ôá nsÁD²«\T $$<ó sÁ¿±ýÉÕq e¿£, È+ÔáT C²ÔáT\Å£ \jáÖ\T>± m+<TÅ£ HsTT?

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2. Deciduous Forests:
These types of forests grow in areas with
rainfall between 70 cm and 200 cm. The trees
shed their leaves during very dry months to
minimize transpiration. These forests are located
in peninsular plateau. We can see natural
vegetation like Teak, Sal, Bamboo, Rosewood,
Sandalwood and Neem. We can also find fauna
like different types of Deers, Hares, Elephants,
Fig-2.3: Deciduous Forest
Tigers, Leopards, Peacocks, several species of
Birds.
l Trees in deciduous forests shed their leaves.

Locate the areas of
When and why?
l
deciduous forests in an l Have you ever seen the beauty of deciduous

outline map of India. forests? Describe the beauty of the forest.
3. Thorny and shrub forests:
They grow in areas with little rainfall and
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high temperature. Due to the arid climate most

of the trees in these forests are sharp, thorny
and bushy. This is to prevent the transpiration.
Leaves of the plants are small and some modified
as thorny like in cactus plant. These forests are
located in the Deccan plateau and the desert
regions of India. We can see flora like Acacia,
Fig-2.4: Thorny and shrub Forest Bramhajamudu, Nagajamudu, Thumma (Babul)
and Plum.
4. Mangrove forests / Littoral forests:
These forests are also known as swamp forests.
These forests grow mostly on the sea coasts where
the soil gets affected by tidal waves. The vegetation
here got adapted to saline water and tidal waves.
The type of vegetation here has aerial roots for
respiration. We can find natural vegetation like
Mangrove, White mangrove, Sundari, Ponna, and
Boddu ponna. We can see a variety of fauna and
Fig-2.5: Mangrove Forest
fishes. These forests are located in coastal areas,
brackish water areas and Sundarbans in West Bengal.
l Mangrove forests are natural

l Locate the areas of Thorny and shrub protectors of sea coast. Discuss.
forests in an outline map of India.

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2. Å£s\TÌ n&eÚ\T:
n&eÚ\T 70-200 d+.MT esÁübÍÔáeTT q çbÍ+Ô\ýË
$dï]+ºeÚHsTT. ¿£Ø& e¿±\T yûd$ Hî\ýË¢ uó²cþÎÔûà¿±
ÔáÐ+Z #á&¿ì Å£\T s\TÌÔsTT. n&eÚ\T BÇ| ¿£\Î
|ÓsuÁÄ Öó $TýË mÅ£Øe>± $d]ï +ºeÚHsTT. fñÅ£ , kÍýÙ, yî<T sÁT,
sÃCÙeÚ&, #á+<q+ eT]jáTT yû|e +{ì e¿±\T ¿£Ø& ¿£|¾kÍïsTT.
$$<ó sÁ¿±ýÉqÕ +¿£\T, Å£+<ûÞø ß, @qT>·T\T, |Ú\T\T, ºsÁTÔá\T,
HîeTÞøß eT]jáTT $$<ó sÁ¿±\ |Å£ \T ¿£Ø& ç|<ó q È+ÔáTC²\+.
ºçÔá+-2.3: Å£s\TÌ n&eÚ\T
l Å£s\TÌ n&eÚ\T @ ¿±\+ýË, @ ¿±sÁD+#û Å£\T

l uó²sÁÔ<á Xû ø neÚ{Ù ýÉHÕ |³+ýË s\TÌÔsTT?
Å£ s\TÌ n& e Ú\T >· \ l Å£s\TÌ n&eÚ\ ç|¿£Ü n+< m|ÚÎ&îHÕ >·eT+#s?
çbÍ+Ô\T >·T]ï+#á+&. n&eÚ\ kå+<s« e]+#á+&.
3. eTTÞøß eT]jáTT bõ< n&eÚ\T:
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eTTÞøß eT]jáTT bõ< n&eÚ\T ÔáÅ£ Øe esÁübÍÔá+

eÚ+& n~ó¿£ cþç>·Ôá q çbÍ+ÔýË¢ |sÁT>·TÔsTT. XøwØ
yÔesÁD+ ¿±sÁD+>± &eÚ\ýË #î³T¢ eTTÞøßÔÃqÖ,
bõ<\T>±qT +{²sTT. m&] yîTT¿£Ø\ eÖ~]>± ¿£Ø&
yîTT¿£Ø\ Å£\T eTTÞøß>± eÖ] uó²cþÎÔûà¿± ÔáÐ+Z #áTÅ£Hû
$<ó+>± eÚ+{²sTT. <¿£ØH |ÓsÄÁuóÖ$T çbÍ+ÔáeTTýËqT
uó²sÁÔ<á Xû øeTTýË m&] çbÍ+ÔáeTTýËqT $<óy îTq® &eÚ\T
ºçÔá+-2.4: eTTÞøß eT]jáTT bõ< n&eÚ\T eÚHsTT. n¹¿w¾jáÖ, çV²CÉeTT&T, H>·CÉeTT&T, u²TýÙ
(ÔáTeT) eT]jáTT ¹s>·T ¿£Ø& e¿£ C²ÔáT\T.
4. eT& n&eÚ\T / rsÁçbÍ+Ôá n&eÚ\T:
n&eÚ\qT ºÔá&ï n&eÚ\T n Å£L& n+{²sÁT.
deTTç< n\\#û ç|u²ó $ÔáeTjûT« Hû\\T ¿£*Ðq rsÁ çbÍ+Ô\ýË
n&eÚ\T |sÁT>·TÔsTT. ¿£Ø& #î³T¢ deTTç<|Ú \eD¡jTá ÔáqT,
n\\ Ô¿ì& Ôá³T¼Å£Hûý² eÚ+{²sTT. uóÖ$T ýË|*qT+& |Õ¿ì
bõ&T#áTÅ£eºÌq XæÇdyûsÁT¢ ¿£*Ðq #î³T¢ ¿£Ø& ç|<óqyîT®q$.
eT& e¿±\T, Ôî\¢eT&, dT+<], bõq, u¤&T¦bõq yîTT<ýÉÕq$
¿£Ø& |sÁT>·TÔsTT. $\¿£DyîT®q È+ÔáTd+|< eT]jáTT #û|\qT ºçÔá+-2.5: eT& n&eÚ\T
¿£Ø& eTq+ >·eT+#áe#áTÌ. rsÁ çbÍ+Ô\ýËqT, yîqT¿£Å£ eTsÁ*q
Èý²\ýËqÖ, |¥ÌeTuÉ+>±ýÙýË dT+<sY H çbÍ+Ô\ýËqT
n&eÚ\T $d]ï +#sTT.
l uó²sÁÔ<á Xû ø neÚ{Ù ýÉHÕ |³+ýË eTTÞøßbõ< l eT& n&eÚ\T deTTç< rsÁ+ jîTT¿£Ø dV² È
n&eÚ\T >·\ çbÍ+Ô\qT >·T]ï+#á+&. sÁ¿£¿±\T ` #á]Ì+#á+&.

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5. Montane forests:
These types of forests grow in
mountain or hilly areas. These forests grow
in cold climatic regions. Their leaves are
long and pointed and cone shaped to drain
off snow or rainwater from their leaves.
Different kinds of coniferous forests are
seen in the Himalayan region. Spurs, Fir,
Willow, Deodar, Silver fir grow in these
forests. we see animals like Musk deer,
Snow leopard in these forests.
Fig-2.6: Montane Forest
According to Indian State Forest Report (ISFR) 2019.

l Total area under forest and tree cover in India is 8,07,276 sq. km. That is
24.56% of the total area. In the global position of forest area, India ranks at 10.
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l Locate the areas of Montane forests in an outline map of India.

l Fill up the following table
Types of forests Extent Flora Fauna
Evergreen forests
Deciduous forests
Thorny forests
Mangrove forests
Montane forests
2.3.1. Forests in India:
According to the National Forest Policy-1952, forest should cover 33% of surface of
total area, 20% in plain areas and 60% in mountain and hilly terrains. In terms of area,
Madhya Pradesh has the largest forest cover in the country followed by Arunachal Pradesh
while Haryana has the lowest.

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5.|sÁÇÔá çbÍ+Ôá n&eÚ\T:

|sÁÇÔ\T eT]jáTT ¿=+& çbÍ+Ô\ýË
n&eÚ\T |sÁT>·TÔsTT. #á\¢ oÔÃw d¾Ü >·\
çbÍ+Ô\ýË n&eÚ\T $d]ï +#sTT. ¿£Ø& e¿±\
Å£ \T d q d Ö < + ³T ¿±sÁ e TTýËqÖ,
çÜuóTC²¿±sÁ+ýËqÖ +{²sTT. eT+#áT, esÁü|Ú úsÁT
dT\TeÚ>± C²]bþjûTý² +{²sTT. V¾²eÖ\jáT
çbÍ+Ôá+ýË $$<ó sÁ¿±ýÉqÕ Xø+>±¿±sÁ|Ú n&eÚ\T
HsTT. dÎsY, |sY, $ýË¢, <ûe<sÁT, d¾\ÇsY |sY
yîTT<ýqÕÉ e¿±\T,<ó e|Ú +¿£, eT+#áT ºsÁTÔá ¿£Ø&
ç|<ó q È+ÔáTC²\eTT.
ºçÔá+-2.6: |sÁÇÔá çbÍ+Ôá n&eÚ\T
+&jáTH d¼{Ù bÍÂsdt¼ ]bþsY¼ (ISFR)-2019 ç|¿±sÁeTT

l uó²sÁÔá<ûXøeTTýË 8,07,276 #á.¿¡.MT. $dÓïsÁ+ yûTsÁ uóÖ$T n³M çbÍ+ÔáeTTýË ¿£|Î&
eÚ+~. $ yîTTÔáïeTT uóÖuó²>·eTTýË 24.56% ç||+#á n³M $dÓïsÁeTTýË uó²sÁÔá<ûXøeTT
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10e kÍq+ýË eÚ+~.
l uó²sÁÔá<ûXø neÚ{Ù ýÉÕH |³+ýË |sÁÇÔá çbÍ+Ôá n&eÚ\T >·\ çbÍ+Ô\T >·T]ï+#á+&.
l ç¿ì+~ |{ì¼¿£qT |P]+#á+&.
n&eÚ\ sÁ¿±\T $dsï DÁ e¿£ C²\eTT È+ÔáTC²\eTT

dÔáÔá V²]Ôá nsÁD²«\T
Å£s\TÌ n&eÚ\T
eTTÞøß n&eÚ\T
eT& n&eÚ\T
|sÁÇÔá çbÍ+Ôá n&eÚ\T
2.3.1. uó²sÁÔ<á Xû +ø ýË n&eÚ\T:
C²rjáT n³M $<óq+ 1952 ç|¿±sÁ+, yîTTÔáï+ uóÖuó²>·+ýË 33%, yîT®<q çbÍ+Ô\ýË 20%, ¿=+&
çbÍ+Ô\ýË 60% $dÓïsÁ+ >·\ uóÖ$T n&eÚ\ ç¿ì+< +&*. $dÓïsÁ |sÁ+>± eT<ó«ç|<ûXÙ sçw¼+ nÔá«~ó¿£
n³M çbÍ+Ô ¿£*Ð +&>± nsÁTD²#áýÙ ç|<ûXÙ Âs+&e kÍq+ýËqÖ, V²s«H ºe] kÍq+ýË HsTT.

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India has the vast area of 3.28 m sq. km and 30 degrees of latitudinal extent (India is
spread over an area of 3,214 km from north to south). We find various kinds of forests and
a variety of vegetation.
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Map-2.1: Forests in India
l Observe the above map. Which state has more forest cover? Give reasons.
l Which state has less forest cover? Give reasons.
l The Western side of the Western Ghats is covered with thick forest than the
Eastern side. Find the reason.

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uó²sÁÔá<ûXø+ 3.28 $T*jáTH #á.¿ì.MT $dÓïs, 30 &ç^\ n¿±+Xæ\ $dï Ü ¿£*Ð +&³+ e\¢
$$<ó sÁ¿±ýÉÕq n&eÚ\qT, e¿£C²ÔáT\qT ¿£Ø& #áÖ&e#áTÌ. (uó²sÁÔá<ûXø+ ÔáïsÁ+ qT+º <¿£D²¿ì eT<ó«
<ÖsÁ+ 3,214 ¿ì.MT.)
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|³eTT-2.1: uó²sÁÔ<á Xû +ø ýË n&eÚ\T
l |Õ |{² |]o*+º n³M $dÓïsÁ+ mÅ£Øe>± q sh+ @~? ¿±sÁD²\T Ôî\|+&.
l @ sçw¼+ýË n&eÚ\T ÔáÅ£Øe>± HsTT? ¿±sÁD²\T Ôî\|+&.
l |¥ÌeT ¿£qTeT\ |¥ÌeT uó²>·+, ÔáÖsÁTÎ uó²>·+ ¿£+fñ <³y¼ Tî q® n&eÚ\qT ¿£*Ð eÚ+~. ¿±sÁD+
Ôî\|+&.

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2.3.2. Forests in Andhra Pradesh:

As per Indian State Forests Report 2019, Andhra Pradesh has a forest cover area of
37,392sq kms, which amounts to 22.94% of the total geographical area. Erstwhile YSR
Kadapa district has the highest notified area under forest cover and Erstwhile Krishna has
the lowest. In terms of density Erstwhile Vishakhapatnam district is in the first position and
Erstwhile Krishna is in the last position. The forests in Andhra Pradesh extend from
Simhachalam hills in the North to Seshachalam hills in South. Nallamala forest is the
largest one.
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Map-2.2: Forests in Erswhile districts of Andhra Pradesh
Observe the above Andhra Pradesh map. Which districts have more forest
cover and which districts have less forest cover.
Which type of forests do you find in your district?

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2.3.2. +ç<óç |<Xû ÙýË n&eÚ\T :

uó²sÁÔá C²rjáT n³M yû~¿£ 2019 ç|¿±sÁ+ +ç<óç|<ûXÙ sçw¼+ 37,392 #á.¿ì.MT $dÓïsÁ+ nq>±
yîTTÔáï+ $dÓïsÁ+ýË 22.94% n³M çbÍ+Ô ¿£*Ð +~. |PsÁÇ|Ú yîÕ.mdt.sY. ¿£&| ý²¢ nÔá«~ó¿£ n³M
çbÍ+Ôá+ÔÃqT, |PsÁÇ|Ú ¿£cÍ ý²¢ nÔá«\Î n³M çbÍ+Ô ¿£*Ð +~. kÍ+ç<Ôá ¯Ô« |PsÁÇ|Ú $XæK|³D¼ +
ý²¢ yîTT<{kì Íq+ýËqÖ, |PsÁÇ|Ú ¿£cÍ ý²¢ ºe] kÍq+ýËqÖ HsTT. +ç<óç |<ûXÙýË n&eÚ\T Ôásï q
d¾+Vä#á\+ ¿=+&\ qT+& <¿ìD²q XâcÍ#á\+ ¿=+&\ esÁÅ£ $dï]+º HsTT. q\¢eT\ n&$ nÜ |<Ý
n³M çbÍ+Ôá+.
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|³eTT- 2.2: +ç<óç |<Xû ÙýË |PsÁÇ|Ú ý²¢ýýË n&eÚ\ $dÓsï +Á
+ç<óç |<Xû Ù |{² |]o*+º @ @ ý²¢\ýË n³M $dÓsï +Á mÅ£Øe>±qT, @ @ ý²¢\ýË
ÔáÅ£Øe>±qT +<Ã Ôî\T|+&.
MT ý²¢ýË @ sÁ¿y£ Tî ®q n&eÚ\T HsTT?

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Forests in Andhra Pradesh are mainly divided

into four types based on rainfall, climate, and
type of soils.
1. Moist deciduous forests
2. Dry deciduous forests l What are the uses of Red
3. Shrub forests (Thorn forests). Sandalwood and Sandalwood?
4. Tidal forests
1. Moist deciduous forests:
These forests grow in areas with a rainfall of 125 cm to 200 cm. These forests spread
over the agency areas of Srikakulam, Vijayanagaram and East Godavari. The trees that grow
in these forests are Vegi, Egisa, Bamboo, Maddi, Bandaru, Jittegi and Sal.
2. Dry deciduous forests:
These forests grow in areas with rainfall ranging from 75 cm to 100 cm. They spread
over the districts of YSR Kadapa, Kurnool, Anantapur and Chittoor. Maddi, Teak, Billu,
Velaga, Egisa, Neem, Buruga, Moduga and Red sandal trees are the important trees that
grow in these forests.
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Red sandalwood is one of the rare species grown in Seshachalam forest in the districts
of Kadapa and Chittoor. It has a prominent place in the economy in terms of
production.
3. Shrub forests:
They grow in areas with a rainfall below 75 cm. These forests grow in YSR Kadapa,
Kurnool, Anantapur and Chittoor districts (Rayalaseema region). The plants that grow in
these forests are Tumma (Babul), Bulusu, Regu etc.
Kalivikodi that lives in Sree Lankamaleswara

abhayaranyam in Kadapa district has been notified
as rarest species by IUCN (International union for
conservation of nature and natural resources).
Fig-2.7: Kalivikodi
4. Tidal forests :
Andhra Pradesh has a coastal line of 974 km. These forests exist along this coastline.
Example, Korangi region of East Godavari. Uppu ponna, Boddu ponna, Urada, Mada,Tella
Mada, Patri Teega and Balabandi Teega trees are grown here.
Forests
7th Class - Social Studies 52 Class VII - Social Studies
Forests
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Various kinds of animals such as Mongoose, Eagle, Squirrel, Wild Deer, striped Squirrels,
Bear etc. habitats in forests of Andhra Pradesh. Thirteen wildlife sanctuaries and three
national parks are established in Andhra Pradesh to protect flora and fauna.
Fill up the following table
Types of forest Extent Flora

Moist deciduous forests
Dry deciduous forests
Tidal forests
Tribes in Andhra Pradesh :

A tribe is a social division in a traditional society consisting of families linked by
Social, Economic, Religious, Cultural or Dialectal similarities. Some groups of people have
been recognized as primitive tribal groups. They are Bondo, Chenchus, Konda Reddies,
Konda Savaras etc. Some other tribes are Gond, Yerukalas and Yanadis.
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Chenchus are an aboriginal tribe whose traditional way

of life is based on hunting and gathering. They speak
Chenchu language. We can see them in Nallamala
forest.
Fig-2.8: Chenchu Tribe
The British, who ruled India before independence, enacted two laws in 1864
and 1878 to establish the Forest Department and hand over control over the forests.
The laws restricted the traditional/customary rights of the tribals and forest users by
classifying forests as ‘reserved’ and ‘protected’ forests. Reserved forests where forests
in which no one could enter. ‘Protected’ forests could be used by people; they could
take head-loads of wood and small forest produce for their own use and could graze
their cattle. But, here too, there were many restrictions over cutting trees, grazing
more than the limit set by the Forest Department etc. The national forest policy1988
declared that the primary task should be to associate the tribal people in the protection,
regeneration and development of forests.
l Now the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh has started Eco-tourism, initiative taking up
for the creation of new community-based Eco system centres and strengthening
the existing eco-tourism centres by involving local tribes in Andhra Pradesh.
l Why do tribal people reject to leave the forests?

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2.4. Uses of Forests:

Uses of forests :
1. Consumptive use: Forests provide consumer goods like fruits, honey, tubers,
firewood, etc., Marketing: Timber, Bamboo, medicinal plants etc.
2. Balancing Ecosystem: Plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen,
minimise the temperature in atmosphere, reduce air pollution, roots help to
prevent soil erosion.
3. Research: Many researches are being done for the sake of forest conservation
as well as for the sake of getting utilities from the forests.
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Fig-2.9: Products of Forests
l What is the role of forests in conservation of environment?

l Write a list of items made from forest products in your surroundings.
2.5. Issues and Reasons for Deforestation:

Deforestation is the cutting of trees in a large area, or the destruction of forest by people.
We know that the forests are an important part of our national wealth in terms of ecology and
economy. Forests are exploited by us for our needs and greed. Let’s look at some of the
reason for deforestation.
l Converting the forest land into agricultural land. l Industrial purposes.
l The construction of roads and dams. l Mischievous behaviour of
setting the forests on fire by
l Timber. some people causes great
loss.

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Deforestation leads to unavoidable consequences such as, global warming, pollution,

soil erosion, loss of habitat of wild animals, shortage of food, forest produce and imbalance
of eco-system. It also leads to natural calamities like floods, droughts etc.
l What are the reasons for deforestation?

l What are the consequences of deforestation?
l Suggest a few measures for afforestation!
2.6. Social Forestry and Conservation of Forests :

Social forestry is a concept taken up for conservation of forests and afforestation
in barren and deforested lands, for the purpose of helping environment, social and
rural development. Social forestry refers to the management of forests for the benefits
of local communities. The Government has undertaken social afforestation to reduce
air pollution and promote a variety of industries. It is also aimed to increase greenery
in and around industrial areas, barren lands.
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l Prepare some slogans on social forestry. · Do you observe any

plantation of trees in your
l Plant a tree on your birthday and take care of it. surroundings? What are the
l Gift a plant on important occasions to your friends uses of plantation?
and relatives. · What are the uses of
plantation?
Year Act / Incident

1894 The Forest Law
l Go through library books or
1950 Forest Festival browse internet to know about
1952 National forest Policy Chipko Movement.
1980 Forest Conservation Act
2006 Forest Rights Act
Forest rights Act -2006

The Forest Rights Act, India or the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest
Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act is also known by other names like the
Tribal Rights Act or the Tribal Land Act. It deals with the rights of the communities
that dwell in the forests, over land and other resources, which have been denied to
them over the years because of the continuation of forest laws from the colonial era in
the country. In December 2006, the Forest Rights Act was passed which accords legal
recognition to the rights of traditional forest-dwelling communities and partially corrects
the injustice caused by colonial-era forest laws.

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Importance of Forest rights Act- 2006

l The act recognizes and vests the forest rights and occupation in Forest land in
Forest Dwelling Scheduled Tribes (FDST) and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers
(OTFD) who have been residing in such forests for generations.
l The act also establishes the responsibilities and authority for sustainable use,
conservation of biodiversity and maintenance of ecological balance of FDST and
OTFD.
l It seeks to rectify colonial injustice to the FDST and OTFD who are integral to the
very survival and sustainability of the forest ecosystem.
Conservation of forests :
Forests play a vital role on the Earth. The government is promoting social afforestation.
It promotes the participation of people in planting and conservation of forests. Outer areas
of habitations and barren lands should be used for afforestation by involving people in
conservation of forests through various programmes like Vana Mahostav. As a part of Vana
Mahotsav plants and seeds are distributed to public.
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l Make a poster on tribal culture and tribal products.

l Celebrate Vana Mahostav in your school/locality and plant a few plants and
notice their growth.
Slogans : "Plant a tree, plant a tree, so that next generation can get air for free".
Flora : The plants of a particular region

Fauna : The animals of a particular region
Dense forest : The trees that grow close together.
Climate : The weather conditions prevailing in an area over a long period.
Transpiration : The exhalation of water vapour through the stomata.
Sundarbans : The dominant mangrove species in West Bengal.
Coniferous tress : Shrubs having needle shaped leaves.
Urbanization : Population shift from rural to urban areas.
Aboriginal : Inhabiting in a land from the earliest times.
Global Warming : Rapid increase in Earth’s average surface temperature.
Soil Erosion : Gradual removal of top layers of the Earth.

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1. Mention the types of forests in India.
2. Describe briefly about the evergreen forests.
3. Describe the features of deciduous forests. Explain about flora and fauna of these
forests in India.
4. Explain in detail about the thorn forests in India?
5. Prepare some slogans on “conservation of forests”
6. “Forests are essential for us, but we destroy them.” Respond on this.
7. List out the resources of the forests used by you in your daily life.
8. Read about policies of forests and Fill in the following table.
Year Name of the policy Objectives
1894
1952
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1980
1988
II. Choose the correct answer.
1. Which forests are green throughout the year? [ ]
a) Deciduous forests b) Evergreen forests
c) Tidal forests d) Mangrove forests.
2. Which of the following is not the slogan of conservation of forests? [ ]
a) save the trees save the earth. b) save nature save future.
c) Greener for better environment. d) Good food good life.
3. Which of the following one is not a forest product? [ ]
a) Timber b) Honey c) Plums d) Bread
4. In which year was the National Forest Conservation Policy enacted
by the Central government? [ ]
a) 1984 b) 1950 c) 1952 d) 1980
5. Which of the following forests have a variety of snakes and insects? [ ]
a) Evergreen forests b) Deciduous forests
c) mangrove forests d) Thorny forests

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I. ç¿ì+~ ç|Xø \Å£ deÖ<óH\T sjáT+&.

1. uó²sÁÔá<ûXø+ýË $$<ó sÁ¿±\ n&eÚ\qT |s=Øq+&.
2. dÔáÔá V²]Ôá nsÁD²«\ >·T]+º Å£¢|ï+>± $e]+#á+&.
3. uó²sÁÔ<á ûX+ø ýË Å£s\TÌ n&eÚ\ \¿£D ²\T, e¿£C ²\+ eT]jáTT È+ÔáTC²\+ >·T]+º $e]+#á+&?
4. eTTÞøß n&eÚ\qT >·Ö]Ì $e]+#á+&.
5. n³M d+sÁ¿D £ |Õ ¿= H<\qT sjáT+&.
6. »»n&eÚ\T eTqÅ£ nÔá«+Ôá eXø«¿£+ ¿± eTq+ y{ì HXøq+ #ûdT ïHeTTµµ. B|Õ y«U²«+#á+&.
7. MT <îÕq+~q J$Ôá+ýË |jîÖÐ+#û n&eÚ\qT+& ÔájáÖÂsÕq edTïeÚ\ |{ì¼¿£qT ÔájáÖsÁT#ûjáT+&.
8. n³M $<óH\qT #á~$ ç¿ì+~ |{ì¼¿£qT |P]+#á+&.
d+eÔáàsÁ+ $<óq+ |sÁT \¿±«\T

1894
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1952
1980
1988
II. d]jîT® q deÖ<óH m+|¾¿£ #ûdT ¿Ã+&.
1. d+eÔáàsÁ+ bõ&eÚH |#Ìá >± ¿£qT|¾+#û n&eÚ\T @$? [ ]
n) Å£s\TÌ n&eÚ\T ) dÔáÔáV²]Ôá n&eÚ\T
) rsÁçbÍ+Ôá n&eÚ\T ) eT& n&eÚ\T
2. ç¿ì+~ y{ìýË n³M d+sÁ¿D £ H<+ ¿±<û~? [ ]
n) #î³q¢ T sÁ¿ì+#á+&-uóÖ$T d+sÁ¿ì+#á+&
) ç|¿£Ü sÁ¿ì<Ý+-uó$w« Ôás\qT ¿±bÍ&T<+.
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3. ¿ì+~ y{ìýË @~ n³M ÔáÎÜï ¿±<T? [ ]
n) ¿£\| ) ÔûHî ) ¹s>·T |+&T¢ ) çuÉ&
4. @ d+eÔáàsÁ+ýË C²rjáT n³M |]sÁ¿D£ $<óH ¿¹ +ç< ç|uTó ÔáÇ+ neT\T #ûd+¾ ~? [ ]
n) 1984 ) 1950 ) 1952 ) 1980
5. ç¿ì+~ @ n&eÚ\ýË sÁ¿£s¿Á ±\ bÍeTT\T, ¿¡³¿±\T HsTT? [ ]
n) dÔáÔá V²]Ôá n&eÚ\T ) Å£sýñÌ n&eÚ\T
) eT& n&eÚ\T ) eTTÞøß n&eÚ\T

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1. Group-A Group-B
1. Evergreen forests ( ) a) Snow Leopard.
2. Deciduous forests ( ) b) Variety of fishes.
3. Montane forests ( ) c) Lion tailed macaque.
4. Mangrove forests ( ) d) Different kinds of deers.
2. Group-A Group-B
1. High rainfall ( ) a) Mangrove forest.
2. Little rainfall ( ) b) Montane forests.
3. Coastal line ( ) c) Evergreen forests.
4. Mountain region ( ) d) Thorny forests
Solve the puzzle with the words related to given hints.

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CROSS DOWN
1. Largest hills in Andhra Pradesh 1. Hills in Tamilanadu (7).
(9). 2. Product of forest (6).
2. Flora in evergreen forests (8). 3. Forest in coastal region (8).
3. These are known as Selvas (9). 4. Product of forest (4).
4. Product of forest (4). 5. Flora in deciduous forest (4).
5. Raw material for Paper (6).
l Prepare a model of forest use with natural material.

Puzzle Answers : Down : 1. Nilgiri 2. Timber 3. Mongrove 4. Teak 5. Neem
Across : 1. Nallamala 2. Rosewood 3. Evergreen 4. wood 5. Bomboo

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III. ÈÔá|s Á#á+&.

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ºÌq dÖ#áq\Å£ d++~ó+ºq |<\ÔÃ |ýÙqT |P]+#á+&.

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n&T¦ esÁTd \Te esÁTd

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3 Learning through Maps

l understand and use the index of a
map like Title, Scale, Symbols,
Colors, patterns in map reading,
pointing and drawing.
3.1. Index of a Map
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l understand various types of maps

like Political, Physical, Thematic and 3.2. Types of Maps
Historical and their uses. 3.2.1. Political Maps
l locate important countries in the 3.2.2. Physical Maps
world map, states in the India map.
3.2.3. Thematic Maps
l analyse various types of maps.
3.2.4. Historical Maps
l prepare various types of maps.
Map-3.1: Route Map

between two places
7th Class - Social Studies 66 Learning through Maps

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l $$<ó sÁ¿±\ sÈ¿¡jáT, uóÜ¿£, $wjáÖÔá¿£,
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#]çÔá¿£ |{²\qT,y{ì |jÖî >±\qT ne>±V²q 3.1. |³ dÖº¿£

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Observe the given map and respond.

l What do you notice in the map?
l What does the blue mark in the map indicate?
l Name the neighbouring countries of India?
l Can you name any two states in the given route?
l What are the different means of transportaion shown in the map?
LEARNING THROUGH MAPS
Title Colours
Index Types
of a Map of
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Scale Latitudes & Longitudes

Maps
Symbols Patterns
Legend
Political Maps Physical Maps Thematic Maps Historical Maps
India- States, India- Physical

AP- Population Map of Ashoka -
Capitals, Features, Rivers
map Empire
Boundaries,
Neighbouring
Countries
World - Countries, Capitals
Maps make our travel easier and accurate in guiding us towards the destination.
Earlier travellers had to face difficulty in estimating the distance, direction and location of
the place. Ex: Columbus, in his voyage supposed to reach India travelling from the west but
he went to America. After many unsuccessful attempts of finding a new sea route to India,
Vasco Da Gama reached Calicut in 1498 AD. Magellan was the first person who voyaged
across the Globe.
Learning
7th Class - through Maps
Social Studies 67
68 Class Learning
VII - Social Studies
through Maps
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The sailors and travellers had a great contribution in map-making. Cartographers

collected information from them in making maps. We can find references from the history
of making maps in cave paintings. The Sumerians, Babylonians used clay tablets as maps.
Later, the Greek map makers Anaximander, Hacataeus, Herodotus prepared maps from
arranging the places from west to east. Greeks applied the concept of Latitudes and Longitudes
in map making. The efforts of Ptolemy were remarkable and widely used by Cartographers.
Gerardus Mercator introduced a method called projection that brought a great change in
map-making.
3.1. Index of a Map :
Dear students you learnt about introduction of scale, directions, symbols and colours
used in map in the previous class as elements of a map. These are parts of the index of
a map. Let’s discuss how to use these elements in reading, pointing and drawing a map.
Identify the elements of the map and write their names in map 3.2.
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Map-3.2: India States and capitals

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|³+ýË n+Xæ\qT >·T]ï+º, |³eTT - 3.2ýË y{ì|sÁq¢ T çyjáT+&.

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|³eTT-3.2: uó²sÁÔ<á Xû ø sçcÍ¼\T - sÈ<óqT\T

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Title : Title of the map says about the theme or subject of the map. It reveals the content
and items to be discussed. Generally, it is placed on the top of the map.
Directions: Generally, maps are prepared showing the North direction on the top of the
map. The direction can be noticed with the help of the arrow on the right top corner.
l Name the cardinal and intermediate directions in

the adjacent image.
l If you want to travel from Bengaluru to Itanagar,
from which direction you have to travel?
Scale: It resembles the ratio of corresponding distance in map to actual distance. It is

expressed in three types.
l Statement scale (Verbal Scale) :
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It is in the form of a sentence and easy to read / understand. Ex: 1cm=10kms
l Graphical scale:
In the expansion or reduction of the size
of map, the scale given in this also
changes accordingly.
l Representation fraction (RF):

The ratio shown in the scale enable the reader to convert the measuring unit
conveniently as per their required units. For example inches, centimetres, kilometres
or miles. Whatever may be the unit of measurement, the ratio remains the same.
Ex: 1I :10,000I.
Distance
Actual
Places : From - To in the
Distance
Fill up the given table above map
based on the scale given
in the map-3.2. Chennai to Hyderabad 3 CM
Mumbai to Bhuvaneswar 5 CM
Panaji to Thiruvananthapuram 2.5 CM
Gandhinagar to Jaipur 2 CM
What is the use of scale in Kolkata to Ranchi 3000 KM

a map? New Delhi to Kohima 2200 KM

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~ y¿£« sÁÖ|+ýË +& dT\TeÚ>± #á~$, nsÁÆ+ #ûdTÅ£Hû $<ó+>± +³T+~.
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<: 1 d+.MT. R 10 ¿ì.MT.

l ç>±|t sÁÖ|+ýË dØ\T: ¿ìýËMT³sÁT¢
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Conventional Symbols: It is difficult to show actual items of a place in a map. Map makers
use symbols to show their location in a map. The Survey of India uses conventional symbols
in the preparation of toposheets. Some conventional symbols are given below.
Explore more conventional symbols used by the

Why do we use symbols in Survey of India in the preparation of a map with the
a map? help of Atlas or through internet.
Colours: Colours used in physical maps, thematic maps convey specific information.
Generally, the following Colours are used in maps.
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Mean Sea Level: As the sea level across the

Globe is more or less equal, the scientists
observed the concept of Mean Sea Level. That
means the average of the sea level is the same.
To measure the elevation of a place MSL is
taken as the base line.
Patterns: Patterns are special provisions used in the map to describe the variable information
of a particular theme. They provide quantitative, qualitative details of information to the
given statistical data (density of population, distribution of population), types of particular
concepts (soils, forests) Eg:

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kÍ+ç|<sTT¿£ ºVä\T: ydïe n+Xæ\qT |³+ýË jáT<óÔá<ó+>± #áÖ|¾+#á&+ ¿£w¼+. |{²\ ÔájáÖ¯<sÁT\T
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yîT\® T ssTT u²$ q~
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|sÁÇÔá çXâDì
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kÍ<ósÁD+>± ç¿ì+< eÇ&q sÁ+>·T\qT |{²\ ÔájáÖ¯ýË |jîÖÐkÍïsÁT.
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deTTç<eT³¼+ qT+& mÔáT:ï deTTç< |]Ôá\+ <<|Ú

uóÖ>ÃÞø+ n+Ô ÿ¹¿ $<ó+>± +³T+~. deTTç<
|]Ôá\+ <<|Ú n ç|<Xû æ\ýË deÖq+ n
XæçdïyûÔáï\T >·T]ï+#sÁT. ÿ¿£ ç|<ûXø+ jîTT¿£Ø mÔáTïqT
¿=\e&+ýË m+.mdt.mýÙ (deTTç<eT³¼+ qT+& mÔáT)ï qT
çbÍeÖDì¿£+>± dÓÇ¿£]kÍïsÁT.
qeTÖH ºçÔ\T (Patterns): ÿ¿£ n+Xæ¿ì d++~ó+ºq $$<ó sÁ¿±\ deÖ#s |³+ýË #áÖ|&¿ì
|{²\ ÔájÖá ¯ýË M{ì ç|Ôû«¿±+Xæ\T>± uó²$kÍïsÁT. >·D²+¿£ $es\qT |]eÖD²Ôá¿£, >·TD²Ôá¿£ $Xâw¢ D\T>±,
(ÈqkÍ+ç<Ô,á ÈHuó² $dsï D
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|jÖî ÐkÍïsTÁ .
<:
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Legend: A table of symbols or tools used in the

map are explained briefly to understand or
interpret the features of the map. It is seen in
any corner of the map.
Latitude and Longitudes: These provide the basic
information in identifying the location of a place.
They are also useful to guess the climate and
local time of a place as a part of map reading.
Prepare a Physical Map of Andhra

Pradesh by using the elements discussed
in the Index of the map
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Map-3.3: Andhra Pradesh Map
3.2. Types of Maps :

Maps are the key resources to know the details of a place. They are useful in
understanding the physical features, location and various topics related to a country or state
or a place. Recall the types of maps that you have learnt in class VI.

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ýÉC+É &: |³eTTýË $es\qT #á<e &¿ì ýñ< nsÁ+Æ

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|³ dÖº¿£ýË n+Xæ\qT |jÖî Ð+º +ç<óç |<Xû Ù

uóÜ¿£ |³eTT ÔájáÖsÁT#ûjáT+&.
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|³eTT-3.3: +ç<óç |<Xû Ù |³eTT

3.2. $$<ó sÁ¿±\ |³eTT\T :
ÿ¿£ ç|<Xû eø TTqÅ£ d++~ó+ºq $es\qT Ôî\TdT¿Ãe&¿ì |³eTT\T ¿¡\¿£ eqsÁT\T. @<û ÿ¿£
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>·TsÁT#ï dû T ¿Ã+&.

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Maps are classified on the basis of scale,

theme and content in the map. Along with the
· Name the types of maps.
Political, Physical and Thematic maps, we will
· What do they denote? discuss about Historical maps. Let’s study these
maps with the help of the elements in the Index
3.2.1. Political Map: of a map.
Political map shows the administrative units, neighbouring countries, boundaries, capitals
etc. We also get information about the location of a place. The thickness, colour, pattern
of boundary lines of a place says about the type of the region like state, district etc., there
is no significance for colours used in political map.
For the study of a political map, the knowledge of Latitudes and Longitudes helps us
to identify the location of a place or a country in the world map. For easy identification of
states, one of the suggesed techniques is observing and practicing coastal states, states with
land frontiers and the rest ones. To remember the location of a place grid, corners /distance
of a boundary line, etc. can be followed:
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Map-3.4: India- Political Map

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|³eTTýË dØ\T, n+Xæ\T eT]jáTT $wjáÖ\

<ósÁ+>± |{²\qT $$<ó sÁ¿±\T>± e¯Z¿]£ +#áe#áT Ì.
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· n$ <û Ôî*jáT#ûkÍïsTT? |{²\qT >·T]+º $e]+>± #á]Ì+#áTÅ£+<+. |ÚÎ&T |³
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#û<Ý+.
3.2.1. sÈ¿¡jTá |{²\T:
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|³eTT-3.4: uó²sÁÔ<á Xû ø sÈ¿¡jTá |³+

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Fill up the following table with the help of the India Political map (Map-3.4) that
shares land frontier.
S.No Neighbouring Country States that share borders with
Location and extent of India:

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India is the seventh largest country in the world with an area of 3.28 million square
kilometers. It has 28 states and 8 Union Territories. India is located in the southern part
of the Asian continent. It is located between the northern latitudes of 8041 - 37061 and
between the eastern longitudes of 68071 - 970251. Tropic of cancer runs half way through
the country.
l Prepare the list of States and Union Observe the given political map -3.4
Territories; write their capitals.
l Name the state closest to equator.
l Take an outline map of India, draw l What is tropic of cancer?
the boundaries of states and locate l Name the states through which the
their capitals. tropic of cancer runs.
Grid: It is the network of latitudes and

longitudes. It helps to know the exact
Explore the location of Andhra
location of a place on the Globe. To
l
Pradesh with the help of Atlas.

read the information in a grid, latitude
is observed first and then longitude.

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|³eTT-3.4 <ósÁ+>± uó²sÁÔá<ûXø+ÔÃ uóÖuó²>· d]V²<TÝ\qT |+#áTÅ£Hû <ûXæ\T-jáÖ <ûXæ\ÔÃ

d]V²<T\Ý T ¿£*Ð q sçcÍ¼\qT |{¿¼ì ý£ Ë çyjáT+&.
ç¿£.d+K« bõsÁT>·T <ûX+ø d]V²<T\Ý qT |+#áTÅ£Hû sçcÍ¼\T

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uó²sÁÔ<á ûXø ¿ì-$dïsDÁ :

uó²sÁÔá<ûXø+ 3.28$T. #á.¿ì.$T. $dÓïsÁ+ÔÃ ç||+#á+ýË @&e nÜ |<Ý <ûXø+>± >·T]ï+#á&q~.
eTq<ûXø+ýË 28 sçcÍ¼\T, 8 ¹¿+ç<bÍ*Ôá çbÍ+Ô\T ¿£\eÚ. uó²sÁÔá<ûXø+ d¾jáÖ K+&|Ú <¿ìD uó²>·+ýË
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l n{²¢dt dVä jáT+ÔÃ +ç<óç |<Xû Ù ¿ì
jî T T¿£ Ø ¿ì B <Çs KºÌÔá + >±
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¹ s U²+Xæ\qT #á < e & + <Çs çÐ& ý Ë
deÖ#s bõ+<e#áTÌ.

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Map-3.5: World- Political Map

|³eTT-3.5: ç||+ #á sÈ¿¡jTá |³eTT

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l Prepare the list of Continents and a few important countries in each continent
based on map-3.5.
l Name the continents through which the Equator runs.
3.2.2. Physical Map:

The map that shows the information about the physical features of a place like mountain
ranges, hills, plateaus, plains, rivers, deserts, lakes, highlands etc. is called a physical map.
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Map-3.6: India- Physical Map

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l |³+ 3.5 n<ósÁ+>± K+&\qT |s=Ø, ç|Ü K+&+ýË ¿= eTTK«yîT®q <ûXæ\ÔÃ |{ì¼¿£qT
ÔájáÖsÁT #ûjáT+&.
l @@ K+&\ >·T+& uóÖeT<ó«¹sK ç|jáÖDìdTï+<Ã Ôî\|+&.
3.2.2. uóÜ¿£ |³eTT:
|sÁÇÔá çXâDT\T, ¿=+&\T, |ÓsuÄÁ Öó eTT\T, yîT®<H\T, q<T\T, m&sÁT\T, dsÁdTà\T, yîT³¼uÖó eTT\T
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|³eTT-3.6: uó²sÁÔá<ûXø uóÜ¿£ |³+

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Reading a physical map requires the application of elements in the index of a map.
Let’s take the physical map of India. Observe the green shades in the map. Remember these
are plains. Parts of north India and coastal regions come under this. The orange shades to
brown colour shows the elevation of land forms viz., hilly regions, highlands, plateaus. The
violet, shows the higher elevations whereas the white shows the snow-capped mountains
in Himalayas. The blue shades in the map shows the water bodies. The rivers originated
in the Himalayas; Peninsular plateau can be noticed in the map. Conventional symbols are
used to locate rivers, mountain ranges/peaks, ponds etc.
l Prepare a raised relief map with the guidance of your teacher.

l Fill up the following mind map with the help of the India- physical map
(map-3.6).
Mountain Ranges & Peaks: Rivers- Lakes:

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Physical
features
of India
Plains: Plateaus:
l The rivers originated in western ghats

flow towards east and join Bay of l With the help of the Atlas explore
Bengal. Discuss with your teacher. about extension of various mountain
ranges and the highest peaks in
l Clasify the rivers based on the seas
those respective ranges.
they join. Name these rivers.
l Explore physical features of India
l Mention land forms of Andhra
with the help of the Atlas or go
Pradesh.
through the internet.

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l uó²sÁÔá<Xû ø uóÜ¿£ |³+ (|³eTT-3.6 ) dVä jáT+ÔÃ ç¿ì+~ ºÌq yîT®+& eÖ|týË n+Xæ\qT
|P]+#á+&.
|sÇÁ ÔáçXâDT\T, ¥Ks\T: q<T\T, dsÁdTà\T:

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Contour Lines:
The imaginary lines that connect the places of
equal heights are known as Contour Lines. They
are used to illustrate the topography of a place. The
distance between two lines shows the difference in
elevation. If the contour lines are close to each other
the slope of the land is less and vice versa.
Let’s take an activity to understand the
transformation of three-dimensional concept
(length, breadth, hight) into two dimensional. Fig-3.1: Contour Lines
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Step-1: Take a Step-2: Point the Step-4: Draw lines

Step-3: Cut into by using slices and
piece of Potato height with the
scale and draw slices get contour lines of
parallel circles Potato piece
3..2.3. Thematic Maps :

Maps that are prepared for a special purpose or on theme are called Thematic maps.
For example, Natural Vegetation Maps, Soils Maps, Population Maps, Climatic Maps etc.
Toposheets can be prepared for describing a particular place with conventional symbols.
Thematic maps are helpful to represent data like population details; to show mineral resources;
to show migration etc.
INDEX
Sandy Coastal Soils
Red Soils
Rocky Hilly Soils
Black Soils
Map-3.7: Andhra Pradesh- Soils Map-3.8: Temperature Map of India

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l Based on map 3.7 prepare a table with the distribution of soils. (Consider the
type of soil and respective districts).
l Take an Andhra Pradesh map and prepare a Thematic map (Andhra Pradesh-
Population Density Map) with the help of the given data.
Census - 2011: AP - population Density

per sq KM
S.No Population
District
per Sq. KM
1 Srikakulam 463
2 Vizianagaram 359
3 Visakhapatnam 384 Topographical maps:
4 East Godavari 413 These maps show the detailed
5 West Godavari 470
information of a place like relief,
6 Krishna 518
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7 Guntur 429 topography, agricultural lands, soils,

8 Prakasam 193 rivers, settlements etc. These are
9 SPS Nellore 227
prepared by using the conventional
10 YSR Kadapa 188
11 Chittoor 275 symbols and with detailed information.
12 Kurnool 230
13 Anantapur 213
3.2.4. Historical Maps:
Historians use maps as a key reference to study about the region of a dynasty i.e.
Inscriptions, architecture, trade relation etc., through map reading. The Map that shows
historical details (particular past period) are known as Historical maps. They provide spatial
information like extension of a region, important places, trade routes, sociocultural relations
among the places etc. belonging to a particular period. Historians use maps as the key
reference to study the region of dynasty. Information on inscriptions, architecture, trade
relation etc., can be noticed with map reading.
l Prepare a table with Edicts of Ashoka and their location in the present states
based on map 3.9.

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sçcÍ¼\ýË qyÃ Ôî\T|ÚÔáÖ |{ì¼¿£qT ÔájáÖsÁT #ûjáT+&.

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l Explore various maps of

dynasties related to ancient
and medieval India.
Projection:
Projection means showing the
shape and direcions of continents
of spherical globe on to plain
surface but with distractions of
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the shape and directions. The

method of Projection was
introduced by the Dutch
Cartographer Gerardus Mercator.
Map-3.9: Edicts of Ashoka Map
Spatial Information : Information with direct or indirect reference to a specific

location.
Cartographer : A person who draws maps.
Edicts : Inscriptions; The official order or proclamation issued by a
person in authority.
Toposheets : Maps that represent the natural and cultural features of a
particular area.
Union Territories : An administrative unit of our country, governed by the
central government.
Conventional Symbol : These are the small pictures that stand for different features
on a map used by Survey of India.
Voyage : A long journey involving travel by sea or in space.
Drainage : The flow of water, particularly the river systems.

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l çbÍNq, eT<ó« jáTT>· uó²sÁÔ<á Xû æ¿ì

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1.
How do you identify the direction in the map?
2.
Scale in map helps to study a place. Discuss.
3.
What are the items you need to study a physical map?
4.
Describe the location of India.
5.
Prepare the list of countries in Asian Continent with the help of Atlas?
6.
What are the boundaries of India?
7.
Prepare the rough grid of India.
8.
Locate the following in outline map of India.
a) Chennai b) Delhi c) Vijayawada d) Visakhapatnam
1. Find the correct sentence. [ ]
a) River Ganga originates in the Himalayas.
b) River Cauvery flows in West Bengal.
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c) River Krishna drains into Arabian sea.

d) River Penna flows in Maharashtra.
2. India lies in Eastern hemisphere between the longitudes of: [ ]
a) 14027I to 19007I b) 770 to 84040I
c) 6807I to 97025I d) 804I to 3706I
3. Identify the odd one regarding the location of rivers. [ ]
a) Krishna b) Penna c) Brahmaputra d) Cauvery
4. i) Kerala is on west coast. [ ]
ii) Arunachal Pradesh has border with Pakistan.
Note : Answer with the help of above information
a) 'a' is true; 'b' false. b) 'a' is false; 'b' is true
c) Both 'a' and 'b' are false. d) Both of them are true.
5. Identify mismatched pair. [ ]
a) Chennai-Tamil nadu b) Bhopal- Gujarat
c) Jaipur-Rajasthan d) Thiruvananthapuram – Kerala.
Prepare a self- made Atlas by using tracing technic for different

continents and political map of India, Andhra Pradesh and your
district.

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I. ç¿ì+~ ç|Xø \Å£ deÖ<óH\T sjáT+&.

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&) |Hq~ eTVäsçw¼ýË ç|eV¾²dTï+~.

2. uó²sÁÔá<ûXø+ |PsÇsÁÆ>ÃÞø+ýË ¹sU²+Xæ\ eT<ó« $dï]+º +~. [ ]
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4 Delhi Sultanate

l know about various dynasties of
Delhi Sultans.
l understand social, political,
economic and administrative system
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under the Delhi Sultanate.

l appreciate the art, culture, heritage 4.1. What is History? Why do we
and architectural styles of the study History? Sources of History
Sultanate period. 4.2. Rulers of Delhi Sultanate
l locate the historical places of Delhi
4.3. Social, Political and Economic life
Sultanate period in the outline map
of India. 4.4. Art and Architecture
Observe the given Map-4.1 and

respond to the following questions.
l Suggest a title to the map given here?
l Find the different kingdoms in South
India and list out them.
l Locate any two cities in the map which
are still in existence.
l Locate Delhi in the given map and
discuss its importance.
Map-4.1: Pre- Medieval India
7th Class - Social Studies 96 Delhi Sultanate

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Dear students, we will learn about the regime of Delhi Sultans in this lesson. Delhi
Sultans made Delhi the capital of their empire and ruled their domains from 13 th century
C.E. to 16th century C.E. The past experiences of a society provide valuable lessons to avoid
the mistakes of history and lay the foundation for a better future. So it necessitates discussing
the importance of History in this chapter.
Delhi Sultanate
Rulers of Delhi Political, Social,

History Art &
Sultanate Economic life Architecture
Slave Dynasty Administration

· What is
(1206-1290 C.E) · Central polity
History?
· Iqta System · Indo-Islamic
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· Why do Khilji Dynasty

· Chihalgani style
we study (1290- 1320 C.E) · Arch-Dome
History? method
· Sources of Tughlaq Dynasty
Social Life
History (1320-1414 C.E)
Sayyid Dynasty Economic Life

(1414-1451 C.E)
Lodi Dynasty
(1451-1526 C.E) DO YOU KNOW?
BCE: Before Common Era
C.E. Common Era
4.1. History :
4.1.1. What is History? Why do we study History?
History is considered as the record of the past factual events.
It gives us the information about the past of the society in diverse FUTURE
spheres. So, if we want to know the past, we have to study History
as it reveals how the people lived in that society, their rules and PRESENT
regulations, cultures and traditions in a chronological order i.e.,
from the past to the present. It also helps to understand the socio- PAST
cultural changes in the society over a period of time in a better
way. History contributes to moral understanding and provides a
sense of identity. Studying history is essential for good citizenship.

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m+<TÅ£ #á<y*? (1290- 1320 ç¿¡.Xø.) • ºV²ýÙ >· XèÕ*

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#á]çÔáqT n<ó«jáTq+ #ûjáT&+ #ý² nedsÁ+.

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4.1.2.Sources of history
Sources are very important to study history of any period. These sources are broadly
classified into two categories. They are: 1. Archaeological Sources which include material
remains and 2. Literary Sources which include all texts.
Sources of History
Archeological Sources Literary Sources

Potteries Epics & Poems Account by Works by Folk Art
Foreign Travellers Indian Authors
Rock Edits
Coins
Toys
Temple Wall
Inscriptions
Inscriptions
Artefacts
Tools
Metal Pillar
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Ornaments
Periods in Indian History
Monuments
l Ancient History: Up to 8th Century C.E.

Places Fort Temples Stupa Monastery l Medieval History: 8th to 18th Century C.E..
l Modern History: 18 th Century C.E.
Hampi Kondapalli Tirupati Amaravati Tabhang
onwards…
How are archaeological sources useful for the study of history.
l Collect the names of some literary works of the Medieval period and write them
on a chart.
l Have you visited any historical places earlier? Try to write a travelogue.
l Name some historical places in your surroundings in the following proforma:
Name of the Name of the

Importance of the place
Historical Place District & Mandal

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4.1.2.#]çÔá¿£ <ós\T :
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(*ÏÔá <ós\T).
#]çÔá¿£ <ós\T
|ÚsedTï <ós\T *ÏÔá <ós\T

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uó²sÁÔ<á Xû ø #á]çÔá ¿±ý²\T

l çbÍNq jáTT>·+ : ç¿¡.Xø.8e XøÔÝ+ esÁÅ£
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l <óT ¿£ jáTT>·+ : ç¿¡.Xø.18eXøÔÝ+ qT+& ç|dT ïÔ+á .
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4.2. Rulers of Delhi Sultanate :

Early invasions on India
Tomara or Tomar Rajputs built Dhillika or Dhillikapura (modern day Delhi) and made
it capital of their kingdom. They were defeated and displaced by the Chahamanas (colloquially
known as the Chauhans) of Ajmer in the middle of the 12th Century. Delhi became an
important commercial centre under the Tomaras and Chauhans. The Rajputs strongly
resisted the Turkish invasions of India in the early 11th Century.
Finally, Muhammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan at Tarain in 1192 A.D. and
occupied Delhi. With this Delhi and Ganga-Jamuna doab gradually came under the control
of Turkish rule. After the assassination of Muhammad Ghori, his representative Qutbuddin
Aibak became the Sultan of Delhi and started Mamluk or Slave dynasty in 1206 A.D.
However, much of the Indian subcontinent came under the control of Delhi from the time
of the Delhi Sultans.
Chronology of Delhi Sultanate

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Name of the Founder Period Significant Rulers

Dynasty
1. Slave or Qutbuddin 1206-1290 C.E Qutbuddin Aybak (1206-1210 C.E)
Mamluk Aibak Iltutmish (1211-1236 C.E)
Dynasty Raziya Sultana (1236-1240 C.E)

Balban (1266-1287 C.E)
2. Khilji Jalaluddin Khilji 1290-1320 C.E Jalaluddin Khilji (1290-1296 C.E)
Dynasty Alauddin Khilji (1296-1316 C.E)

3. Tughlaq Ghiyasuddin 1321-1414 C.E Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320-1324 C.E)
Dynasty Tughlaq Muhammad Bin Tughlaq (1324-1351 C.E)
Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388 C.E)

4. Sayyid Kizar Khan 1414-1451 C.E Kizar Khann (1414- 1421C.E)
Dynasty
5. Lodi Bahlul Lodi 1451-1526 C.E Bahlul Lodi (1451-1489 C.E)
Dynasty Ibhrahim Lodi (1517-1526 CE)

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4.2. &ó© ¢ dTý²ïqT\ýË eTTK« bÍ\Å£\T :

uó²sÁÔá<ûXø+|Õ Ô=*H{ì <+&jáÖçÔá\T :
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uó²>·+ &ó© d¢ T ý²ïqT\ bÍ\q ç¿ì+< ¿=qkÍÐ+~.
&ó©¢ dTý²ïqT\ ¿±\ç¿£eT+

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e+Xø+ |sÁT kÍ|Å £ \T ¿±\eTT ç|eTTK bÍ\Å£\T
Å£ÔáTT~ÝH ×¿ù (ç¿¡.Xø 1206-1210)

ýÙ³T{Ù$Twt (ç¿¡.Xø 1211-1236)
1.u²d e+Xø+ Å£ÔáTT~ÝH ç¿¡.Xø.1206-1290 sÁjáÖ dTý²ïH (ç¿¡.Xø 1236-1240)
ýñ< eÖeTT¢¿ù ×¿ù u²ýÒH (ç¿¡.Xø 1266-1287)
Èý²\TBÝH Ï©¨ (ç¿¡.Xø1290-1296)

2. Ï©¨ e+Xø+ Èý²\TBÝH Ï©¨ ç¿¡.Xø 1290-1320
ný²¢eÚBÝH Ï©¨ (ç¿¡.Xø 1296-1316)
|¾TjáÖEBÝH ÔáT>·¿¢ ù (ç¿¡.Xø1320-1324)
3.ÔáT>·¿¢ ù e+Xø+ |T¾ jáÖEBÝH ç¿¡.Xø 1321-1414 eTV²eT< ;H ÔáT>·¿¢ ù (ç¿¡.Xø 1324-1351)
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4.djTá «< e+Xø+ ¿ìÈsY U²H ç¿¡.Xø.1414`1451 ¿ìÈsY U²H (ç¿¡.Xø. 1414`1421)
5.ýË& e+Xø+ V²\TýÙ ýË& ç¿¡.Xø 1451-1526 V²\TýÙ ýË& (ç¿¡.Xø 1451-1489)
çVÓ²+ ýË& (ç¿¡.Xø 1517-1526)

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4.2.1.Slave or Mamluk Dynasty:

The Slave dynasty was established by Qutbuddin Aibak in 1206 A.D. Lahore was his
capital. Later, during the rule of Iltutmish, the capital was changed to Delhi. Iltutmish was
the first sovereign ruler from Delhi and the real founder of the Delhi Sultanate. Iltutmish
was succeeded by his daughter Razia Sultana. Ghiyasuddin Balban restored Crown’s prestige
and power in Sultanate. The slave dynasty came to an end during the reign of Qaiqubad
and his infant son Kayumars.
Mamluk means Owned slave.
Sultan Raziya (1236-1239 CE):

She was the only woman ruler of Delhi Sultanate. Being a
woman, the queen faced the opposition of Wazirs and the Nobles
of Chahalgani (a group of Forty Turkish Nobles). Though she
ruled for a short period she succeeded in restoring her prestige
and power by suppressing several revolts.
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Fig-4.1: Razia Sultana
· During those days the ruling power was on hereditary basis. But sometimes
Sons-in-law and Fathers-in law also occupied the crown. Imagine the reason
behind it.
· As a woman ruler Razia had to face discrimination and conspiracies. Are the
women of the present times free to make their choices as a man would?
4.2.2. Khilji Dynasty:
Jalaluddin khilji was the founder of this dynasty. He was assassinated by his son-in-
law Alauddin Khilji.
Alauddin Khilji (1296-1316 CE) :
He was the successor of Jalaluddin Khilji. He took
strong measures to control Mongol invasions and to curb his
opponents. He established a strong and effective spy system to
control the conspiring nobles. Alauddin conducted expeditions
on North India and conquered Gujarath, Ranathambore,
Chittor, Malwa etc. However Alauddin's conquest of chittor
didnot last long and Sisodias retook it shortly after his death
in 1316 C.E. After completion of the conquest of Northern
India, Alauddin sent his army under the command of Malik
Kafur, to conquer South India. Fig-4.2: Alauddin Khilji

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4.2.1. u²d e+Xø+ : (eÖeTT¢¿ù e+Xø+)

Å£ÔáTTBÝH ×¿ù ç¿¡.Xø. 1206e d+eÔáàsÁ+ýË u²d e+Xæ kÍ|¾+#&T. ý²V²ÃsY sÈ<ó>±
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eÖeTT¢¿ù nq>± u²d n nsÁÆ+.

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ç|Ü|T ³q\T m<Ts=Øqe\d¾ eºÌ+~.

ºçÔá+-4.1: sÁjáÖ dTý²ïH
• ¿±\+ýË bÍ\H~ó¿±sÁ+ ysÁdÔ Çá +>± d+ç¿£$T+#û~. ¿± ¿= deTjáÖ\ýË n\T¢Þø ß eT]jáTT
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He was known for his able administration. He recruited and organized a standing
army. He paid salaries in cash to soldiers and strictly controlled prices of commodities in
markets (Market reforms). He also introduced the branding of horses to prevent the
substitution of a bad horse for a good one.
l What is corruption? and how it can be checked?
List out the invasions of

Alauddin Khilji into South
India with place and year
based on the Map 4.2.
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“Kings or rulers usually

conduct campaigns on other
kingdoms or places”. Find out
the reasons.
Map-4.2: Alauddin Khilji’s invasion on south India
Mongolians:
Mongolians was ruled over by several Nomads during the ancient times. Chengiz
Khan united the Mongols and established the Mongol Empire in the year 1206 CE.
During the rule of Delhi Sultans, Mongols conducted several invasions into India
from 1221 to 1368 CE.
4.2.3. Tughluk Dynasty

Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq founded the Tughlaq dynasty by bringing to an end the reign of
Khusrau khan. Mahammad Bin Tughlaq and Firoz Sha Tughlaq were prominent rulers.
Timur, the ruler of Central Asia, invaded India during the rule the Tughlaqs.

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kÍÆ|¾+#&T. eTV²eT< _H ÔáT>·¢¿ù, |s¾ ÃCÙcÍ ÔáT>·¢¿ù e+Xø+ýË ç|eTTK bÍ\Å£\T. ÔáT>·¢¿ù\ bÍ\H¿±\+ýË
eT<ó« d¾jÖá Å£ bÍ\Å£&îqÕ ÔîeÕ TÖsY <+&jÖá çÔá\qT m<TsÃØy*à eºÌ+~.

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Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1324-1351 AD)

He was the most learned and yet he was an
eccentric ruler. He was proficient in philosophy,
mathematics, astronomy etc. He was an excellent warrior
and good administrator of innovative measures. But the
truth is that he lacked in practical judgment and so he
failed in implementation of his reforms. Muhammad
waged wars with the Turkish nobles, Rajputs and
established a vast kingdom. Sultan changed the capital
from Delhi to Devagiri (Daulatabad) as he wanted to
establish it at a strategic point and at the central location Fig-4.3: Muhamad Bin
and close proximity to the South. He ordered the entire Tughlaq
population to move with bed and baggage. Many died
during the travel and some after reaching the destination.
He also introduced Token currency in copper coins and agriculture reforms. These
were ill-calculated experiments which proved a miserable failure of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
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Map-4.3: India under the Tughlaq Dynasty
l What could be the reason for shifting the capital from Delhi to
Daulatabad?
l What might be the reason for the death of many people on their
travelling from Delhi to Daulatabad?

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eTV²< ;H ÔáT>·¿¢ ù (ç¿¡.Xø.1324-1351) :

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ºesÁÅ£ eTV²< ;H ÔáT>·¢¿ù jîTT¿£Ø |TËsÁ yîÕ|ý²« TTEeÚ #ûXæsTT.
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|³eTT-4.3 : ÔáT>·¢¿ù e+Xø ¿±\+ýË uó²sÁÔá<ûXø+
l sÈ<ó &ó© ¢ qT+& <ê\Ôu²< Å£ Ôás*Á +#á&¿ì >·\ ¿±sÁD²\T @yîTe® Ú+&e#áTÌ.
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4.2.4. Sayyid Dynasty

Sayyid dynasty was the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. Khizr Khan formed
this dynasty. Mubarak Shah, Muhammad Shah, Alam Shah were the other rulers of this
dynasty. Mubarak Shah tried to expand the kingdom but he failed. The last ruler Alam Shah
was defeated by Bahalul Lodi and the power in to the hands of the Lodi dynasty.
4.2.5. Lodi Dynasty
Bahalul lodi took many measures to satisfy the nobles. The Second Sultan named
Sikandar Lodi took some measures to stabilize their rule but in vain. During the rule of
Ibrahim Lodi, the last ruler, the Sultanate rule came to an end.
1398 A.D. Timur invaded India and captured Delhi during

the Tughlaqs rule. It was a barbarous attack. Total country
was plundered in the grip of terror. Many constructions were
destroyed. He plundered the wealth from India. It took nearly
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a century to reshape Delhi. These paved a way to Babur’s

invasion on India and establishment of Mughal rule.
Fig-4.4: Timur
4.3. Social, Political & Economic Life :

Administration:
The sultan was the head of the empire. The rule was in accordance with Shariat or
the Islamic Law. The sultanate was divided into smaller units Iqtas, Shiqs, Parganas and
Villages. The centre will not interfere in the affairs of the village administration.
Sultan authority was supreme in all aspects of administration. All the powers of
political, legal, millitary and religious powers vested with him. Iltutmish purchased slaves
for military service called Bandagan in Persian. The Sultan was confident in this system as
these slaves were loyal and completely dependent on their king. It was continued during
Khiljis and Tughlaqs. The heirs of the Bandagans who were loyal to Sultan were appointed
as generals and governors. Chahalgani played pivotal role during the period of Iltutmish.
Chihalgani : The administrative support system initiated by Iltutmish with the help
of Turkish nobles. This was known as Turkan-I-Chahalagani or Chalisa. This helped
to suppress his opponent nobles.

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4.2.4. djTá «< e+Xø+ :

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d+ç¿£$T+º+~.
4.2.5. ýË& e+XøeTT:
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ÔáT>·¢¿ù e+Xø bÍ\H ¿±\+ýË ç¿¡.Xø. 1398 d+eÔáàsÁ+ýË ÔîÕeTÖsÁT

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rçe+>± <Ã#áT¿Ã&+~. nHû¿£ sD²\T Å£L*Ì yûjáT&¦sTT. &ó©¢

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ç|uTó eÚ\qT nDº yûjTá {²¿ì ~ |jÖî >·|& + ~.

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Iqta system
Delhi Sultanate was divided into Iqtas (Provinces). The governors of these Iqtas
were called Muqtis, the military officers. Muqtis had to maintain law and order in their
allotted Iqtas and had to provide military, revenue services to Sultan. Revenue collected
from their Iqtas was utilised for administrative purpose and maintainance of the army.
Rank of Muqti was not hereditary; they were often transferred from one iqta to another
iqta.
Social Life:
The Muslims of foreign origin stood first in the society, got many privileges and
influenced the administration. The Indian Muslims were downgraded to the second place
and occupied many jobs like teachers, judges etc. The remaining people like artisans, shop
keepers and small traders were considered working class. The Muslim community had two
branches, foreign and local.
Economic Life:
Agriculture was the main occupation. The tillers had to pay 1/3 of their produce as
land revenue. Textile industry was the main industry. The Sultans started many Karkhanas
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of different products also. Trade was carried in both ways- Internal and International.
Delhi, Daulathabad, Lucknow, Lahore and Multan etc were the important cities for internal
trade. Iran, Arabia, Africa, China and European countries etc were connected to the
international trade. Cotton, pearls, cereals, Indigo and sea-pearls were the main exports.
They maintained a balanced trade. Allaudin khilji introduced the market reforms. Grains
were stored in government granaries.
Tanka (Silver Coins) and Jital (Copper Coins) were the basic coins in usage. As
there was a shortage of silver, Muhammad bin Tughlaq ordered copper coins to be issued.
But he failed to take proper precautions against forgery. Due to this, common people also
started minting the coins in their houses. Then to correct the situation the Sultan asked
the people to exchange those copper coins in the treasury and gave silver and gold coins
in return. This emptied the treasury.
Fig-4.5: Coins of Muhammd-bin-Tughlaq
Collect the pictures of coins belong to different dynasties.

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¿±ï |<ÆÜ:
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4.4. Art & Architecture :

A combination of Arabic and Indian style of art and architecture developed during
this period. The decorative style of the Hindu architecture was replaced by the Geometrical
shapes, Calligraphy etc. Trabeate style of architecture was followed by the indigenous people.
Later they introduced Arcuate style. They employed Indian craft persons, architects and
sculptors for the constructions during this period. So, the new Indo-Islamic style was born.
Qutub Minar, Alai Darwaja, Alai Minar Tuglakabad and Quwatul-Islam were the famous
constructions during this period.
Trabeate style of architecture Arcuate style of Architecture
Roofs, doors and windows were made by Arches carrying the weight of the
placing a horizontal beam across two superstructure above the doors and windows.
vertical Columns.
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Qutub Minar:
This was built in the premises of Quwwat

ul-Islam masjid. It was built by Qutubuddin Aibak
and Iltutmish and dedicated to Sufi saint
Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki. The 74.1 meter four
storied marble, sand stone architecture is unique
for its skilful construction.
Fig-4.6: Qutub Minar

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4.4. ¿£Þø\T-ydTï ¥\Î+ :

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Qutub Minar stands as master piece of Delhi architecture. Discuss.

Alai Darwaja:
This was built by Aladdin Khilji as
southern entrance to Quwwat-ul-Islam masjid.
For the first time, the domes and arches were
constructed.
Literature:
Many scholars were given shelter and
patronized during this period. Literature was
produced in Persian, Sanskrit and other regional
languages. It was written in the form of prose, Fig-4.7: Alai Darwaja
poetry, and dramas. Many Sanskrit works were translated into Arabic and Persian language.
Alberuni, Amir Khusrau and Zia-Ud-din-Barani were some of the great scholars.
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Alberuni, an Arabic and Persian scholar was patronized by

Muhammad Ghazini. He learnt Sanskrit and translated some
of its works into Arabic. He was impressed by the Upanishads
and the Bhagavad-Gita. Tarikh Al-Hind (History of India) was
written by him.
Amir Khusrau was a Persian poet and a great singer. He

wrote many couplets and he was known as ‘Tuti-e-Hind’
(The Parrot of India).
Prepare a table with the details of the

Learn more information about the art
famous rulers of Delhi sultanate and
and architecture of Delhi sultanate.
significance of their rule.
Decline:
The rule of the Delhi Sultanate came to an end during the reign of Lodi dynasty.
But the declining process started during the Tughlaq period. The Timur's invasion in 1398
C.E. drained the wealth of the country. It took Delhi 100 years to rebuild from Timurs
devastation. Many regional states were established due to the weak administration during
some rulers. There were regular struggles for supremacy in North India. The Vijayanagara
and Bahamani kingdoms in the South broke away from the Sultanate. Incompetent and
intolerant rule of the Sayyids and Lodis led to the collapse of the sultanate rule.

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&ó©¢ dTý²ïqT\ sD XèÕ*¿ì Å£ÔáTuÙ $THsY eT#áTÌÔáTq¿£ ` #á]Ì+#á+&.

nýÉÕ <sÇÈ :
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Mughal ruler, Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle of Panipat in 1526 AD. With
this the Delhi Sultanate came to an end and the era of the Mughal Empire started.
Dynasty : a line of hereditary rulers

Proclaimed : officially announced
Couplets : two lined verses of same rhyming and length
Karkhanas : workshops.
Shariat : rule according to Islamic principles.

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1. Write about Bandagan System introduced by Iltutmish?

2. Locate the following in the out line map of India.
i. Delhi ii. Nepal iii. Afghanistan iv. Daulathabad v. Gujarat
3. Collect and paste the pictures of any five rulers of the Delhi sultanate on a chart
and write about them in five lines each.
4. Write a brief note on administration of the Delhi sultanate.
5. What is your opinion on introducing copper and brass coinage during the
Tughlaqs?
6. Write about Iqta system.
7. Write a few words on social and economic life of Delhi sultanate.
8. Explain the administrative failures of Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq.
1. The Delhi Sultans divided the Empire into__ [ ]
a) Mandala b) Iqtas c) Nadus d) Valanadus.
2. People started minting coins in their homes during the period of __ [ ]
a) Alauddin Khilji b) Balban
c) Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq d) Ibhrahim Lodi
3. Alaluddin Khilji was connected to this issue. [ ]
a) Branding of horses b) Changing of capital
c) Founder of Khilji dynasty d) All the above

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ç¿¡.Xø.1526ýË yîTT|T ýÙ bÍ\Å£&îqÕ u²sY yîTT<{ì bÍ|³T¼ jáTT<+Æ ýË çVÓ²+ýË& z&+#&T. BÔÃ
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w]jáTÔY : kÍ¢+ H«jáT dÖçÔ\T.
I. ç¿ì+~ ç|Xø \Å£ deÖ<óq+ çyjáT+&.

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1. ýÙ ³T{Ù $Twt ç|yXû ø |{ìq¼ +<>±H |<ÜÆ >·T]+º çyjáT+&?

2. ç¿ì+~ y{ì MT¿ìeÇ&q uó²sÁÔá<ûXø |³+ýË >·T]ï+#á+&?
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3. ç¿ì+~ d+|T³q ný²¢eÚBÝH Ï©¨¿ì #î+~q~. [ ]
m) >·Tçs\Å£ eTTç< yûsTT+#á&+ _) sÈ<ó eÖsÁTÎ
d¾) Ï©¨ e+XøkÍ|q &) |eÕ ú

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4. Alai Darwaja was constructed by........ [ ]

a) Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq b) Alauddin Khalji
c) Ghiyasuddin Balban d) Sikandar lodi
5. Iqtas were administered by__ [ ]
a) Muqthis b) Governers c) Wazirs d) Quazis

Group - A Group - B
1. Slave Dynasty ( ) a. Bahlul Lodi
2. Tughlaq Dynasty ( ) b. Khizar Khan
3. Khilji Dynasty ( ) c. Ghiyasuddin
4. Lodi Dynasty ( ) d. Qutbuddin Aibak
5. Sayyad Dynasty ( ) e. Jalaluddin
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IV. Identify and write the rulers to the description given below.
Famous Woman ruler

Founder of Slave dynasty
Couplet writer during Tughlaqs
Shifting of Capital
Last ruler of Delhi Sultans
The first ruler of Mughal dynasty

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4. nýÉÕ <sÇC²qT ]+ºq ysÁT [ ]

m) eTV²eT< ;H ÔáT>·¢¿ù _) ný²¢eÚBÝH Ï©¨
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5. ¿±ï\T M] |]bÍ\qýË +&û$. [ ]
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4. ýË& e+Xø+ ( ) &. Å£ÔáTTBÝH ×¿ù
5. djTá «< e+Xø+ ( ) . Èý²\TBÝH
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IV. ç¿ì+< eÇ&q $es\ÔÃ d++<ó+ q bÍ\Å£\qT >·T]ï+º çyjáT+&.

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Solve the puzzle with the words related to given hints.

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Down: Across:
2. Famous woman Muslim ruler (12) 1. The rule is based on Islam principles. (7)
3. Another name of Mamluk dynasty (12) 5. Daulatabad is located in this state (11)
4. The last ruler of Delhi Sultanate (11) 6. The first capital of Delhi sultanate (8)
7. The writer of couplets (11)
Prepare an album with the pictures of the constructions of Delhi Sultans and
find out their style of Architecture.
Puzzle Answers : Down : 2. Sultan Raziya 3. Slave dynasty 4. Ibrahim Lodi

Across : 1. Shariat 5. Maharashtra 6.Dhillika 7. Amir Khusrau

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ºÌq dÖ#áq\Å£ d++~ó+ºq |<\ÔÃ |ýÙqT |P]+#á+&.

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\TeÚ n&+¦
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5 Kakatiya Kingdom

l understand the history, culture and
heritage of the regional kingdoms in
Kakatiya period.
l learn the administrative policies,
political, social and economic life of the
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people in the Kakatiya rule. 5.1. Regional Kingdoms during

l appreciate the language, culture and Medieval Period
heritage which was enriched in the
5.2. The Kakatiya Dynasty
medieval period.
l locate the historical places of the 5.3. Political, Social and Economic
Kakatiya dynasty in the outline map of life
India. 5.4. Art and Architecture
l Which dynasties do you observe in

the given map?
l According to given map who ruled
Andhra region?
l Name the South Indian kingdoms
in the given map?
Map-5.1: Regional Kingdoms during

Medieval Period
7th Class - Social Studies 124 Kakatiya Kingdom

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5 ¿±¿£rjáT sÈ«+
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ç|È\ kÍ+|T¾ ¿£, sÈ¿¡jTá , ]¿£ JeqeTT\qT

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During the medieval period five important kingdoms emerged in south India. They
were the Chalukyas of Kalyani, the Yadavas, the Kakatiyas, the Hoyasalas and the Pandyas.
Out of these five kingdoms, one belongs to the Telugu land known as the Kakatiyas. Even
though these kingdoms commonly faced invasions from the neighbours as well as Delhi
sultanate, they tried to preserve their rule with their own effort. They tried to promote
unity among their controlled region, encouraged local languages, art and architecture.
Regional Kingdoms during

Medieval Periiod
Kakatiya Dynasty
Chalukyas of Pandyas
Yadavas Hoyasalas
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Kalyani
Important Political, Social, Art and

Rulers Economic Life Architecture
Prola Raju -II Literature

Administration
(1115-1157 C.E)
Nayankara
Rudradeva
system Sculpture and
(1158- 1195 C.E)
Village Architecture
MahaDeva
(1195- 1199 C.E)
Administration Thousand
Ayagars Pillared Temple
Ganapathi Deva
(1199 – 1262 C.E) Ramappa
Temple
Rudrama Devi Social &
(1262- 1289 C.E) Economic Life
Prathapa Rudra
(1289- 1323 C.E)
Musunuri Nayakas

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5.1.Regional Kingdoms in Medieval Period :

Chalukyas of Kalyani (Western Chalukyas) :
Thailapa II was the founder of Chalukyas of Kalyani. Basava Kalyani in Bidar district
was their capital. This kingdom lasted for 200 years. They were in conflict with Cholas and
Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi. They patronized Sanskrit and Kannada. Bilhana wrote
Vikramanka deva charitra. Ranna the famous Kannada poet belonged to their court. They
established educational institutions called Ghatikas. They were patrons of both Hinduism
and Jainism. Veera Saiva sect was also popular in their reign.
Yadavas :
Yadavas of Devagiri originally served as subordinates to Chalkukyas of Kalyani. They
ruled the present Ahmednagar and Nasik areas. Their capital was Devagiri. Bhillama was
the founder of the dynasty. Singhana was the famous king among the Yadavas. Their
kingdom extended from the river Narmada to Shimoga. They lost their kingdom due to the
invasions of the Delhi sultans.
Hoyasalas :
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Hoyasalas belong to Dwarasamudra. Before they rose to power they served under the
Cholas and Chalukyas. Hoyasala rule continued nearly for 200 years. They made Dwara
samudra as their capital. They rose to prominence during Bittigavishnuvardhan’s time.
Ballala IV was the last ruler of this Dynasty. Sanskrit and Kannada languages were patronized
by them. Hoyasala kings followed Jainism, Dwaita of Madwacharya and Visishtadwaita of
Ramanuja. They encouraged Mathas for popularizing those sects.
Pandyas :
Pandyas ruled from Madurai. They took advantage of rivalry between the Pallavas and
Cholas for extending their territories. Kula Sekhar of this dynasty made a successful
expedition up to Ceylon. Marco polo, a Venetian traveller visited his kingdom and praised
his administration. However, the Pandyas followed the administrative pattern of the Cholas.
They patronized Saivism and Vaishnavism. A number of temples in southern India at
Srirangam, Chidambaram, Rameswaram etc., were built by them. They encouraged foreign
trade.
· Historian: A person who studies and

Know the duration of the medieval writes about the past.
period with the help of your
· Archaeologist: A Person who studies
teacher.
about the remains of buildings, sculpture,
inscriptions and excavations.

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5.1.eT<ó«jáTT>·eTTýË çbÍ+rjáT sC²«\T :

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>·T]+º n<ó« jáTq+ #ûd e«¿ì.ï

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5.2 The Kakatiya-Dynasty :

Who were the Kakatiyas?
In Indian history especially in the medieval period, the Kakatiyas united the entire
Andhra area politically and they succeeded in imbibing a spirit of oneness among the
Andhras. They could successfully withstand the Muslim invasions from the north and
created a spirit of patriotism and independence among the Telugu people. They made the
word Andhra respectable. Early Kakatiyas served as a feudatories to the Rashtrakutas and
the Western Chalukya kings. The Kakatiya Kingdom emerged after the fall of the western
Chalukyas. They ruled most of the eastern Deccan region comprising present day Andhra
Pradesh, Telangana, parts of eastern Karnataka and southern Odisha. Their contribution
is remarkable to Telugu literature. They developed fantastic sculptural formations in Telugu
land. Even though they continuously participated in wars with neighbouring kingdoms as
well as Delhi sultans, they tried to promote peace and harmony in the Deccan region. They
achieved many victories as a part of protecting their empire.
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How does the name “Kakatiya” originate:

Some historians are of the opinion that the word Kakatiya comes as they
worshipped the deity “Kakati” another form of Durga devi. Some others say the
word Kakatiya has come as they are the protectors of the fort Kakati. Some more
historians say that Kakatiyas belong to Kakatipura a place once ruled by Cholas.
Kakatiya dynasty was founded by Gundyana. The Kakatiyas unified the up land and
low land cultures of the Telugu region which brought into being a feeling of cultural affinity
among those that spoke the Telugu language. This region as per its location was called
Thrilingadesam. Kakatiyas started their rule from Hanumakonda as their capital.
Rudra deva, the Kakatiya king built a new capital Orugallu. After that they changed
their capital from Hanumakonda to Orugallu. They were also called Andhra Rajas. Tikkana
who contributed the first poetic work Srimadandhra Mahabharatham in Telegu belonged
to this period.
l Thrilinga places: Kaleswaram (Telangana), Srisilam (Rayalaseema),

Draksharamam (Coastal Andhra).
l Present name of Orugallu is Warangal and its ancient name was
Ekasilanagaram.

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5.2. ¿±¿£rjáT sÈe+XøeTT :

¿±¿£rjáTT\T mesÁT?
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sÁ¿ì+#áT ¿Ãe&+ýË uó²>·+>± nHû¿£ $ÈjáÖ\T kÍ~ó+#sÁT.
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¿±¿£rjáTT\Å£ |sÁT mý² eºÌ+~ :

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Kakatiya Dynasty-Important rulers :
Kakatiya
Ruling period Importance
Ruler
Prola II 1115-1157 CE The first independent ruler of the Kakatiyas.
Rudra Deva 1158-1195 CE Constructed Rudreswara temple at Hanumakonda.

Maha Deva 1195-1199 CE Died while besieging the Yadava capital Devagiri.
Ganapathi Deva 1199-1262 CE This period is called the Golden era.
Rudrama Devi 1262- 1289 CE One and only woman ruler of Kakatiya Dynasty.
Pratapa Rudra 1289-1323 CE The last ruler of the Kakatiya dynasty.
Prola Raju II: (1115-1157 CE) :
The reign of the Prola II, was a land mark in the history of the Kakatiyas. He was the
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son of Betha Raju II. He threw off the lordship of the Chalaukyas and carved out for
himself an independent kingdom. It grew into a powerful kingdom under his successors
embracing the whole of the Andhra region. He started independent rule from Hanumakonda.
Rudra Deva (1158-1195 CE) :
Rudra Deva's achievements were described in Hanumakonda inscription. He defeated

a number of neighbouring princes and extended his dominion right up to the banks of the
river Godavari. In the south, Rudra deva defeated four kings of the Telugu Choda origin.
He also invaded Vengi. In the last year of his reign, he came into conflict with the Yadavas
of Devagiri which resulted in his defeat and death. He wrote a book Neetisara in Sanskrit.
He built the magnificent thousand pillar temple in Hanumakonda. Orugallu capital built by
him, continued to be the capital during the period of his successors.
Rudra Deva was succeeded by his brother Mahadeva. He ruled a short period of about
four years. He invaded the Yadava kingdom and died in the attack on Devagiri.
Ganapathi Deva (1199-1262 AD) :
Though Ganapathi Deva began his rule under unfavourable circumstances, his reign
was destined to become one of the most brilliant epochs in the history of Andhra. During
his long reign of 63 years, he swept over almost the whole land inhabited by the Telugu
speaking people. He had a title Mahamandaleswara.

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¿±¿£rjáT sÈ« eTTK« bÍ\Å£\T :
¿±¿£rjáT sE bÍ\q ¿±\+ çbÍeTTK«Ôá

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ç|Ô|sTÁ ç<T&T ç¿¡.Xø.1289-1323 ºe] ¿±¿£rjáT bÍ\Å£&T.
Âs+&e çbþ\sE (ç¿¡.Xø 1115-1157) :

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qT+& dÇÔá+çÔá bÍ\q çbÍsÁ+_ó+#&T.
sÁTç<<ûeÚ&T (ç¿¡.Xø 1158-1195) :
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úÜkÍsÁeTT nHû ç>·+<ó+ sXæ&T. V²qTeT¿=+&ýË n<TÒÛÔyá Tî q® yîsTT«d+ï uó²\ \jáÖ ]+#&T. nÔáqT
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>·D|Ü <ûeÚ&T (ç¿¡.Xø. 1199-1262) :
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nHû _sÁT<T ¿£\<T.

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Yelagandal Godavari region
Chengalpattu
Map-5.1: Map of Ganapati Deva period Fig-5.2: Kakatiya Kalathoranam
Ganapathi deva was the most powerful of the Kakatiya sovereigns. He built up an
extensive empire stretching from the Godavari region up to Chengalpattu and from Yelgandal
up to the sea. He invaded the coastal region and captured Vijayawada and the island of
Diviseema. He issued the Motupalli inscription. According to that inscription, he enunciated
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the principles of taxation, foreign trade and imposition of taxes on various goods. He was
a good administrator. He took measures for improving Trade and agriculture. He constructed
reservoirs and dug tanks for irrigation. Large amount of forest land was brought under
cultivation. Ganapathi Deva encouraged temple construction and literary works. He
strengthened his relations with neighbouring kingdoms by arranging matrimonial alliances.
The Sanskrit word Annapakshi referred to a

Find out more details about
mythical bird Swan and its image was kept on
Kakatiya kalathoranam from
both the sides on the top of the Kakatiya
the internet.
Kalathornam.
Rudrama Devi (1262-1289 CE) :
Rudrama Devi came to the throne in 1262 CE. She had to crush the rebellion of the
recalcitrant nobles who could not reconcile to the rule of a woman. But it was external
danger that caused her serious trouble. The Yadavas, the Cholas, the Pandyas and the
Gajapathi’s of Kalinga opposed her rule. One of the Yadava kings Mahadeva invaded the
kakatiya kingdom. Rudrama Devi defeated him and compelled him to sue for peace. Another
worst trouble came from the Kakatiya feudatory Ambadeva who opposed the Rudrama
Devi's rule in Nellore. She herself invaded him with a large army. Finally, she defeated him
and recovered Tripurantakam along with other places.

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sÁTç<eT <û$ (ç¿¡.Xø.1262-1289) :

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Rudrama Devi was undoubtedly one of the greatest rulers

of the Andhra region who took an active part in the
government and led the army in person on occasions. It was
possible because she was trained well from her childhood in
the martial arts as well as in administrative skills. They helped
her to lead large armies and become a good administrator.
An Italian traveller Marco polo who visited Rudrama Devi's
court paid tributes to her administrative abilities. According
to his writings Andhra Desha was famous for valuable stones,
ornaments and diamonds for foreign trade.
Rudrama Devi completed the construction of the fort

Orugallu which was started by her father Ganapathi Deva.
She also built tanks and temples. She patronized architecture.
Foreign trade developed during her period. She married Fig-5.2: Rudrama Devi
Chalukya Veerabhadra, ruler of Nidadavole which is now
present in west Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. Rudrama Devi declared her grandson
Pratapa Rudra as next heir-apparent of the Kakatiya dynasty.
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Other names of Rudrama Devi were Rudramambha, Rudradeva Maharaja.
Bollinayaka Inscription: In the year 1270 CE on the occasion of Sankranti,

Bollinayaka the guardian of the gate for Kakatiya Rudradeva Maharaja gave ten
measures of land to the temple servants of God Kalyana Keshava of Karanja
village in his own Nayankaramu for the merit of his master Rudra deva Maharaja.
How do you think Rudrama Devi got those brave adventurous qualities?
5.3. Political, Socio & Economic Life:

Kakatiya Administration:
The administration of the kingdom was organized on a military basis. The Kakatiyas
divided their territories among a number of military chiefs known as Nayankara.
Nayankara:
Nayanakara who served as a feudatory to the Kakatiyas obtained grants of lands from
the Kakatiya monarchs to enable them to maintain their status. The Nayankara had

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to maintain a stipulated number of troops for the services of the king. They were given
several villages from where they could collect tax but, they did not keep the villages
permanently. They could be transferred at the will of the king to a new place. These
Nayankaras depended on the king or the queen and remained loyal to them. They used to
subdue the rebellious chiefs. There were nearly 72 Nayankaras in the Pratapa Rudra's
reign.
Why did the Kakatiya rulers transfer the nayankaras frequently?
Village Administration:
The village administrative divisions were divided into two main classes, the Sthala
and the Nadu. The Sthala consisted of a group of villages ranging perhaps from ten to sixty
in number, while the nadu formed out of a combination of several Sthalas. The villages
were invariably looked after by village officials called Ayagars. The village was the basic unit
of administration.
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Village administrative Officials in Kakatiya

period Land divisions in
Kakatiya period
l Karanam-Who Kept the village records
officially l Racha Polam Government
land.
l Reddi-the Village Head man
l Velipolam (velichenu)-
l Talari-the Village police man The land having Irrigation
facilities.
l Others: Purohitha, Blacksmith,
Goldsmith, Washerman, Carpenter, l Thotapolam (Thota Bhumi)-
Land related to plants.
Potter, Barber, Vetti and Cobler etc.
Economic and Social life:

Land revenue was the major source of income to the kingdom. In every village some
land was kept under king’s property. It was called “Rachapolam”. This land was given to
farmers for cultivation on rent. Those who cultivated govt land on rent basis were called
Artha seeri Proper land survey records were preserved very carefully by the officials.
The Kakatiyas brought large tracts of forest land under cultivation. They constructed
reservoirs and dug many tanks for agriculture. Some of them are available even today also.
Ex. Pakala, Lakkavaram, Ghanapuram tanks etc. During this period various taxes were
imposed. They are mainly Trade tax, House tax called Illari, tax on forest products called
Pullari and tax imposed upon flock was called Addapattu sunkam. They collected professional
tax from artisans etc.

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They appointed officials called Sunkadhikaris for tax collection. Kakatiya kings gave
much importance to foreign trade.They developed Motupalli port for the purpose of
developing foreign trade. In that period many women members of royal family like
Muppamamba and Mailamba made land grants. Other rich section also made gifts like land,
tanks, money, cattle, jewellry etc. They were donated to temples, brahmins and others.
l DARISANAM, APPANAM, UPAKRUTHI were the taxes paid to the king directly.
Religion :
Saivism in general, Veerasaivism in paritcular
were the very popular religious sects during the
Kakatiya period. Vaishnavisim was also popular.
Mallikarjuna Panditharadya who was one of the
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followers of Veera Saiva sampradaya, wrote Sivatatva

saaram. He belonged to Kakatiya period
Fig-5.3: Nandi
Perini Natyam: It was the famous dance during the kakatiya period. This was
performed at the time of warfare. It motivates soldiers and gives inspiration to
them to participate in wars actively and bravely. Nataraja Ramakrishna who
got Padmasri award was very famous in Perini natyam.
Literature:
The Kakatiya rulers extended liberal patronage to Sanskrit. Several eminent Sanskrit
writers and poets were there in their court. Telugu literature also flourished in their reign.
Basavapuranam was written by Palkuriki Somanatha. Kumarasambhavam was written by
Nannechoda. Vidyanatha wrote Prataparudreeyamu in Sanskrit. Geetha ratnavali, Nrutya
ratnavali were written by Jayapa senani in Sanskrit. Vallabha Raya wrote Kreedabhiramam
in Telugu. These literary works enriched the literature of the Kakatiya period.
5.4. Art and Architecture:

The Thousand pillar temple and Ramappa temple were glorious constructions of the
Kakatiya dynasty. The Thousand pillar temple also called Rudreswara temple is located in
Hanumakonda. It was built by Rudra Deva. The temple has fine architecture and sculpture.
Rock cut elephants and the monolithic dolerite rock Nandi are the main attractions of the
temple. This temple is locally called “Veyi Sthambhala Gudi”.

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Fig-5.4: Thousand pillar temple Fig-5.5: Ramappa Temple
Ramappa temple which is near Palampet village in Warangal area is very famous. The
deity here is Ramalingeswara swamy. Recharla Rudra the builder of this temple was one of
the commanders of the king Ganapati Deva of the Kakatiya Dynasty. This temple is famous
for Vishnu and Siva being combinedly worshipped in the same place. One can find the
splendor of the Kakatiya art in this temple. Ramappa temple was built with brick. It was
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built on a star shaped platform. The statues of this temple were made of black granite
stone. The carvings on them depict flowers, creepers, elephants, Gandharvas, dancers, epic
stories etc. Among the statues, Yakshinis and Naginis are the most attractive. They used
decorative art very beautifully. They were prepared with innovative jewellery designs. The
statue of Nandi here is very splendid. Some of the pillars of that temple produce saptaswaras.
Nrutyaratnavali written by Jayapa explains the dance styles which are reflected in the
temple sculpture.
Kakatiya temple architecture shows fantastic smooth carving of black marble stone.
They followed Mandapa, Antharalaya and Garbhagriha model with pillar sculptures. This
style is also called Thrikuta method.
l Thousand pillared temple, Ramappa temple are recognized by the UNESCO

as world heritage centres.
UNESCO definition to Heritage :

Heritage is our legacy from the past. It means what we live with today, and what we
pass on to future generations. Our cultural and natural heritage are both irreplaceable
sources of life and inspiration.
l What aspects do you observe while visiting a temple?

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l <ûy\jáÖ d+<]ô+#û³|ÚÎ&T, MTsÁT @ n+Xæ\qT >·eTkÍïsTÁ .

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Fig-5.6: Kakatiya Sculpture
Have you heard any news related to ancient excavations and remains of historical
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monuments? Discus in class.
The End of the Kakatiya Dynasty:

During Prataparudra's time Delhi sultans invaded the Kakatiya kingdom many times.
Kakatiya kingdom was finally occupied by Delhi sulthans when Ulugh khan invaded it in
1323C.E, Prataparudra was taken prisioner. Unable to bear the humiliation, Pratapa Rudra
committed suicide. Thus, the glory of the Kakatiya dynasty came to an end. After the
decline of this kingdom, many small kingdoms like Addanki, Kondaveedu, Rajahmundry,
Kandukuru etc emerged in coastal Andhra.
Musunuri Nayakas:
Prolaya nayaka:
According to Vilasa grant (Copper Inscription) the Kakatiyas lost their empire due
to the invasions of Delhi sultans. During those invasions the chieftains of Kakatiya kingdom
took advantage to seize the power. One of them, Prolaya Nayaka came to power at Rekapalle
and made it his capital. This region was strategically protected from muslim invasions. It
was a narrow Sabari river valley lying between the Bhadrachalam forest near Papikondalu.
This region consisted of hills and forests. The tribal clan konda reddis would have helped
the Prolaya nayakas to rebel against the sultanate.
Musunuri kapaya nayka (1335-1368 CE)
Musunuri kapaya nayaka came to the throne after his brother Prolaya nayaka. He
brought a larger rebellion against the Tughlaq rule to drive him out of Warangal in 1336
CE. But his success did not last long. Small kingdoms such as Kondveedu, Rajahmundry,
Kandukuru etc emerged.

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y{ì >·T]+º Ôás>Á Ü· ýË #á]Ì+#á+&.
¿±¿£rjáT sÈe+Xø+ eTTÐ+|Ú :

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These kindoms formed

an alliance to protect themselves
from muslim invasions. Prolaya
Vema Reddi and Prolaya Nayaka
had joined efforts to drive the
muslim rule out from this area.
Why did all the local kings

form into an alliance?
Map-5.3: Map showing Musunuru

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Let us discus: What do we learn from History?

l We should know the past and act wisely in future
l We should learn the heritage and culture from the past
Now add your opinion………………...............................................…….
……………………,…………......……….................................................
Feudatory : Subordinates to king, that obediently follow the kings’

orders or instructions.
Patronized : To give help and support promoting culture and heritage.
Veera Saivam : One of the reform branch in the Hindu religion.
Inscription : The fact of writing or a small bit of writing.
Splendour : Brilliant appearance or great brightness.
Dynasty : A succession of rulers of the same line of descent.
Recalcitrant : A person who has an obstinately uncooperative attitude
towards authority
Sue : To proceed with and follow up to proper termination.
Heir-apparent : An heir apparent is a person who is first in an order of
succession.
Clan : A group of people tracing descent from a common
ancestor.

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1. How did the Kakatiyas emerge as independent rulers?
2. Explain about the Kakatiya’s Administration.
3. Who were Nayankaras? Why were they appointed?
4. Describe the Kakatiya art and architecture?
5. Read Introduction paragraph “During medieval period…. art and architecture”
comment.
6. Rudrama Devi, Ganapathi Deva, Prola raj II, Mahadev Rudra deva. Following
rulers arrange in a chronological order.
7. A European traveller visited Rudrama Devi reign. Who was he and which country
did he come from?
8. Write a short note on the Economic and Social life of people in the Kakatiya
reign?
9. Which regional dynasties emerged in the south India in Medieval era?
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10. Locate the following places in India map

a) Godavari river b) Motupalli c) Warngal d) Devagiri
II. Choose the correct answers.
1. Founder of the Kakatiya Dynasty was……….. [ ]
a) Gundaya b) Recharla Rudra c) Ganapathi deva d) Jayapa
2. The Kaktiyas worshipped the mother goddess .. [ ]
a) Ammathalli b) Kakati c) Tripurasundari d) Maisamma
3. Sivatatava saaram was written by [ ]
a) Mallikharjuna panditharadya b) Jayapa
c) Palkurki somanadha d) Nanne choda
4. In every village some land was kept under king’s possesson it was … [ ]
a) Velipolam b) Rachapolam c) Thota polam d) All the above
5. Motupalli inscription was issued by .. [ ]
a) Rudrama Devi b) RudraDeva c) Prataparudra d) Ganapathi Deva
Group -A Group- B
1. Basava puranam [ ] a) Vidhyanadha
2. Kumara Sambhavam [ ] b) Palkurki somanadha
3. Nrutya Ratnavali [ ] c) Nanne Chodudu
4. Pratapa Rudreeyamu [ ] d) Tikkana
5. Srimadandhra Mahabharatam [ ] e) Jayapa

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I. ç¿ì+~ ç|Xø \Å£ deÖ<óq+ çyjáT+&.

1. ¿±¿£rjáTT\T dÇÔá+çÔá bÍ\Å£\T>± @$<óe TT>± $sÁÒ$Û +#sÁT?
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10. ~>·TeÚq eÇ&q ç|<ûXæ\qT uó²sÁÔá<ûXø |³eTT q+<T >·T]ï+#áTeTT.

n) >Ã<e] q~ ) yîÖ³T|*¢ ) esÁ+>·ýÙ ) <ûeÐ]
II. dsÂ q
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1. ¿±¿£rjáT e+Xø kÍ|Å£&T. [ ]
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3. ¥eÔáÔáÇ kÍsÁ+ nqT ç>·+<¸+ çyd¾q~. [ ]
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d¾) bÍ\TØ]¿ì kþeTH<óT&T &) qHû#Ã&T&T
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IV. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. Ramappa temple is located at ……………
2. Vilasa Grant referred to…………. Nayaka
3. Rekhapalli lies in the …………….river basin
4. Educational institutions Ghatikas were established by ….. kingdom.
5. Capital of Yadavas…………
Draw boxes with help of given clue words.
O V E E R A S I V A M J
R U D R A M A D E V I A
U L G H U K H A N X Y Y
G A N A P A T H I D E A
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A T X V U X W T W Y I P
L H I L L A R I K N B A
L I Y W L Y V M Q A D Z
U L X R A L X O U S C T
R A P O R T Z L E T L R
O P O N I Z O X E Y T O
H A N U M A K O N D A F
1. Early capital of Kakatiya’s (11) 6. A fortified building called (4)
2. Women ruler in Kakatiya’s (11) 7. Women ruler (5)
3. New capital of Kakatiya’s (8) 8. Tax on forest products (7)
4. Pratapa rudra lost his throne due 9. House tax (6)

to the invasion of (9) 10. The place where ships are
5. Nrutya ratnavali written by (6) allowed(4)
11. Founder of Chalukyas (7)
Collect the pictures related to Kakatiya kingdom and prepare photo album.
Puzzle Answers : 1. Hanumakonda 2.Rudramadevi 3.Orugallu 4.Ulghukhan 5. Jayapa 6. Fort 7. Queen 8. Pullari
9. Illari 10. Port 11. Thilapa

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IV. ç¿ì+~ U²°\qT |P]ï #ûjTá TeTT

1. seT|Î \jáTeTT >·\ çbÍ+ÔáeTT ...............................
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sÁT ç< eT <û $ \ jáT
>· \TZ U² H |Ú |
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>· D | Ü <û e H
³ >· Xø & Ôá
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6 Vijayanagara Empire

l understand about the glory of Vijayanagara
empire during the medieval period.
l know contemporary kingdoms of Vijayanagara
period in South India i.e., Bahamans, Reddies
etc.
l understand the social, political, and economic
life in this period.
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l appreciate the heritage of the Vijayanagara

empire. 6.1. Rulers of Vijayanagara
mark the areas ruled by Vijayanagara,
6.2. Political, Social and
l
Bahaman, Reddy kingdoms in the map of India. Economic life

l explain Vijayanagara’s relations with
6.3. Art and Architecture
contemporary kingdoms.
l appreciate the role of Sri Krishnadevaraya and 6.4. Contemporary Kingdoms
his victorious conquests in Vijayanagara empire. (Bahamanis, Reddies)
When Muhammad bin Tughluq was losing his power in the Deccan, two new kingdoms
were emerged in South India. They were called Vijayanagara and Bahamani Kingdoms.
Among these the Vijayanagara empire was an important kingdom.
The Vijayanagara empire served a high historical purpose by acting as a champion of
Hindu religion preserving vedic heritage and culture against the aggressions of Muslims in
Southern India. On account of its efficient administration, prosperous economy, diplomatic
polity, liberal religious policy, the Vijayanagara empire occupied a remarkable and glorious
place in Indian history for more than three hundred years from 1336 C.E. to 1646 C.E.
An Empire that spanned entire South India during the 14th and 15th centuries, with a
capital city that was the second largest in the world and bigger and richer than London and
Paris of that time and on whose streets traders traded in gems and precious stones - that
is Vijayanagara with Hampi as its capital. Vijayanagara was the richest kingdom in the
world during its time. Apart from that, all kinds of arts, poetry, dance, music, sculpture
flourished during its time. Many of the household names that we know of today like
Vidyaranya, Sayana, Alasani Peddana, Dhoorjati, Pingali Surana and Tenali Ramakrishna
were all from the Vijayanagara era. These are the same greats that we read about and whose
works we study in our Telugu classes.
7th Class - Social Studies 152 Vijayanagara Empire

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Vijayanagara Kingdom
Rulers of Political, Social, Art and Contemporary

Vijayanagara Economic life Architecture Kingdoms
Sangama Dynasty Administrative · Bhahamani

(1336-1485 CE) Divisions Art forms Kingdom
Mandalas Carnatic Music · Reddy Kingdom

Saluva Dynasty
(1485-1505 CE) Nadus Kuchipudi
Sthalas Yakshaganam
Tuluva Dynasty Gramas
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(1505- 1570 CE)
Araveedu Dynasty
(1570 - 1646 CE)
6.1. Rulers of Vijayanagara:

The famous Vijayanagara Empire in South India was founded in 1336 CE by the
first Harihara Rayas and the first Bukkaraya brothers of the Sangam dynasty with the
encouragement of swamy Vidyaranya. The capital of Vijayanagara was Hampi in the present
state of Karnataka. Harihararaya and Bukkaraya were first served in the court of the
Kakatiya king, Prataparudra II of Warangal in 1323 CE. When the Muslims conquered of
the Kakatiya kingdom, the Harihara and Bukkaraya brothers moved to the Kampili kingdom
(in modern Karnataka) and they served as ministers there. However, Kampili was invaded
by Muhammad Tughlaq because the Kampili rulers gave shelter to a Muslim rebel. Both the
Hariharaya and the Bukkaraya were arrested and they converted to Islam, and the two
brothers were re-appointed in Kampili to settle the revolts there. Later they returned
toVijayanagara they promote Hinduism on the initiative of Sadhu Vidyaranya Maharshi.
They also declared their independence after the weakening of the Tughlaq Empire and in
1336 CE established a new city called Vijayanagaram on the south bank of the Tungabadra.
l Why did Vidyaranya want to establish new kingdom on the bank of

Tungabhadra river?
l Under which dynasty Harihara-1 and Bukkaraya-1 worked?

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Map-6.1: South India in 1400 AD
The Ruins at Hampi were brought into

light in 1805 by an engineer and antiquarian · Get the information about the first
Surveyor General of India from your
named Colonal Collin Mackenzie. He was
library or Internet.
the employee of the English East India
company and also the first Surveyor
General of India
The struggle between Vijayanagara and Sultanate of Madurai lasted for about four
decades. Kumarakampana the son of Bukkaraya-I, destroyed the Madurai Sultans and freed
people fom his misrule, the Vijayanagar Empire comprised the whole of South India up to
Rameswaram. The conflict between Vijayanagar Empire and the Bahmani kingdom lasted
for many years. The dispute over Raichur Doab, the region between the rivers Krishna and
Tungabhadra and also over the fertile areas of Krishna–Godavari delta led to this long-
drawn conflict.

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Vijayanagara empire was ruled by four important dynasties. They were:
Dynasty Name Period Famous Kings
Haihara Raya - I (1336-1357 AD)

1. Sangama Dynasty 1336-1485 AD Bukka Raya - I (1357- 1377 AD)
Harihararaya - II (1377-1404 AD)
Devaraya - II (1426- 1446 AD)
2. Saluva Dynasty 1485-1505 AD Saluva Narasimharaya (1485-1491

AD)
Srikrishna Devaraya (1509-1529 AD)

3. Thuluva Dynasty 1505- 1570 AD Atchutarayalu (1529-1542 AD)
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4. Aravidu Dynasty 1570- 1646 AD Aliya Rama Raya (1543-1565 AD)

Venkatapati Raya-II (1585- 1614 AD)
1. Sangama Dynasty :
The greatest ruler of the Sangam dynasty was Deva Raya II. He was an able administrator,
warrior and scholar. He was also known as Praudha Devaraya. He was the greatest
among all the rulers of the Sangama dynasty. He defeated Kalinga army, annexed
Kondavedu and established his authority upto Rajahmundry. But he was defeated by
the Bahaman sultan Ahmad Shah. After his death, Sangama dynasty became weak.
The other rulers of Sangam dynasty were Virupaksharaya, Devaraya, Ramachandraraya,
and Mallikarjunaraya etc.
2. Saluva Dynasty :
This was the second dynasty of Vijayanagara empire. This dynasty was founded by
Saluva Narasimharaya. He was succeeded by his son Immadi Narasimharaya.
3. Thuluva Dynasty :
Thuluva Dynasty was the third dynasty of Vijayanara empire. The rulers were
Veeranarasimha raya, Krishnadevaraya, Achuyutadeva raya and Sadasiva Raya.
Krishnadevaraya was a very powerful ruler of Vijayanagara.

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Sri Krishna Deva Raya (1509 – 1529 C.E) :

The Tuluva dynasty was founded by Veera
Narasimha.The greatest of the Vijayanagar rulers,
Krishna Deva Raya belonged to the Tuluva dynasty. He
was an able administrator. He possessed great military
ability. He developed the novel power of understanding
the vital role of overseas trade. His first task was to
check the invading Bahmani forces. By that time the
Bahmani kingdom was replaced by Deccan Sultanates.
The Muslim armies were decisively defeated in the battle
of Diwani by Sri Krishna Deva Raya. Then he invaded
Raichur Doab which had resulted in the confrontation
with the Sultan of Bijapur. But Krishna Deva Raya
defeated him and captured the city of Raichur in 1520 Fig-6.1:
CE. His great and wise ministers Thimmarusu assisted Sri Krishna Deva Raya
and guided Krishna Deva Raya in his rule.
He maintained friendly relations with the Portuguese and Arab traders. Though a
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Vaishnava devotee, he respected all religions. He was a great patron of literature and art.He
was known as Andhra Bhoja. He said Desa Bhashalandu Telugu Lessa. Eight eminent
scholars known as Astadiggajas were at his royal court. Allasani peddanna was the greatest
and he was called Andhra Kavita pitamaha. His important works include Manucharitam
and Harikathasaram. Pingali Surana, Dhurjati and Tenali Ramakrishna were other important
scholars. Krishna Deva Raya himself authored a telugu work Amuktamalyada and Sanskrit
works, Jambavathi Kalyanam and Ushaparinayam. He renovated most of the temples of
South India. He also built the Vittalaswamy and Hazara Ramaswamy temples at Vijayanagar.
He also built a new city called Nagalapuram in memory of his mother Nagalamba.
Fig-6.3:
Fig-6.2: Astadiggajas Tenali Ramakrishnudu

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ço¿£w<ûesjáT\T (ç¿¡.Xø 1509-1529) :

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Play a drama of Astadiggajas with the help of your teacher.
S.NO NAME OF THE POET NAME OF THE BOOK
1 Allsani Peddana Manu Charita, Harikatha saram.

2 Nandi Timmana Paarijathapaharanam
3 Madayagaari Mallana Rajasekhara Charitham
4 Dhurjati Sree Kaalahasthisvara Mahathyam.
5 Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu Sakala neethi saara sangraham.
6 Pingali Surana Raghava pandaveeyam

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7 Ramaraja Bhushana Vasu charitra.
8 Tenali Ramakrishna Pandu ranga mahatyam
4. Aravidu Dynasty:
The fourth and last dynasty of Vijayanagara Empire was Aravidu Dynasty. After the
Battle of Tallikota, the empire declined and Muslim states of Bijapur became prominent.
· Why were there constant wars between Vijayanagara Empire and the
contemporary Muslim rulers?
· What were the effects of Tallikota war? Discuss with your teacher!
6.2. Political, Social & Economic Life:

Administration:
The administration under the Vijayanagar Empire was well organized. The king enjoyed
absolute authority in executive, judicial and legislative matters. He was the highest court of
appeal. The succession to the throne was generally on the principle of heredity. The king
was assisted by a council of ministers in his day-to-day administration.
The Empire was divided into different administrative units called Mandalas, Nadus,
Sthalas and finally into Gramas. The governor of Mandala was called Mandaleswara or
Nayak. Vijayanagar rulers gave greater powers to the local authorities in the administration.
Besides land revenue, tributes and gifts from vassals and feudal chiefs, customs duty was

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collected at the ports. Taxes on various professions were other sources of income to the
government. Land revenue was fixed generally as one sixth of the produce. The expenditure
of the government included personal expenses of the king and the charities given by him
and military expenditure. The military consisted of the cavalry, infantry, artillery and elephants.
High-breed horses were procured from foreign traders. The top-grade officers of the army
were known as Nayaks or Palegars. They were granted land in lieu of their services. These
lands were called Amaram. Soldiers wages were usually paid in cash.
Amara Nayakas :
Among those who exercised power in the Empire were military chiefs who usually
control forts and had armed supporters. These chiefs often move from one area to another
and in many cases were accompanied by peasants looking for fertile land on which they
could settle. These chiefs were known a nayakas.The Amara nayaka system was a major
political innovation of Vijayanagara Empire. The Amara nayakas form military commanders
who are given territories to be governed by the Raya.
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· Elephants are slow moving but powerful in attack during wars.
· Animals played a crucial part of the war effort. Horses, donkeys, and camels
carried food, water, ammunition and medical supplies to men at the front, and
dogs and pigeons carried messages. Canaries were used to detect poisonous gas,
and cats and dogs were trained to hunt rats in the trenches.
Social Life:
The society was systemized. Foreign travellers left vivid accounts on the splendour
of buildings and luxurious social life in the city of Vijayanagar. Silk and Cotton clothes were
mainly used for dress. Perfumes, flowers and ornaments were used by the people. Dancing,
Music, Wrestling, gambling and cock-fighting were some of the amusements.
Women occupied a high position and took an active part in the political, social, and
literary life of the empire. They were educated and trained in wrestling, music and fine arts.
Gangadevi, wife of Kumarakampana authored the famous work Maduravijayam. Tallapaka
Timmakka and Atukuri Molla were famous Telugu poets of this period. According to Nunez,
a large number of women were employed in royal palaces as dancers, domestic servants and
palanquin bearers.

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Monogamy was the general practice. But Polygamy was prevalent among the royal families.
The widows could remarry.
· There are so many ancient and modern Indian women who are role model to us.
Prepare a list of great India women with the help of your teacher and parents.
Economic Conditions:
According to the accounts of the foreign travellers, the Vijayanagar Empire was one
of the wealthiest parts of the world at that time. Agriculture continued to be the chief
occupation of the people. Irrigation facilities were improved. New tanks were built and
dams were constructed across the rivers like Tungabhadra. Numerous Industries were
established. Metal workers and other craftsmen flourished. Diamond mines were located
in Kurnool and Anantapur district. Vijayanagar was also a great center of trade. The chief
gold coin was the Varaha. Inland, Coastal and Overseas trade led to the general prosperity.
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There were a number of seaports on the Malabar coast, the chief being Cannanore.
Commercial contacts with Arabia, Persia, South Africa and Portugal on the west and
Burma, Malay peninsula and China on the east flourished. Cotton and silk, spices, rice,
iron, saltpeter and sugar were the chief items exported. Vijayanagar kings imported horses,
pearls, copper, coral, mercury, China silk and velvet cloths. The art of ship building developed.
List of Foreign Travelers who visited during the Vijayanagar Dynasty
Sl No. Name of the Visitor During whose period
1 Ibn Battuta – Moroccan Traveller Harihara - I
2 Nicolo Conti, Italian traveller Devaraya-II
3 Abdul Razzaq, Persian traveller Devaraya-II
4 Duarte Barbosa, Portuguese traveller Sri Krishnadeva Raya
5 Domingo Paes, Portuguese traveller Sri Krishnadeva Raya
6 Fernando Nuniz, Portuguese traveller Achuta Deva Raya

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6.3. Art and Architecture:

Cultural Contributions:
The temple building activity further gained momentum during the Vijayanagar rule.
The chief characteristics of the Vijayanagar architecture were the construction of tall
Gopurams or gateways and the Kalyana mandapams with carved pillars in the temple
premises. The sculptures on the pillars were carved with distinctive features.
Horse was the most common animal found in these pillars. There were large
mandapams in some temples.These mandapams contained from one hundred to thousand
pillars. The most important temples of the Vijayanagar style were found in the Hampi ruins
or the city of Vijayanagar. Vittalaswamy and Hazara Ramalayam are of this style.
The Varadaraja and Ekambaranatha temples at Kanchipuram stand as examples for
the magnificence of the Vijayanagara style of temple architecture. The metal images of
Krishna Deva Raya and his queens at Tirupati are examples for casting of metal images.
Music and dance were also patronized by the rulers of Vijayanagar. Different languages such
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as Sanskrit, Telugu, Kannada and Tamil flourished in the regions. There was a great
development in Sanskrit and Telugu literature. Krishna Deva Raya himself was a scholar in
Sanskrit and Telugu.
Fig-6.3: Vijayanagara Sculpture

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6.3. ¿£Þ\ø T eT]jáTT sD²\T :

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Art and music:

The Carnatic music tradition was developed during this age. Swami Vidyaranya wrote
Sangeetha Sarwaswam. Mahanataka Sudhanidhi written by Praudahdevaraya also deals
with music. The trio of Carnatic music Dikshitar, Shyamashastri and Tyagaraj belonged to
the court of Tanjore.
Dance forms:
Bharatanatyam, the most popular dance form
was introduced by Bharata Muni. He wrote
Natyashastra which consists of the detailed
explanation of Bharatanatyam. The other popular
dance forms were Kuchipudi, introduced by
Siddendra Yogi and Perini Natyam, the dance form
of Kakatiyas was also popular. Yakshaganam, the
dance form with the themes exclusively derived
from Bhagavatam was also popular.
Fig-6.4: Dance forms

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· Discuss the contribution of the Vijayanagara empire to Indian art and Architecture.
The Decline of Vijayanagara empire:
After the death of Sri Krishnadevaraya, Achutadevaraya and Venkataraya succeeded
the throne. During the reign of Aliya Ramaraya, the kingdoms of Bijapur, Ahmadnagar,
Golkonda and Bidar formed as alliance and defeated him at the Battle of Tallikota in 1565.
Two of his Muslim commanders betrayed him and aligned with this his alliance. Aliya
ramaraya was defeated. He and his people were killed mercilessly. Temples were destroyed.
This battle is also known as Rakshasa Thangadi. Rama Raya was imprisoned and executed.
The city of Vijayanagar was destroyed by the Muslim kings. This battle was generally
considered to mark the end of the Vijayanagar Empire. However, the Vijayanagar Kingdom
existed under the Aravidu dynasty for about another century. Tirumala, Sri Ranga and
Venkatapathi II were the important rulers of this dynasty. The last ruler of Vijayanagar
kingdom was Sri Ranga III.
6.4. Other Contemporary Kingdoms:
Reddy Dynasty (1325-1448) :
The Reddy kingdom was established in Southern India by Prolaya Vema Reddy. The
Reddy kings ruled coastal and central Andhra for over a hundred years from 1325 to 1448
A.D. Some important kings during Reddy dynasty were: Prolaya Vema Reddy, Anapota
Reddy, Komaragiri Reddy, Pedakomati Vema Reddy etc. At its maiximum extent, the Reddy
kingdom stretched from Cuttack, Orissa in the north, to Kanchi in the south and Srisailam
in the west. The intial capital of the kingdom was Addanki(present day town in Prakasam
district of Andhra Pradesh). Later it was moved to Kondavidu and a subsidiary branch was
established at Rajahmundry. They constructed two major hill forts, one at Kondapalli to the
north west of Vijayawada and another at Kondavidu to the west of Guntur. Bellamkonda,
Vinukonda and Nagarjuna konda in the Palanadu region were also part of the Reddy
kingdom.

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Fig-6.4: Dance forms
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The Reddy rulers patronized and protected Hinduism and its institutions. Telugu
literature blossomed under the Reddy kings. Errapragada one among the trios that wrote
Andhra Mahabharata was a poet in the court of Prolaya Vemareddy. He was honoured with
the title "Prabandha Parameswara". The Reddy kings also patronized Sanskrit. The
administration was carried according to the “Dharmasutras”. One–sixth of agricultured
surplus was levied as tax. Under the reign of Anapota Reddy customs duties and taxes on
trade were lifted. As a result, trade flourished. Sea trade was carried through the port of
Motupalli.
The dynasty declined due to the wars with Recherla chiefs and Gajapathis of Orissa.
In later years Reddys had to be content as vassals of Golconda Muslim kings.
l Locate the cities Kondapalli, Rajamundry, Kondaveedu, Vinukonda, and

Addanki in present Andhra Pradesh Map.
Bahamani Kingdom:
The Bahmani kingdom was founded in 1347 A.D by Alauddin Bahman Shah also
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known as Hasan Gangu. His capital was Gulbarga. There was a total of fourteen Sultans
that ruled over this kingdom. Among them, Alauddin Bahman Shah, Muhammad Shah-I
and Firoz Shah were important. Ahmadali Shah shifted the capital from Gulbarga to Bidar.
The power of the Bahmani kingdom reached its peak under the rule of Muhammad Shah-
III. It extended from the Arabian sea to the Bay of Bengal. On the west it extended from
Goa to Bombay. On the east, it extended from Kakinada to the mouth of the river Krishna.
The success of Muhammad Shah-III was due to the advice and services of his minister
Muhammad Gawan.
Muhammad Gawan:
The Bahmani kingdom reached its peak under the guidance of Mahmud Gawan. He
was a Persian merchant. He came to India at the age of forty-two and joined the services
of Bahmani kingdom. Slowly he became the chief minister due to his personal abilities. He
remained loyal to the kingdom. He was a learned person and was also a military genius. He
waged successful wars against Vijayanagar, Orissa and Krishna-Godavari delta. Thus, he
expanded the Bahmani Empire through his conquests.
The Royal officers were appointed in each province for this purpose. They were aimed
to increase the control of Sultan over the nobles and provinces. Most of the forts were
under the control of these officers. Allowances were reduced to the nobles who shirked
their responsibility. This was disliked by the nobles. So, the Deccan nobles organized a plot
against Gawan. They induced the Sultan to punish him with death. Muhammad Sha-III
died in 1482 CE. His successors were weak and the Bahamani kingdom disintegrated into
five kingdoms namely-1. Ahmednagar, 2. Birar, 3. Bidar, 4. Bijapur, 5. Golkonda.

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Doab : The land lying between two rivers.

Artillery : Large caliber guns used in war fare, weapon.
Nayakas : Who discharge civil and military functions on behalf of the
emperor.
Merchant : A person doing trade.
Invade : An armed force attack, conquer, capture.

1. Discuss the conflict between Vijayanagar and Bahaman kingdoms.
2. Write about the Nayakar system in Vijayanagar kingdom.
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3. Describe the development of trade and commerce under the Vijayanagar rulers.
4 Read the concept of “Art and Music” in the lesson and compare it with the
present.
5. Write about the administration of Sri Krishna Deva Raya.
6. Describe the literary services of Sri Krishna Deva Raya.?
7. Locate the boundaries of Vijayanagara empire in India map?
8. What are the architectural traditions that inspired the architects of Vijayanagar?
9. Why did Bahamani kingdom breakup and what was the result?
10. Describe the services of Reddy kings to the people.
1. Sri Krishna Deva Raya belongs to this Vijayanagar dynasty. [ ]
a) Saluva b) Thuluva c) Aravidu d) Sangama
2. The kingdom of Vijayanagara was established during the reign of __ [ ]
a) Alauddin Khilji b) Muhmmad bin Tughluq
c) Firoz Sha Tughluq d) Ghiyasuddin Tughluq
3. Rakshasathangadi or Tallikota war broke out in the year. [ ]
a) 1563 A.D b) 1564 A.D c) 1565 A.D d) 1566 A.D

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www.apteachers.in
4. Madura Vijayam is a book written by ——— [ ]

a) Ganga Devi b) Tirumalamma
c) Hanumayamma d) Nagalamba
5. The founder of the Bahamani kingdom was __ [ ]
a) Alauddin Mujahid Sha b) Ahmed Sha
c) Alauddin Bahaman Sha d) Firoz Sha
Group-A Group-B
1. Krishnadevaraya ( ) a) Chief minister
2. Mahummad Gawan ( ) b) Capital city of Bahamani
3. Vijayanagara empire ( ) c) Andhra Bhoja
4. Gulbarga ( ) d) Persian
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5. AbdulRajjzaq ( ) e) Tungabhadra
Collect the information about temples costructed in Andhra Pradesh with the
influence of Vijayanagara style.

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4. »eT<óTsÁ $ÈjáT+µ nqT |Údï¿± sd¾qysÁT [ ]

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www.apteachers.in www.apteachers.

uó²sÁÔá sC²«+>·+ - båsÁ $<óT \T

Dr. Katabathina Subramanyam

Published by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati.

© Government of Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati

First Published 2021

All rights reserved

No part of this publication may be

a similar condition including this

This book has been printed on 70 G.S.M. SS Maplitho

Free distribution by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh

Dr. S. Maheswara Rao, S.A. Smt. Y. A. Mahalaxmi, AGCDO

Sri. A.Abdul Rahim, S.A. Sri. T. Venkataiah, Gr-II HM

Dr. B. Sankara Rao, S.A. Kum. P.Aswini, SGT

Sri. G. Subrahmanyam, S.A. Sri. R. Prasada Rao, S.A.

ZPHS, Machavaram, East Godavari Dt.

Smt. M.Swarna Latha, S.A. Sri. B. Pakkeerappa, S.A.

Smt. R. Raja Rajeswari, S.A. Sri. K. Goutham Babu, S.A.

Smt. T. S. Malleswari, Lecturer (P) Sri. D. Murali Krishna, S.A.

Sri. K.V. Sambasiva Rao, Drawing Teacher

Dr. B. Pratap Reddy,

&. _. ç|Ô|t Âs&¦

National Anthem | C²rjáT ^Ôá+

Bharata-bhagya-vidhata. uó²sÁÔá uó²>·« $<óÔ!

Lesson No Name of the Lesson Month Page

2. Forests August 34-65

Teacher Corner Student Corner

1 The Universe and the Earth

The learner is able to

l appreciate the role of minerals in human life.

Fig-1.1 : The Universe

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l What things do you observe from the picture 1.1.

The Universe and The Earth

The Universe The Solar Environment Factors of Disasters

Natural Human Human-Made

Non-Living Organs Living Organs

Lithosphere Interior of Biosphere

Atmosphere (Air) Layers of the

7th Class Social Studies 4 The Universe and the Earth

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Big Bang Theory : The Big Bang theory was first

Go through the internet and explore the Big Bang

7th Class Social Studies 6 The Universe and the Earth

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According to Astronomers, at least 125 billion

1.2 Solar System :

Meteoroids. Scientists estimated that our Solar

7th Class Social Studies 8 The Universe and the Earth

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