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Unit 3 Reviewer
Unit 3 Reviewer
MITOCHONDRIA
Comes from the Greek words mito, thread; chondrion, granule are
thread like or granular structures of eukaryotic cells.
The 'power plants' which by oxidation release the energy contained in the
fuel molecules or nutrients and make other forms of chemical energy.
The main function of mitochondria is oxidative phosphorylation, which
is an exergonic reaction, meaning that it releases energy.
HISTORY
Kölliker (1880) Was the first who observed the mitochondria in insects
muscle cells. He called them as 'sarcosomes'.
Flemming (1882) Named the mitochondria as 'fila'.
Altmann (1894) Observed them and named them Altmann's granules or
bioblasts.
Benda (1897-98) She applied the term 'mitochondria'.
Hogeboom and his coworkers (1948) - They recognized mitochondria
as the sites of respiration.
Lehninger and Kennedy (1948) reported that the mitochondria catalyze
all the reactions of the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation and coupled
phosphorylation.
MORPHOLOGY OF MITOCHONDRIA
Morphologically mitochondria may be in the form of filaments or small
granules. These may assume rod-like shape called chondriosomes which
may enlarge or aggregate to form massive spheroid bodies called
chondriospheres.
Granule
Inner Membrane
Outer Chamber
F1 Particle
DNA
Matrix Cristae
Ribosome
1. Position - Mitochondria lie freely in cytoplasm, possessing power of
independent movement and may take the form of filaments. In some cells
they can move freely, carrying ATP where needed, but in others they are
located permanently near the region of the cell where more energy is needed.
2. Number - The number of mitochondria varies a good deal from cell to cell
and from species to species. A few algae and some protozoan have only
single mitochondria. Their number is related to the activity, age and type of
the cell. Growing, dividing and actively synthesizing cells contain more
mitochondria than the other cells.
2. Matrix - The space between the cristae called the inner chamber is filled
with a gel like material termed the mitochondrial matrix. It contains proteins,
lipids, some ribosomes, RNA, one or two DNA molecules and certain fibrils,
crystals and dense granules.
FUNCTIONS OF MITOCHONDRIA
Mitochondria perform the following functions:
1. Cell respiration takes place in mitochondria and so they are known as the
'power house' of the cell.
Complexes are the sites where hydrogen ions released during Krebs’s cycle
are oxidized and their energy is trapped in ATP.
The respiratory chain takes in succinic acid (succinate) and NADH from
Krebs’s cycle enzymes. These together with oxygen, respiratory chain
produce many molecules of ATP and finally CO2 and water. As the electrons
carried by NADH and succinic acid travel down the chain they give up their
energy, which is used up for the conversion of ADP to ATP.