Atomic Substances, Molecular Substances and Ionic Substances

Substances

Atomic substances Molecular substances Ionic substances

Substances made up of Substances made up of Substances made up of
atoms only molecules only ions only
Example : Copper Examples : Example : Sodium
- Oxygen molecule chloride
- Naphthalene
molecule

Atomic substances

Gold metal Balloons filled

with helium
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Ionic Substances
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Rust contains iron ion (Fe3+) Lime juice contains hydrogen ion (H+)

Modern Periodic Table of Elements

The Formation of a Positive Ion

The Formation of a Negative Ion

Isotopes Studywithadmin - ns

comes from the Greek word "isos" which means the same and "lopos"
which means place.
- there are elements whose atoms have the same number of protons
but different numbers of neutrons.
- These atoms are known as isotopes
- isotopes are usually written with their nucleon number only
- Nucleon number : the sum of the number of protons and
neutrons in the nucleus of the atom.
Uses of Isotopes in Various Fields

Radioisotopes - unstable isotopes that emit radioactive

radiation.

i) Medicine
-gamma rays from cobalt-60 are used to kill cancer cells

ii) Food technology

-gamma rays from cobalt-60 are also used to kill microorganisms in
vegetables without changing the quality of the food

iii) Agriculture
-Phosphorus-32 is injected into plant roots to study the rate of
absorption of phosphorus fertilizer in growth
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