 synthesize biochar-based composites with metallic oxide (ZnO and MnO2) nanoparticle

as a cathode catalyst.
1. Biochar-based composites with metallic oxide (ZnO and MnO2) nanoparticles as cathode
catalysts can be synthesized through the following steps:
1. Preparation of biochar: Biochar is obtained by heating organic materials such as wood,
agricultural waste, or animal manure in the absence of oxygen. The resulting biochar is
then ground to a fine powder.
2. Preparation of metallic oxide nanoparticles: ZnO and MnO2 nanoparticles can be
synthesized using various methods such as sol-gel, hydrothermal, or precipitation
methods.
3. Mixing of biochar and metallic oxide nanoparticles: The biochar powder is mixed with
the metallic oxide nanoparticles in a suitable solvent such as ethanol or water. The
mixture is then sonicated to ensure uniform dispersion of the nanoparticles in the biochar
matrix.
4. Drying and calcination: The mixture is dried at a suitable temperature to remove the
solvent and then calcined at a high temperature to stabilize the nanoparticles in the
biochar matrix.
5. Characterization: The biochar-based composites are characterized using various
techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
(EDS) to confirm the presence of metallic oxide nanoparticles in the biochar matrix.
2. The resulting biochar-based composites with metallic oxide (ZnO and MnO2)
nanoparticles as cathode catalysts can be used in various applications such as fuel cells,
batteries, and supercapacitors. These composites offer improved catalytic activity,
stability, and conductivity compared to traditional cathode catalysts.

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  synthesize aminated glycidyl methacrylate grafted biochar from the three plant residues
and to investigate the influence of pyrolysis parameters on the structure and properties of
biocha
1. adsorption capacity, catalytic activity, and stability compared to traditional biochar. .
Preparation of plant residues: Three different plant residues (e.g., rice straw, sugarcane
bagasse, and coconut shell) are collected and washed with distilled water to remove any
dirt or impurities. The plant residues are then dried at a suitable temperature.
2. Amination of glycidyl methacrylate: Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) is aminated using a
suitable amine such as ethylenediamine or diethylenetriamine. The reaction is carried out
in a solvent such as ethanol or water at a suitable temperature and pH.
3. Grafting of aminated GMA onto biochar: The aminated GMA is grafted onto the biochar
using a suitable crosslinker such as glutaraldehyde. The reaction is carried out in a
solvent such as ethanol or water at a suitable temperature and pH.
4. Pyrolysis of biochar: The grafted biochar is pyrolyzed at different temperatures and
residence times to investigate the influence of pyrolysis parameters on the structure and
properties of biochar.
5. Characterization: The aminated glycidyl methacrylate grafted biochar is characterized
using various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray
diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron
microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to investigate the structure
and properties of biochar.
6. The resulting aminated glycidyl methacrylate grafted biochar can be used in various
applications such as adsorption, catalysis, and environmental remediation. These
composites offer improved
 Investigate the catalytic performance of the fabricated nitrogen doped, aminated glycidyl
methacrylate grafted and biochar based metallic oxide (ZnO and MnO2) nanoparticle
composites for ORR.
To investigate the catalytic performance of the fabricated composites, the following steps
can be taken:

The following steps can be taken to investigate the catalytic performance of the fabricated composites:

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1. Synthesis of nitrogen-doped biochar: Nitrogen-doped biochar is synthesized using a
suitable method such as pyrolysis or hydrothermal treatment. The biochar is characterized
using various techniques such as FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, and TGA to investigate its
structure and properties.
2. Amination of glycidyl methacrylate grafted biochar: The glycidyl methacrylate grafted
biochar is aminated using a suitable method such as reductive amination. The resulting
aminated biochar is characterized using various techniques such as FTIR, XRD, SEM,
TEM, and TGA to investigate its structure and properties.
3. Synthesis of ZnO and MnO2 nanoparticles: ZnO and MnO2 nanoparticles are
synthesized using a suitable method such as sol-gel or hydrothermal synthesis. The
nanoparticles are characterized using various techniques such as XRD, SEM, TEM, and
TGA to investigate their structure and properties.
4. Preparation of composite catalysts: The nitrogen-doped, aminated glycidyl methacrylate
grafted biochar is mixed with the synthesized ZnO and MnO2 nanoparticles using a
suitable method such as sonication or impregnation. The resulting composite catalysts are
dried and characterized using various techniques such as FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, and
TGA to investigate their structure and properties.
5. Electrochemical characterization: The composite catalysts are tested for their
electrochemical performance in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) using a suitable
electrochemical setup such as a three-electrode cell. The ORR performance is evaluated
using various electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep
voltammetry (LSV), and chronoamperometry (CA).

6. Comparison with traditional catalysts: The ORR performance of the fabricated composite
catalysts is compared with traditional catalysts such as platinum (Pt) and carbon-
supported Pt (Pt/C) to evaluate their effectiveness and potential for practical applications.
7. The resulting data can provide insights into the catalytic performance of the fabricated
composites and their potential for practical applications in fuel cells and other energy
conversion devices.

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  assess and compare the best performing biochar catalyst as an air cathode catalyst with
commercial Pt/C carbon catalyst in MFCs for wastewater treatment

The following steps can be taken to investigate the catalytic performance of the fabricated
composites:
1. Fabrication of MFCs: MFCs are fabricated using a suitable method such as a two-
chamber setup with a proton exchange membrane (PEM) and an air cathode.
2. Preparation of biochar and Pt/C catalysts: The best performing biochar catalyst and
commercial Pt/C carbon catalyst are prepared and characterized using the methods
mentioned above.
3. Catalyst loading: The biochar and Pt/C catalysts are loaded onto the air cathode of the
MFCs using a suitable method such as drop-casting or spray-coating.
4. Performance evaluation: The MFCs are operated under standard conditions and their
performance is evaluated using various techniques such as power density measurement,
polarization curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).
5. Comparison of performance: The performance of the biochar catalyst is compared with
that of the Pt/C catalyst to evaluate their effectiveness in wastewater treatment.
6. Optimization: If necessary, the operating conditions and catalyst loading are optimized to
achieve the best performance.
7. The resulting data can provide insights into the potential of biochar catalysts as an
alternative to traditional Pt/C catalysts in MFCs for wastewater treatment.